Timeline (MYA = Million Years Ago) Our Earth is 4.5 billion years old. Slide 1. Chapter 2. Slide 2. Slide 3

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1 1 Chapter 2 2 The Mood According to geologists, for millions of years Utah Land was covered by warm, shallow seas teaming with small shelled animals, fish, and then reptiles. The seas came and went over and over again. During this time our oil, gas, and coal were being formed. The seas dried and sand covered the land. Dinosaurs lived here for millions of years. Then mammals, including giant mammoths and musk ox, came. Eventually mountains and plateaus were formed. Volcanoes erupted, bringing copper, gold, and silver from deep in the earth. The Ice Age cooled things off and caused glaciers to form. When the air finally warmed, melted ice formed a deep lake. People eventually came, living on what the ever-changing land provided. 3 Timeline (MYA = Million Years Ago) Our Earth is 4.5 billion years old 4.5 BYA to 600 MYA Precambrian Era (85% of the earth s time period) MYA Paleozoic Era (Shallow seas cover Utah.) Trilobites, amphibians, reptiles live in seas. Limestone, oil, gas, salt, potash, shale are in rock MYA Mesozoic Era (Dinosaurs and primitive mammals appear.) Shallow seas, then sandy deserts cover the land. Sedimentary rock of Utah s national parks is formed. River system exists. Dinosaurs disappear. 65 MYA Present Cenozoic Era (Mammals live here.) Mountains are formed. Plateaus rise. Volcanoes erupt. Copper and other minerals occur in rock. Carving of Canyonlands begins. Ice Age glaciers blanket northern Utah mountains. Lake Bonneville covers much of Utah, then declines. Great Salt Lake gets saltier. Humans appear.

2 4 5 6 Shaping the Land We know about Utah s Geography, but do you know how it came to be? What is the name of scientists who study the land, its formations, and rocks? Geologists Geo = Rock ology = The study of In Utah, we can see many things that tell us how our land has been shaped. Geologic Eras Precambrian era almost nothing living during this time about 85% of all the Earth s billion years falls within this era The oldest rocks of the continents formed during this time Paleozoic era Paleo means ancient Zoic means life This era produced the beginnings of the fossil fuels we have today (coal, oil, and natural gas). Geologic Eras continued Mesozoic era Meso means middle Zoic means life This era is associated with dinosaurs (In Utah, bones have been found in Jensen, Vernal and Price). The Rocky Mountains began to take shape during this era. Cenozoic era Ceno means recent Zoic means life In this era, the Earth began to be shaped similar to how we see it today. Giant mammals replaced dinosaurs during this era. Several ice ages changed the layout of the land, creating the Great Lakes, and Lake Bonneville. Human beings lived here at the end of this period.

3 7 Ancient Seas and Sandstorms. Sedimentary Rock covers much of Utah. Sediment loose sands, shells, and pebbles. Forming Sedimentary Rock Sediments are forced together over time forming a hard layer of rock. As time passes and more sediments are forced together, the rocks get larger. Today, much of this sedimentary rock can be seen in Utah s five national parks. 8 Fossils Dead plants and animals have, over time, become fossils. Fossils are formed when minerals interchange with the organic matter of a living thing that has died. Utah s oldest animal fossils are trilobites. 9 Dinosaurs The different rock layers of the Morrison Formation, where many of Utah s dinosaur bones have been uncovered, reflect what the region was like at the time. The world s most complete dinosaur skeletons have been found in the Morrison Formation. Nearly 23 complete dinosaurs and 300 partial dinosaurs have been found in quarries, or digs. You can see some of these digs at Dinosaur National Monument near Vernal, at the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry in Emery County, in the Moab area, and in other places. Utah s state fossil = Allosaurus

4 10 Allosaurus Utahraptor

5 Assignment! Work Alone! Put your name on your paper Turn to page 29 in your textbooks. Read the passage that is entitled Douglas Discovers Dinosaurs in gray and answer the question below on your own sheet of paper: 1. Who is the story about? 2. For whom did he work? 3. What year did he begin to work for them? 4. What part of his work was very difficult? 5. How long did it take to extract the complete brontosaurus? 6. Where was this dinosaur originally displayed? 7. What is another name for this dinosaur? 8. To what places were many of Utah s dinosaur bones taken to (name three)? Carnivores vs. Herbivores Who know what the difference between carnivores and herbivores? In what category do you belong? Most likely you are neither. As humans, we eat both plants and animals. This is called an omnivore. What different plants and animals do you eat? What types of products are made from animals? From plants? Mountains Were Formed Many different movements of the Earth create mountains. Colliding of the Earths plates Sliding of the Earths plates Volcanic activity Erosion Fault lines are weak areas of the Earth s crust that more typically cause changes in the Earth s surface Is living on a fault line dangerous? Did you know that we all live on the Wasatch Fault? WSU, UofU, and BYU are all on the Wasatch Fault, and USU is close to another fault line

