Coherent sub-thz transmission systems in Silicon technologies: design challenges for frequency synthesis
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1 Coherent sub-thz transmission systems in Silicon technologies: design challenges for frequency synthesis Alexandre Siligaris
2 Cliquez pour modifier le style du Outline titre Introduction-context for sub-thz Some ideas for low PhN Architecture and design choices Examples on fabricated circuits CMOS 65nm Application to THz imagers : impact of PhN CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
3 THz gap!! Far IR Mid IR Near UV Bands Cliquez pour modifier Introduction-Context le style titre Spectrum : available sources wavelength l (m) frequency (Hz) 1 cm 1 mm 0.1 mm 1 µm 1 nm 1 Å 1 pm MHz 1 GHz 1 THz 1 PHz 1 EHz Radio spectrum THz Infrared Ultraviolet X-Rays Gamma Broadcast Wireless Microwave Extreme UV Soft X-ray Hard X-ray Electronics frequency (GHz) Optoelectronics (diodes, lamps ) UV lamps diodes X-ray tubes Microwave Sub-THz THz Pushing up electronics operating frequency CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
4 Cliquez pour modifier Introduction-Context le style titre THz gap: increasing electronics frequency Application to Communication systems >10 Gbps QPSK RX at 240 GHz Need of coherent (locked) frequency sources Thyagarajan et al. RFIC 2014 THz imaging : CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
5 1MHz (dbc/hz) Cliquez pour modifier Introduction-Context le style titre RF mmw PLL state of the art. PhN vs Osc. frequency -70 CICC 2006 Trend CICC 2009 ISSCC 2014 ISSCC 2009 JSSC 2004 ISSCC 2011 VLSI 2013 CICC 2007 VLSI 2011 ISSCC 2008 VLSI 2012 VLSI VCO PLL Frequency (GHz) VLSI 2013 ASSCC 2010 ISSCC 2008 VLSI 2013 TCAS-II 2011 ISSCC 2009 ISSCC 2013 CICC 2006 ISSCC 2014 ASSCC log(freq/fosc) JSSC log(freq/fosc) Is it possible to realize a sub- THz freq. synthesis on the red line??? CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
6 Cliquez pour modifier le style du Outline titre Introduction-context for sub-thz Some ideas for low PhN Architecture and design choices Examples on fabricated circuits CMOS 65nm BiCMOS 55nm Application to THz imagers : impact of PhN CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
7 Main idea: Cliquez pour modifier Some ideas le style for low du titre PhN From a lower frequency synthesis use frequency multipliers PFD CP Div. X GHz PhN X GHz Freq. Mult. xn XN GHz PhN X GHz +20log(N) Aim : ~ 300 GHz What is the best choice for X GHz??? Determines multiplication factor N Constrains Constrains on PLL design: - VCO PhN. - Freq. dividers/prescalers design. - Filter and PLL stability. Constrains on multiplier design: - Technique choice. - Circuit architecture choice. - Energy efficiency. CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
8 Cliquez pour modifier Some ideas le style for low du titre PhN State of the art high order freq. mult. for THz Berkeley (RFIC 2014): 240 GHz QPSK Rx University of Wuppertal (TMTT 2011): 325 GHz LO generator LO 240 GHz x3 Distorder x3 Distorder x2 Distorder 13.3 GHz X2 Push-push 26.7 GHz ILO 26.7 GHz 80 GHz 80 GHz x3 SHILO PA 240 GHz x3 Distorder X18 Multiplier in CMOS 65nm P DC ~ 1500 mw X18 Multiplier in CMOS 65nm P DC ~ 180 mw CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
9 Cliquez pour modifier Some ideas le style for low du titre PhN Frequency Multiplication steps: example 1 frequency (GHz) Optimal Osc. fundamental operation f t, fmax CMOS f t, fmax BiCMOS PLL synth Microwave Sub-THz THz Example : PLL freq =50 GHz, F out =300 GHz => N=6 x6 the oscillator fundamental frequency PFD CP 50 GHz x6 300 GHz Div. CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
10 Cliquez pour modifier Some ideas le style for low du titre PhN Frequency Multiplication steps: example 2 frequency (GHz) Optimal Osc. fundamental operation f t, fmax CMOS f t, fmax BiCMOS PLL synth Microwave Sub-THz THz Example : PLL freq =2 GHz, F out =300 GHz => N=150 x150 the oscillator fundamental frequency PFD CP 2 GHz x25 * 50 GHz 100 GHz x150 x2 300 GHz Div. * C. Jany et al. A novel ultra-low phase noise, programmable frequency multiplier-by-30 architecture. Application to 60-GHz frequency generation, ESSCIRC injection locking CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
11 Cliquez pour modifier le style du Outline titre Introduction-context for sub-thz Some ideas for low PhN Architecture and design choices Examples on fabricated circuits CMOS 65nm BiCMOS 55nm Application to THz imagers : impact of PhN CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
12 Cliquez Architecture pour modifier and le design style du choices titre Frequency Multiplication steps: design choices 50 GHz 100 GHz x2 300 GHz Self mixing High order oscillator : 2 nd harmonic - Push-Push - Push-Push-Push (Triple Push) 3 rd harmonic - Push-Push-Push-Push (Q-Push) - 4 th harmonic CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
13 Cliquez Architecture pour modifier and le design style du choices titre N-Push principle: Example Push-Push: LC Elements On common mode node: - Even Harmonics combined - Odd harmonics out of phase 180 v + v - v + v - i + Example Triple-Push: Recombination Transmission line i v + L i - i L Z L i - i L v L =i L *Z L Z l i tot i 1 i 2 i 3 i 1 i 2 i 3 On common mode node: - Harmonics 3, 6, 9 combined - Other harmonics out of phase i tot CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
