Jeff Thomas Tom Holmes Terri Hightower. Learn RF Spectrum Analysis Basics
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1 Jeff Thomas Tom Holmes Terri Hightower Learn RF Spectrum Analysis Basics
2 Agenda Overview: Spectrum analysis and its measurements Theory of Operation: Spectrum analyzer hardware Frequency Specifications Questions and Answers break Amplitude Specifications Summary Questions and Answers break Page 2
3 Learning Objectives Name the major measurement strengths of a swept-tuned spectrum analyzer Explain the importance of frequency resolution, sensitivity, and dynamic range in making analyzer measurements Outline the procedure making accurate distortion measurements Page 3
4 SPECTRUM ANALYZER 9 khz GHz Overview: What is Spectrum Analysis? 8563A Page 4
5 . Types of Tests Made Modulation Noise Distortion Page 5
6 Frequency Versus Time Domain Amplitude (power) frequency time Time domain Measurements Frequency Domain Measurements Page 6
7 Fourier Spectrum Analyzer Fourier analyzer transforms a signal over time into a frequency spectrum Display Amplitude f 1 f 2 Frequency Page 7
8 Swept-Tuned Spectrum Analyzer Filter sweeps over a frequency range Display Amplitude f 1 f 2 Frequency f Page 8
9 Agenda Overview: Spectrum analysis and its measurements Theory of Operation: Spectrum analyzer hardware Frequency Specifications Questions and Answers break Amplitude Specifications Summary Questions and Answers break Page 9
10 Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram RF Input Attenuator Mixer IF Gain IF Filter Detector Input Filter Local Oscillator Frequency Reference Sweep Generator Log Amp Display Video Filter Page 10
11 The Mixer: Key to a Wide Frequency Range Input MIXER 0 f in Page 11 0 RF LO IF f LO 0 f LO -f in f LO f LO +f in RF = Radio frequency LO = local oscillator IF = intermediate frequency
12 Intermediate Frequency (IF) Filter Input IF FILTER IF Bandwidth: also known as resolution bandwidth and RBW Provides shape of frequency domain signal Page 12 Actual f Displayed f
13 Detector Input DETECTOR Amplitude Values Displayed Positive detection: largest Negative detection: smallest Sample detection: last Page 13
14 Video Filter Input VIDEO FILTER Without video filtering With video filtering Page 14
15 Local Oscillator and Sweep Generator LO SWEEP GEN frequency LCD DISPLAY Provides swept display Page 15
16 Input Attenuator and IF Gain Circuits RF INPUT ATTENUATOR IF GAIN Protects input circuits Calibrates signal amplitude Keeps signal display position constant Page 16
17 Agenda Overview: Spectrum analysis and its measurements Theory of Operation: Spectrum analyzer hardware Frequency Specifications Questions and Answers break Amplitude Specifications Summary Questions and Answers break Page 17
18 What Spectrum Analyzer Specifications are Important? Frequency Range Frequency and Amplitude Accuracy Frequency Resolution Sensitivity Distortion Dynamic Range Page 18
19 Frequency Range Low frequencies for baseband and IF High frequencies for harmonics and beyond Page 19
20 Getting the Frequency Range You Need 1 f if 1 f in Page 20 LO IF signal, f if Mixer 2 The input signal is displayed when f LO -f in = f IF f in Range LO Range f LO -f in f LO 0 frequency f LO +f in
21 Getting the Frequency Range You Need LO Feedthrough 3 f LO -f in f LO f LO +f in f if 1 0 f in Range f in IF filter 2 0 LO LO Range Sweep generator 4 0 Display Page 21
22 Getting the Frequency Range You Need Input signal displayed f LO -f in = f IF 3 f LO -f in f LO f LO +f in 1 f in f if 0 f in Range 2 LO f in 0 LO Range 4 0 Page 22
23 Getting the Frequency Range You Need Lower frequency limited by LO feedthrough Upper frequency limited by LO range and IF frequency Microwave frequency measurement uses harmonic mixing Page 23
24 Frequency and Amplitude Accuracy Absolute Amplitude in dbm Relative Amplitude in db Relative Frequency Frequency Page 24
