Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponics
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1 Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponics
2 Irrigation control involves the determination of both the timing and quantity of water applied.
3 Hydroponics & Soilless media culture Irrigation i & Fertilization i = Fertigation i Management of water and nutrient supply to avoid excesses or deficiencies Management for increasing: Fruit yield and fruit quality and decreasing: Water and fertilizer use Fruit disorders Diseases Pests
4 Daily water consumption depends on: Transpiration rate Crop Stage of growth Day of the year Hour of the day Tomato (fully grown plant) transpires in a summer day: mm m 3 /ha Per plant at 3 pl/m 2 Northern Europe L/plant Mediterranean L/plant
5 Productivity (kg/m 2 ) of various vegetables in the greenhouse and in the field Crop Almería, Spain The Netherlands FL, greenhouse FL, field Tomato Pepper Cucumber
6 NFT: Nutrient Film Technique Hydroponics, soilless culture Drip irrigation, roots in substrate or media (no soil) Mist of nutrient solution, roots in air Floating, roots in aerated nutrient solution
7 Irrigation system design Crop water demand Crop season No. irrigation events/day Time of irrigation Water treatment Drainage Required water flow Irrigation sectors Water source (quantity and quality) Capacity of the irrigation equipment: adapted to the transpiration of a fully grown crop on a hot summer day.
8 Approaches used to estimate irrigation needs 1) Use of potential ET according to an existing climatic model, 2) Use of one of several sensors to report the amount of water in the substrate, 3) Use of one of several plant response parameters, 4) Any combinations of the above.
9 Adams, 1995
10 Response of the time intervals of irrigation events to different integrated solar radiation set points that started each irrigation event Solar Radiation (Watt ts/m 2 ) 250 2:09 Solar Radiation KW min/ m2 5 KW min/ m2 7 KW min/m2 9 KW min/m2 11 KW min/m2 1:55 1:40 1:26 1:12 0:57 0:43 0:28 Interval (Hour: :Minute) Irrigation I 0 0:00 0:00 2:24 4:48 7:12 9:36 12:00 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36 0:00 Day Time (Hour:Minute) 014 0:14
11 Irrigation scheduling Savvas and Passam, 2002
12 Monitoring station Why surplus of water and fertilizers? Uneven deliver of nutrient solution to the plants Temperature variation within the greenhouse Salt accumulation in the substrate Genetic differences between plants
13 Savvas and Passam, 2002
14 Irrigation interval regulated by water content in the slab
15 Cucumber in a rockwool slab. Weigh station ti to estimate t moisture in the rockwool slab. Fertilizer injectors and stock solutions
16 Fertigation Information Cucumber crop Spring 2002 transplant harvest 15 Element Date 31-Jan 1-Feb 2-Feb 3-Feb 12-Apr 13-Apr N P K Ca Mg S Fe Cu Mn Zn B Mo EC ph irrigation 31-Jan 1-Feb 2-Feb 3-Feb 12-Apr 13-Apr starts t (day time) 800 8: : : : : :30 ends (day time) 19:30 19:30 19:30 19:30 19:30 19:30 delay (min) event duration (min) day hs with irrigation 11:30 11:30 11:30 11:30 13:00 13:00 number of events/day ml/event L/day
17 Beit alpha cucumber Slicing cucumber
18 Fresh cucumbers crop seasons in the greenhouse and field Beit Alpha Slicing UNITS Crop Period days Planting date End Jan. Jan. 1st Harvest Mid. Mar. Mid. Mar. Time Seeding to 1st harv. days Last Harvest Mid. May Mar. Plant density plants/ha 30,000 53,820 No. harvests no
19 Cucumber production for fresh consumption. Central FL. Spring crops. Greenhouse Beit Alpha Field Slicing Maketable yield kg/ha 270, , no./ha 2,310, ,639 g/fruit Fruit price $/kg Gross income $/ha 415,800 12,479 Irrigation m 3 /ha 8,190 1,406 Water use efficiency L/kg fruit g fruit/l L/no. fruit 4 10 no. fruit/l N applied kg N/ha 1, N use efficiency i g N/kg fruit kg fruit/kg N mg N/no. fruit 545 1,495 no. fruit/kg N 1, K applied kg K/ha 1, K use efficiency g K/kg fruit kg fruit/kg K mg K/no. fruit 701 1,789 no. fruit/kg K 1, Field K 2 0: 260 lb/a, N: 180 lb/a
20 Nutrient concentration levels in the solution Varies with: Crop species Crop season Plant growth developmental stage Growing system Characteristics of the nutrient solution Concentration of nutrients Relation of concentration among nutrients ph EC
21 Galia melon N% P% FRUIT LEAF STEM K% Ca % Mg %
22
23
24 Nutrient solution ph: ph correction: Phosphoric, nitric, chlorhydric acid. Potassium/sodium bicarbonate, b potassium hydroxide.
