Children of the Great Recession

Transcription

1 Children of the Great Recession

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3 Children of the Great Recession G G G Irwin Garfinkel, Sara McLanahan, Christopher Wimer, Editors Russell Sage Foundation New York

4 The Russell Sage Foundation The Russell Sage Foundation, one of the oldest of America s general purpose foundations, was established in 1907 by Mrs. Margaret Olivia Sage for the improvement of social and living conditions in the United States. The foundation seeks to fulfill this mandate by fostering the development and dissemination of knowledge about the country s political, social, and economic problems. While the foundation endeavors to assure the accuracy and objectivity of each book it publishes, the conclusions and interpretations in Russell Sage Foundation publications are those of the authors and not of the foundation, its trustees, or its staff. Publication by Russell Sage, therefore, does not imply foundation endorsement. Larry M. Bartels Karen S. Cook W. Bowman Cutter III Sheldon Danziger Kathryn Edin BOARD OF TRUSTEES Sara S. McLanahan, Chair Lawrence F. Katz David Laibson Nicholas Lemann Martha Minow Peter R. Orszag Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Claude M. Steele Shelley E. Taylor Richard H. Thaler Hirokazu Yoshikawa Names: Garfinkel, Irwin, editor. McLanahan, Sara, editor. Wimer, Christopher, editor. Title: Children of the great recession / Irwin Garfinkel, Sara McLanahan, and Christopher Wimer, editors. Description: New York : Russell Sage Foundation, Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN ISBN (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Recessions United States. Global Financial Crisis, Child welfare United States. Families United States. Parenting United States. Classification: LCC HB3743.C DDC /0931 dc23 LC record available at gizxz_nvzaqslczbvzhtbfifisztmqszdt7eeycjtdmwb7axvzichs3jq9j4t van3hoyyyodtutss03fjq77rjn6fd4xeknkcyqenptglr1hzrshgpdiliz zoa6xoqg8rfjh0xm9ewd78vv5n6x33pvevudfk6rn1p Copyright 2016 by Russell Sage Foundation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Reproduction by the United States Government in whole or in part is permitted for any purpose. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z Text design by Suzanne Nichols. RUSSELL SAGE FOUNDATION 112 East 64th Street, New York, New York

5 Contents List of Illustrations Contributors vii xi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Irwin Garfinkel, Sara McLanahan, and Christopher Wimer Chapter 2 Economic Well-Being 31 Irwin Garfinkel and Natasha Pilkauskas Chapter 3 Public and Private Transfers 58 Natasha Pilkauskas and Irwin Garfinkel Chapter 4 Mothers and Fathers Health 88 Janet Currie and Valentina Duque Chapter 5 Parents Relationships 118 Daniel Schneider, Sara McLanahan, and Kristen Harknett Chapter 6 Nonresident Father Involvement 149 Ronald B. Mincy and Elia De la Cruz Toledo Chapter 7 Mothers and Fathers Parenting 173 William Schneider, Jane Waldfogel, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Chapter 8 Child Well-Being 206 William Schneider, Jane Waldfogel, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn Index 228