25 Frequency and Amplitude Accuracy Frequency accuracy: Internal/external frequency reference Use of internal counter Amplitude accuracy: Not as good as a power meter Dependent upon measurement procedure Excellent relative measurements Page 25
26 Signal Resolution What Determines Resolution? Resolution Bandwidth Residual FM RBW Type and Selectivity Noise Sidebands Page 26
27 IF Filter Bandwidth 3 db Input Spectrum LO Mixer 3 db BW IF Filter/ Resolution Bandwidth Filter (RBW) Sweep Detector RBW Display Page 27
28 Resolving Two Equal-level Signals 10 khz RBW 3 db 10 khz Page 28
29 Resolving Two Unequal-level Signals 3 db bandwidth Selectivity (filter shape) 3 db 3 db BW 60 db 60 db BW Selectivity = 3 db BW 60 db BW Page 29
30 Resolving Two Unequal-level Signals For a RBW of 1 khz and a selectivity of 15:1, the 60 db bandwidth is 15 x 1 khz = 15 khz... so the filter skirt is 7.5 khz away from the filter s center frequency 60 db 10 khz Distortion Page khz
31 Residual FM Page 31 Residual FM "Smears" the Signal
32 Noise Sidebands (Phase Noise) Phase Noise Page 32 Noise Sidebands can prevent resolution of unequal signals
33 Sweep Rate Swept too fast Penalty For Sweeping Too Fast Is An Uncalibrated Display Page 33
34 Analog versus Digital Resolution Bandwidths Analog Filter Digital Filter Typical Selectivity Analog 15:1 Digital 5:1 RES BW 100 Hz SPAN 3 khz Page 34
35 Rules to Analyze By: Use the Analyzer s Automatic Settings Whenever Possible When using the analyzer in its preset mode, most measurements will be easy, fast, and accurate Automatic selection of resolution bandwidth, video bandwidth, sweep time and input attenuation When manually changing the analyzer parameters, check for uncal messages Page 35
36 Are There Any Questions?
37 Agenda Overview: Spectrum analysis and its measurements Theory of Operation: Spectrum analyzer hardware Frequency Specifications Questions and Answers break Amplitude Specifications Summary Questions and Answers break Page 37
38 Sensitivity and Displayed Average Noise Level RF Input Mixer RES BW Filter Detector LO Page 38 Sweep A spectrum analyzer generates and amplifies noise just like any active circuit.
39 RF Input Attenuator Effects Displayed noise is a function of RF input attenuation signal level 10 db Attenuation = 10 db Attenuation = 20 db Signal-to-noise ratio decreases as RF input attenuation is increased Page 39
40 IF Filter (Resolution Bandwidth) Effects Displayed noise is a function of IF filter bandwidth Decreased BW = Decreased Noise 10 db 10 db 100 khz RBW 10 khz RBW 1 khz RBW Page 40 Best sensitivity = narrowest RBW
41 Video Bandwidth Effects Video BW smoothes noise for easier identification and measurement of lowlevel signals Page 41
42 Sensitivity - the smallest signal that can be measured Signal equals noise ~2.2 db Page 42
43 Rules to Analyze By: Getting the Best Sensitivity Requires Three Settings Narrowest resolution bandwidth Minimum RF attenuation Sufficient video filter to smooth noise (VBW < 0.01 Resolution BW) Page 43
44 Where is Distortion Generated? Mixers Generate Distortion Signal to be measured Frequency translated signals Resulting signal Page 44 Mixer-generated distortion
45 Most Influential Distortion is the Second and Third Order < -50 dbc < -40 dbc < -50 dbc Two-Toned Intermod Harmonic Distortion Page 45
46 Distortion Increases as a Function of the Fundamental s Power 2nd Fundamental Harmonic =1 db 3rd Harmonic Power in db =2 db =3 db f 2f 3f For every db fundamental level change, the 2nd changes 2 db and the 3rd changes 3 db. Page 46
47 How Distortion Amplitudes Change =1 db 1 db/db fund 2 db/db fund =2 db =3 db f 2f 3f Since distortion changes relative to the fundamental, a graphical solution is practical. Page 47