6 Wasatch Fault Line UofU says we have over EQ 700 per year Richter Scale 10x stronger per point 1-3 can t feel 4 or bigger you can feel Utah worries about an EQ of a 7 State Capitol

7 Volcanoes Made a Different Kind of Rock Igneous Rock lava rock. Molten or melted rock surfaces and hardens into what we know as lava, or igneous rock. Volcanoes the mountains from which lava comes out. All Utah volcanoes are extinct, or dead. Hot Springs Hot springs are formed when water comes in contact with hot rocks in the Earth s crust. Utah has many hot springs The Crater Heber City, Utah The Seabase Bonneville, Utah Natural Resources A natural resource is a material source of wealth that occurs in a natural state and has economic value Examples of some of Utah s natural resources Water Minerals Fossil fuels Wildlife animals Beautiful scenery Open space Dinosaur bones Forests & Timber Can you list more?

8 How do natural resources help Utah s economy? Farmers Miners Tourism Trade High Tech Industry Renewable Energy Available to Utah Renewable Geothermal (Heat stored in the earth) Biomass (Any living organism that can be burned & used as fuel) Derived from five distinct energy sources: Wood Garbage Landfill gases Alcohol Fuels Waste Water Wind Solar Non-Renewable Fossil Fuels (Fossil fuels are formed by the bodies of many plants and animals with a combination of heat and pressure over millions of years) Oil Natural Gas Coal Uranium Ore (Nuclear) Utah s Rock and Mineral Resources A Natural Resource is a material source of wealth, such as timber, fresh water, or a mineral deposit, that occurs in a natural state and has economic value. Utah is rich in fossil fuels: Coal, oil, and natural gas Coal used for power plants Utah also has a rich store of metals and minerals. Copper, gold, silver, and molybdenum Metals are often deposited through volcanic activity. Utah has enough salt to satisfy the worlds needs for 1,000 years. Other minerals are provided by the Great Salt Lake as well. Most of Utah s salt is used for snowy roads & water softeners. Large beds of sandstone, limestone, and quartz have been utilized here in Utah. A type of pure marble can also be found near Fillmore.

9 25 26 The Kennecott Utah Copper Mine Highest producing copper mine in the world The Most Recent Ice Age The last Ice Age helped to create the Utah we know today. About 10,000-12,000 years ago Glaciers were formed in the tops of the Utah mountains, some of which the remnants still remain (glacial lakes, small glaciers, etc.). Lake Bonneville was a huge lake created toward the end of the Ice Age. The Great Salt Lake, Utah Lake, and Sevier Lake were all in the area where Lake Bonneville stood. 27 Lake Bonneville Named by G. K. Gilbert in honor of Captain Benjamin Bonneville who explored a lot of the Western U. S.

10 28 Great Salt Lake Harvest millions of pounds of Brine Shrimp a year Bird and Fish food Robert Smithson s 1970 Spiral Jetty Assignment! Work alone! Ancient Lake Bonneville Turn to page 35 in your textbooks. Read all of the information on that page. Answer the following questions: 1. How many square miles was Lake Bonneville? 2. Compared to the Great Salt Lake, how deep did Lake Bonneville get? 3. Where did Lake Bonneville s water come from? 4. What are the three major remnants of Lake Bonneville? 5. What eventually happened to Lake Bonneville s water besides its losses from evaporation? 6. Can we see where Lake Bonneville s water levels used to be today? Ice Age Animals Many animal skeletons have been found in Utah and other parts of the U.S. that roamed the land during the Ice Age Deer, mammoths, giant sloths, ancient bison, musk ox, bears, and camels. Some animals have been found with spear points in them. What does this say about the Ice Age?

11 31 32 Natural Forces Are Still Shaping the Land Today 33 Erosion Wind Water Ice Heat Cold Other Changes Mud slides Rock slides Floods Earthquakes Quiz (20 points) 1. What do geologists study? (1 point) 2. What kind of rock covers much of Utah? (1 point) 3. What is Utah s oldest animal fossil? (1 point) 4. How were the Rocky Mountains formed (name two ways)? (2 point) 5. Earthquakes usually occur along what natural lines? (1 point) 6. Where does igneous rock come from? (1point) 7. Most of Utah s electricity is made from burning what? (1 point) 8. Why is the Great Salt Lake so salty? (3 points) 9. Which of today s lakes are believed to be remnants of the ancient Lake Bonneville? (3 points) 10. Name three Ice Age mammals. (3 points) 11. Name one way natural forces have changed the land during the last 50 years? (1 point) 12. What is Utah s state fossil? (1 point) 13. Utah has one of the biggest mines in the world. What is the name of this mine? (1 point)