World History Unit 4A, Lesson 1. The Byzantine Empire AD
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1 World History Unit 4A, Lesson 1 The Byzantine Empire AD
2 Byzantine Empire under Justinian (at its peak) Constantinople Black Sea Asia Minor/Anatolia Mediterranean Sea
3 Guiding Questions Write these down How did the development of Christianity act as a unifying social and political factor in the Byzantine Empire? What are the characteristics of Eastern Orthodoxy? In what ways has Justinian s Code of Laws made an impact?
4 The Byzantine Empire The Basics: The Byzantine Empire ( ) The eastern half of the Roman Empire Consisted of southern Europe, Anatolia, Palestine, and Egypt Capital at Constantinople since 340 AD Emperor that divided the Roman Empire into two: Constantine
5 The Byzantine Empire A little recap. Central Authority collapsed in Western Roman Empire in 476 AD RECALL: Do you remember why? Invasions, Weakened Government and Economy, Plagues But the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) survived Lasted for another thousand years Infrastructure and central authority remained strong Legacy of the Roman Empire continued
6 Justinian AD Byzantine Emperor
7 Where is the Byzantine Empire? Black Sea? Constantinople? Asia Minor? Mediterranean Sea? Iberian Peninsula? Justinian s Code of Laws The emperor simplified the complexity of Roman laws. Employed a committee to study and decipher complex Roman laws and use them as a foundation for Justinian s Code. The code consists of twelve books with over four thousand laws. Political impact: influenced European laws Legal impact: the code differentiates between civil and criminal law
8 Byzantine Empire at Time of Justinian s Death, 565 AD
9 The Byzantine Empire, 668 AD Why did the Empire shrink?
10 Another Hint: Hagia Sophia Justinian built this as a church. How has it changed from the original design? What could have happened?
11 The Byzantine Empire Political structure Centered around the Emperor Capital: Constantinople Empire organized through a bureaucracy Officials trained in Hellenistic classics, philosophy & science Greek (Hellenistic is a term describing Greek Culture and Language is an element of culture) Regulated trade, taxes, and prices
12 The Byzantine Empire Social and Cultural Differences with West Different languages Western Roman Empire = Latin Byzantine = Greek Cultural Perceptions Byzantines thought: Western Europeans = barbarians Westerner Romans thought Byzantines = sneaky and liars Different approaches to and forms of Christianity emerged
13 The Byzantine Empire The Eastern Orthodox Christian Church Closely tied to the imperial government Patriarch of Constantinople Appointed by Byzantine Emperor The highest church official Does not recognize the Pope s authority Controversy over icons Are religious icons considered idolotry? Brief problem in the 8th century but icon use was restored. Monasteries emerged providing religious community life
14 The Byzantine Empire East v. West Who has supreme religious authority? WEST: The Pope in Rome claimed supremacy over all Christian churches Eastern/Byzantine bishops resented this EAST: The Byzantine Emperor claimed supremacy over the West and was the head of the Church Not recognized by Germanic rulers Contested by Charlemagne who was crowned Emperor by the Pope
15 The Byzantine Empire Disagreements continue for over 200 years Both churches divided over icon use Disagreements over ritual practices Whether to use local languages at church services East: wanted to West: didn t Disagreements over celibacy of priests Should priests marry? East: wanted to West: didn t Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicated each other in 1054
16 The Byzantine Empire THE GREAT SCHISM Pope and the Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicated each other in 1054 First split in Christianity
17
18 The Crusades ( ) A series of Holy Wars Primarily between Christians and Muslims Purpose: Christians wanted to reclaim the Holy Lands (Palestine/Jerusalem) from Muslim rule.
19 What is happening to the Byzantine Empire? Muslim Conquests ( )
20 Questions to Consider: Q1. How did Muslim, Christian, and Jewish societies in Europe interact? Q2. How did the Crusades contribute to the end of medieval Europe? Q3. How did Islam impact Europe politically, economically, and socially? Q4. How did the Great Schism contribute to the end of medieval Europe?
21 Use the following information and categorize it according to the guiding questions: Moors (Muslims) invade and occupy Spain for over 700 years. Moors (Muslims) promote art, literature, science and mathematics. Moors (Muslims) attempt to take over France but were defeated in 732 at the Battle of Tours. Moors (Muslims) Created the Muslim state of al-andalus in what is today modern Spain. Crusaders learned from Muslims and European technology improved. The Christians were ultimately unable to reclaim the holy land and the Crusades were considered a failure. End of Crusades led to a decline in papal (Pope) prestige. The many casualties associated with the Crusades weakened the feudal society. Trade between Southwest Asia (Middle East) and Europe help to spread culture and explore new trade routes. The Byzantine Empire gradually collapsed and was never able to regain the power it once had. The end of the Crusades signaled the decline of the Middle Ages; loyalties to nations began to form and the power and need for a stronger centralized, monarchy emerged. The Crusades helped create a middle class of merchants and traders and bankers in the new, emerging nation-states of Europe. Córdoba (city in Spain) developed into an eclectic mix of Muslim, Jewish and Christian populations. Ancient Greek and Roman works, translated from Arabic, helped to shape European thought.
22 Use the following information and categorize it according to the guiding questions: Teacher Key Moors (Muslims) invade and occupy Spain for over 700 years. (Q 1, Q 3) Moors (Muslims) promote art, literature, science and mathematics. (Q 3) Moors (Muslims) attempt to take over France but were defeated in 732 at the Battle of Tours. (Q 3) Moors (Muslims) Created the Muslim state of al-andalus in what is today modern Spain. (Q 3) Crusaders learned from Muslims and European technology improved. (Q 3) The Christians were ultimately unable to reclaim the holy land and the Crusades were considered a failure. (Q 2) End of Crusades led to a decline in papal (Pope) prestige. (Q 2) The many casualties associated with the Crusades weakened the feudal society. (Q 2) Trade between Southwest Asia (Middle East) and Europe help to spread culture and explore new trade routes. (Q 2) The Byzantine Empire gradually collapsed and was never able to regain the power it once had. (Q 4) The end of the Crusades signaled the decline of the Middle Ages; loyalties to nations began to form and the power and need for a stronger centralized, monarchy emerged. (Q 2) The Crusades helped create a middle class of merchants and traders and bankers in the new, emerging nation-states of Europe. (Q 2) Córdoba (city in Spain) developed into an eclectic mix of Muslim, Jewish and Christian populations. (Q 1) Ancient Greek and Roman works, translated from Arabic, helped to shape European thought. (Q 3)
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