14 Cliquez Architecture pour modifier and le design style du choices titre N-Push sub-harmonic locking principle: Example Push-Push: LC Elements Inj. 180 v + v - v + v - i + Inj. Example Triple-Push: Z l Recombination Transmission line i v + L i - i L Z L i - i L v L =i L *Z L i tot i 1 i 2 i 3 Inj. CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
15 Cliquez pour modifier le style du Outline titre Introduction-context for sub-thz Some ideas for low PhN Architecture and design choices Examples on fabricated circuits CMOS 65nm Application to THz imagers : impact of PhN CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
16 Injection (46 GHZ) Injection (47 GHz) Fout (276 GHz) Fout (282 GHz) 426 µm 141 µm Cliquez Examples pour modifier on fabricated le style du circuits titre Fabricated circuits in CMOS 65nm Triple-Push oscillator in CMOS 65nm: 682 µm 46 GHz 92GHz x2 276 GHz VDD Output matching 142 µm finj AC gnd AC gnd Input matching Vosc CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
17 Cliquez Examples pour modifier on fabricated le style du circuits titre Fabricated circuits in CMOS 65nm Triple-Push oscillator measurement setup: 46 GHz 92GHz x2 276 GHz Synth. (PSG or VNA) FSU 67 (RS) Coaxial V WR to 50 GHz J band mixer (RPG GHz) mmw/sub-mmw PM4 Powermeter (Erickson) CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
18 Cliquez Examples pour modifier on fabricated le style du circuits titre Fabricated circuits in CMOS 65nm Triple-Push oscillator measurement setup: 46 GHz 92GHz x2 276 GHz CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
19 Injection Power (dbm) f osc (GHz) Cliquez Examples pour modifier on fabricated le style du circuits titre Fabricated circuits in CMOS 65nm 46 GHz 92GHz x2 276 GHz Triple-Push oscillator measurement results: V DD (V) Pdc: mw Nominal at 276 GHz : 30 mw GHz GHz VDD=1.4 V , ,5 47 VDD=0.8 V Finj (GHz) CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
20 1MHz (dbc/hz) Cliquez Examples pour modifier on fabricated le style du circuits titre RF mmw PLL state of the art. PhN vs Osc. frequency -70 CICC CICC 2007 VLSI 2013 VLSI 2012 ISSCC 2009 TCAS-II 2011 ISSCC 2013 ISSCC 2008 CICC 2006 ISSCC log(6) CMOS 65nm (30 mw) -110 CICC 2009 ISSCC 2011 ASSCC 2010 VLSI 2013 VNA 46 GHz -120 ISSCC 2014 VLSI 2011 VLSI 2013 ISSCC ISSCC 2009 JSSC 2004 VLSI VCO PLL Frequency (GHz) CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
21 Cliquez Examples pour modifier on fabricated le style du circuits titre THz oscillators-sources state of the art TABLE I Comparison of recently published Silicon Oscillators near 300 GHz Ref. [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] This Work * Tech. BiCMOS 90nm CMOS 65nm CMOS 65nm CMOS 65nm CMOS 65nm BiCMOS 55nm Fosc. (GHz) Tunning Range (%) Pout (dbm) Pdc PhN(1MHz) (mw) (dbc/hz) FOM(1MHz)* (dbc/hz) , , , CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
22 Cliquez pour modifier le style du Outline titre Introduction-context for sub-thz Some ideas for low PhN Architecture and design choices Examples on fabricated circuits CMOS 65nm Application to THz imagers : impact of PhN CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
23 Application Cliquez to pour THz modifier imagers : le impact style du of titre PhN Sub-THz heterodyne pixel in CMOS 65nm Pixel Transmission antenna Bench photograph Pixel IF Output (~100 MHz) Parabolic mirrors First LETI s 280 GHz heterodyne receiver with integrated antenna (CMOS 65nm using the presented sub-harmonic injection locked oscillator) CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
24 Application Cliquez to pour THz modifier imagers : le impact style du of titre PhN Sub-THz heterodyne pixel in CMOS 65nm: Raster scan image (step 0.75 mm) Humid zone Dry zone Rx with locked oscillator at 278 GHz Image Dynamic (max SNR) : 20 db CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
25 Application Cliquez to pour THz modifier imagers : le impact style du of titre PhN Sub-THz heterodyne pixel in CMOS 65nm: raster scan image (step : 1.5 mm) Rx with locked oscillator at 278 GHz Image Dynamic (max SNR) : 45 db CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
26 Application Cliquez to pour THz modifier imagers : le impact style du of titre PhN Sub-THz heterodyne pixel in CMOS 65nm: raster scan image (step : 1.5 mm) Rx with free run oscillator at 278 GHz Image Dynamic (max SNR) : 35 db (10 db loss on SNR!!!) CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
27 Application Cliquez to pour THz modifier imagers : le impact style du of titre PhN Sub-THz heterodyne pixel in CMOS 65nm: raster scan image (step : 0.75 mm) Rx with locked oscillator at 278 GHz Image Dynamic (max SNR) : 50 db CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
28 Cliquez pour modifier le style du Outline titre Introduction-context for sub-thz Some ideas for low PhN Architecture and design choices Examples on fabricated circuits CMOS 65nm BiCMOS 55nm Application to THz imagers : impact of PhN CONCLUSION CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
29 Cliquez pour modifier le style Conclusion du titre Need of coherent (locked) frequency synthesis in the THz band. Low phase noise implies low frequency PLLs and high multiplication factors. Multiply, multiply, mutiply CEA. All rights reserved DACLE Division
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