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7 List of Illustrations Figure 1.1 Median Household Income Index and Unemployment Rate 6 Figure 1.2 Local Unemployment Rates During Interviewing Periods 9 Figure 2.1 Maternal Employment 35 Figure 2.2 Paternal Employment 36 Figure 2.3 Household Income ($2010) 37 Figure 2.4 Big Gains and Losses 38 Figure 2.5 Poverty Rates 39 Figure 2.6 Hardship (Insecurity) Rates 39 Figure 2.7 Household Income ($2010) by Race-Ethnicity 40 Figure 2.8 Employment by Education 42 Figure 2.9 Income by Education 43 Figure 2.10 Income by Race-Ethnicity and Relationship Status 43 Figure 2.11 Poverty Rate by Education 44 Figure 2.12 Hardship by Education 44 Figure 3.1 Public Assistance Receipt by Child s Age-Year 62 Figure 3.2 Public Assistance Receipt by Education 63 Figure 3.3 Average Dollar Value of Public Assistance Benefits 64 Figure 3.4 Private Financial Transfers ($2010) 65 Figure 3.5 Doubling Up 65 Figure 3.6 Average Dollar Value of Private Assistance 66 Figure 3.7 Private Financial Transfers and Doubling Up 68 Figure 3.8 Public Transfer Receipt Rates 69 Figure 3.9 Effects of Transfers on Household Income 71 Figure 3.10 Mitigating Effects of Transfers on Poverty 71 Figure 4.1 Mothers Health Status Is Fair or Poor 91 Figure 4.2 Fathers Health Status Is Fair or Poor 92 Figure 4.3 Mothers Health Problem that Limits Work 92 Figure 4.4 Fathers Health Problem that Limits Work 93 Figure 4.5 Mothers Binge Drinking 94 Figure 4.6 Fathers Binge Drinking 94 Figure 4.7 Mothers Drug Use 95 Figure 4.8 Fathers Drug Use 95 Figure 4.9 Effects of a Recession on Mothers Health Status 97 Figure 4.10 Effects of a Recession on Fathers Health Status 97 Figure 4.11 Effects of a Recession on Mothers Health Problem Figure 4.12 that Limits Work 98 Effects of a Recession on Fathers Health Problem that Limits Work 98 Figure 4.13 Effects of a Recession on Mothers Binge Drinking 99 Figure 4.14 Effects of a Recession on Fathers Binge Drinking 100

8 viii list of illustrations Figure 4.15 Effects of a Recession on Mothers Drug Use 100 Figure 4.16 Effects of a Recession on Fathers Drug Use 101 Figure 5.1 Mothers Relationship Status 121 Figure 5.2 Marriage to Bio Fathers or New Partners 122 Figure 5.3 Marriage or Cohabitation to Bio Fathers or New Partners 122 Figure 5.4 Mothers Reports of Bio Fathers Supportiveness 123 Figure 5.5 Fathers Reports of Bio Mothers Supportiveness 124 Figure 5.6 Mothers Reports of New Partners Supportiveness 125 Figure 5.7 Mothers Reports of Relationship with Bio Father 125 Figure 5.8 Fathers Reports of Relationship with Bio Mother 126 Figure 5.9 Mothers Marriage and Marriage or Cohabitation 127 Figure 5.10 Mothers Marriage (Bio Father or New Partner) 128 Figure 5.11 Mothers Marriage or Cohabitation (Bio Father or New Partner) 128 Figure 5.12 Mothers Reports of Bio Fathers Supportiveness 130 Figure 5.13 Fathers Reports of Mothers Supportiveness 130 Figure 5.14 Mothers Reports of New Partners Supportiveness 131 Figure 5.15 Figure 5.16 Mothers Reports of Quality of Relationship with Bio Father 132 Fathers Reports of Quality of Relationship with Bio Mother 132 Figure 6.1 Nonresidence Status 153 Figure 6.2 Father Engagement 154 Figure 6.3 Child Support and Visitation 155 Figure 6.4 Formal Child Support per Year 156 Figure 6.5 Informal Child Support per Year 157 Figure 6.6 In-Kind Child Support per Year 157 Figure 6.7 Visitation Days per Month 158 Figure 6.8 Share of Nonresident Fathers Visiting Their Children 158 Figure 7.1 High-Frequency Maternal Spanking by Education 176 Figure 7.2 High-Frequency Maternal Physical Aggression by Education 177 Figure 7.3 High-Frequency Maternal Psychological Aggression by Education 177 Figure 7.4 High-Frequency Maternal Warmth by Education 178 Figure 7.5 High-Frequency Maternal Parenting Activities by Education 179 Figure 7.6 High-Frequency Paternal Spanking by Education 179 Figure 7.7 Figure 7.8 Figure 7.9 High-Frequency Paternal Physical Aggression by Education 180 High-Frequency Paternal Psychological Aggression by Education 181 High-Frequency Maternal Spanking by Unemployment Rate 182