25 Nutrients Nutrient Content Nutrient Source Supplied of fs Source (%) Nitrogen (N) Ammonium nitrate 33.5 Calcium nitrate 15.5 Calcium nitrate z 7 Potassium nitrate 13 Nitric acid varies Phosphorus (P) Monopotassium phosphate 23 Phosphoric acid varies Potassium (K) Potassium chloride 50 Potassium nitrate 36.5 Potassium magnesium sulfate 18.3 Monopotassium phosphate 28 Potassium sulfate 43 Calcium (Ca) Calcium nitrate 19 Calcium chloride 36 Calcium nitrate z 11 Magnesium (Mg) Magnesium sulfate 10 Potassium magnesium sulfate 11 Sulfur (S) Magnesium sulfate 14 Potassium magnesium sulfate 22 Sulfuric acid varies Potassium sulfate 18 Nutrients Nutrient Content Supplied Nutrient Source of fs Source (%) Boron (B) Sodium borate 20 Boric acid 17 Copper (Cu) Cupric chloride 17 Copper sulfate 25 Copper nitrate z 17 Zinc (Zn) Zinc sulfate 36 Zinc nitrate z 17 Iron (Fe) Chelated iron (EDTA, DTPA) 5-12 Manganese (Mn) Manganese chloride 44 Manganese sulfate 28 Manganese nitrate z 15 Molybdenum (Mo) Ammonium molybdate 54 Sodium molybdate 39 Chloride (Cl) Potassium chloride 52 Calcium chloride 64 z Liquid formulation Hochmuth, Florida Greenhouse Vegetable Production Handbook- Volume 3.
26 Evolution of irrigation equipment used in hydroponics A & B stock solutions made from solid fertilizers mixing tank EC & ph adjustment Drain to waste systems Individual liquid fertilizers Online ion selective sensors and EC & ph adjustment Disinfection, nutrient and ph adjustment, and reuse of drained solution Waste of water & pollution of ground- and surface water with fertilizers Option: Recycle into another (field) crop Recycle into the same greenhouse crop Greenhouse horticulture: safe, sustainable, and competitive.
27 Fertilizers: A/B dilutor system Direct injection Dilutor A Dilutor B Water Irrigation solution P 2 O 4 Ca ++ NO - 3 NO - 3 Fe SO 4 -- Mg ++ K + Tank A Tank B Concentrated solutions ---- Micro (Acid) Sampling EC: ds m -1 ph: Individual nutrient concentration? EC: total salt content NO 3- & K + ion meters Laboratory samples
28 Irrigation solution Pepper crop EC or EC (ds cm -1 ) ph NO3 3-N or K (mg L -1 ) ph NO3-N K Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June Month 0
29
30 N: 165 ppm N: 40 ppm
31 Cucumber fruit yields in 9 harvests from plants irrigated with high and low N levels in the nutrient solution (N: 165 and 40 ppm, respectively) Plant density 3.33 plants/m 2 Cu ummulative yie eld (fruit numb ber/m 2 ) High N High N 10 Low N 87 Low N Jul 28-Jul 2-Aug 7-Aug 12-Aug 17-Aug 22-Aug Harvest date Cummulativ ve yield (kg/m 2 ) Jul 28-Jul 2-Aug 7-Aug 12-Aug 17-Aug 22-Aug Harvest date
32 Nitrate-nitrogen in the petiole sap of melon, cucumber, and pepper plants irrigated with nutrient solution with 165 or 40 ppm of N. High N Low N Irrig. Solution NO3-N ppm Melon Fresh weight g Leaf area cm Dry weight g % D wt Petiole NO3-N ppm 5, Cucumber Fresh weight g Leaf area cm Dry weight g % D wt Petiole NO3-N ppm 5, Pepper Fresh weight g Leaf area cm Dry weight g % D wt Petiole NO3-N ppm 14,500 1,700
33
34 Closed growing system Nutrients Supply water EC ph Mixing supply water Disinfection Drain collection Storage drain water Storage disinfected water Adapted from van Os et al., 2002
35 Fertimix system for crops grown in soilless media PC Alarm Weather info Sensors Controller Water Mixing tank Valves & injectors Pump Fertilizers Acid
36 Simple element stock solutions Source: van Os et al., 2002
37 Frequency of irrigation. 250-day old pepper plants Mean irrigation events /day
38 34 74 ml/event Mean irrig events/day 2 m 12 9
39 Fruit physiological disorders that can be related to fertigation management Color spots Blossom-end rot Russeting Radial cracking
40 Effects of the irrigation schedule and volume of nutrient solution per irrigation event on the marketable fruit yield, nutrient solution and fertilizer amounts used per unit of marketable fruit yield harvested and percentage of fruits with russeting and blossom-end radial cracking.
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