48 . Plotting Distortion as a Function of Mixer Level Page 48 Distortion, dbc Second Order Third Order Third Order Intercept - TOI Power at the mixer = Input level minus the attenuator setting, dbm
49 Rules to Analyze by: A Simple Distortion Test Is the distortion from the signal or from the analyzer? Change Input 1 Watch Signal on Screen: Attenuation by 10 db 2 RF INPUT ATTENUATOR IF GAIN No change in amplitude - distortion is part of input signal (external) Change in amplitude - at least some of the distortion is being generated inside the analyzer (internal) Page 49
50 Dynamic Range - Optimum Amplitude Difference Between Large and Small Signals Dynamic Range Page 50
51 . Displayed Noise Limits Dynamic Range Page 51 Distortion, dbc khz RBW Displayed average noise level can be plotted like distortion. Noise at 10 khz RBW Power at the mixer = Input level minus the attenuator setting, dbm
52 .. Dynamic Range as a Function of Distortion and Noise Level Distortion and Signalto-Noise, dbc Maximum 2nd Order Dynamic Range Maximum 3rd Order Dynamic Range Power at the mixer = Input level minus the attenuator setting, dbm Page 52
53 Close-in Dynamic Range Limited by Noise Sidebands Dynamic Range Limited By Noise Sidebands, dbc/hz Dynamic Range Limited By Distortion and Displayed Noise Sideband Noise Displayed Noise Level 100 khz to 1 MHz Page 53
54 Rules to Analyze by: Determining Dynamic Range Your spectrum analyzer s dynamic range is dependent upon: Internal second and/or third order distortion Displayed noise level Noise sidebands when close to large signals Page 54
55 Dynamic Range is Defined by Your Application +30 dbm Maximum Power Level Measurement Range 145 db +10 dbm Signal/Noise Range 105 db Third Order Distortion Mixer Compression -35 dbm Third-order Distortion ~80 db -45 dbm Second-order Distortion Second Order Distortion ~70 db 0 dbc Noise Sidebands Noise Sidebands 60 dbc/1 khz -115 dbm Displayed Noise (1 khz RBW, 0 db attenuation) Page 55
56 Summary The RF spectrum analyzer is a heterodyne receiver Offers a narrow resolution capability over a wide frequency range Measures small signals in presence of large signals Remember to: Adjust the measurement procedure for specific application Test for internal distortion Take sideband noise into account Page 56
57 Agilent Spectrum Analyzer Product Families - Swept Tuned PSA Series Highest performance SA! 3 Hz to 50 GHz Pre-selection to 50 GHz Worlds best accuracy (0.24dB) 160 RBW settings Phase noise optimization FFT or swept at any RBW Complete set of detectors Fastest spur search Vector signal analysis. ESA-E Series Mid-Performance 30 Hz to 26.5 / 325 GHz Rugged/Portable Fast & Accurate Unparalled range of performance and application options. Remote WEB interface Page X- EC Series Super Mid-Performance 30 Hz to 50 / 325 GHz Rugged/Portable Pre-selection to 50 GHz Color LCD Display Low Phase Noise Digital 1 Hz RBW ESA-L Series Low cost 9 khz up to 26.5 GHz General Purpose Rugged/Portable Fully synthesized
58 Agilent Vector Signal Analyzer Product Families E4406A Multi-Format wireless capabilities 7 MHz - 4 GHz Fast & Accurate Simple User Interface Base-band IQ inputs Series Flexible Signal Analysis DC to 2.65 GHz 10 MHz Signal Bandwidth Block Digital demodulation Integral Signal Source Spectrum & Time waveform Analysis Complex time varying signals Color LCD Display Page Series Multi-Format & Flexible vector signal analysis DC 6.0 GHz Bandwidth: 36 MHz RF, 40 MHz Baseband RF and modulation quality of digital communications signals including WLAN. Spectrum & Time (FFT) Analysis OFDM Analysis (802.11a) Links to design software (ADS) PC Based for the Ultimate in Connectivity Analysis software links to PSA, ESA, E4406A signal analyzers Ultra-wide bandwidth 500+ MHz Signal Bandwidth! Analysis Capability Low Cost Oscilloscope Front-end for RF Scope measurements
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