9 list of illustrations ix Figure 7.10 High-Frequency Maternal Physical Aggression by Unemployment Rate 182 Figure 7.11 High-Frequency Maternal Psychological Aggression by Unemployment Rate 183 Figure 7.12 High-Frequency Maternal Warmth by Unemployment Rate 183 Figure 7.13 High-Frequency Maternal Parenting Activities by Unemployment Rate 184 Figure 7.14 High-Frequency Paternal Spanking by Unemployment Rate 185 Figure 7.15 High-Frequency Paternal Physical Aggression by Unemployment Rate 186 Figure 7.16 High-Frequency Paternal Psychological Aggression by Unemployment Rate 186 Figure 8.1 Child Internalizing Behavior Problems 209 Figure 8.2 Child Externalizing Behavior Problems 209 Figure 8.3 Child PPVT Scores 210 Figure 8.4 Child Overweight-Obese 211 Figure 8.5 Child Internalizing Behaviors 212 Figure 8.6 Child Externalizing Behaviors 212 Figure 8.7 Child PPVT Scores, Unemployment Rates 213 Figure 8.8 Child Overweight-Obese, Unemployment Rates 213 Table 1.1 Fragile Families Sample Composition, Mothers Education 8 Table 2.A1 Full Regression Results, Material Hardship 48 Table 2.A2 Coefficients and Standard Errors, Rate of Change, Economic Outcomes 50 Table 2.A3 Sensitivity of Coefficients, Economic Outcomes 53 Table 2.A4 Coefficients and Standard Errors, Economic Outcomes 54 Table 3.A1 Full Regression Results for SNAP 75 Table 3.A2 Coefficients and Standard Errors, Rate of Change for Transfers 77 Table 3.A3 Sensitivity of Coefficients, Transfers 82 Table 3.A4 Coefficients and Standard Errors, Transfers 84 Table 4.A1 Full Regression Results, Parents Physical Health 106 Table 4.A2 Table 4.A3 Coefficients and Standard Errors, All Outcomes by Maternal Education 108 Coefficients and Standard Errors, All Outcomes by Paternal Education 110 Table 4.A4 Sensitivity of Coefficients, Parents Health 113 Table 4.A5 Coefficients and Standard Errors, Model 1, All Outcomes 114 Table 5.A1 Full Regression Results, Married to or Cohabiting with Father or New Partner 137

10 x list of illustrations Table 5.A2 Coefficients and Standard Errors for Unemployment Rate, Relationship Outcomes 139 Table 5.A3 Sensitivity of Unemployment Rate Coefficients, Relationship Outcomes 143 Table 5.A4 Coefficients and Standard Errors for Unemployment Rate, Relationship Outcomes 145 Table 6.A1 Full Regression Results, Child Support and Visitation 164 Table 6.A2 Coefficients and Standard Errors, Rate of Change, Father Involvement 166 Table 6.A3 Sensitivity of Coefficients, Child Support and Visitation Outcomes 168 Table 6.A4 Coefficients and Standard Errors, Model 1, Child Support and Visitation Outcomes 169 Table 7.A1 Full Regression Results, Maternal Parenting 191 Table 7.A2 Coefficients and Standard Errors, Rate of Change in Unemployment for Maternal Parenting Outcomes 193 Table 7.A3 Sensitivity of Coefficients, Maternal Parenting Outcomes 196 Table 7.A4 Coefficients and Standard Errors, Maternal Parenting Outcomes by Subgroup 197 Table 7.A5 Full Regression Results, Paternal Parenting 198 Table 7.A6 Coefficients and Standard Errors, Rate of Change in Unemployment for Paternal Parenting Outcomes 200 Table 7.A7 Sensitivity of Coefficients, Paternal Parenting Outcomes 202 Table 7.A8 Coefficients and Standard Errors, Paternal Parenting Outcomes by Subgroups 203 Table 8.A1 Full Regression Results, Child Well-Being 219 Table 8.A2 Coefficients and Standard Errors, Rate of Change in Unemployment, Child Well-Being Outcomes 221 Table 8.A3 Sensitivity of Coefficients, Child Well-Being Outcomes 223 Table 8.A4 Coefficients and Standard Errors, Child Well-Being Outcomes by Subgroup 224

11 Contributors Irwin Garfinkel is Mitchell I. Ginsberg Professor of Contemporary Urban Problems at the Columbia University School of Social Work. Sara McLanahan is William S. Tod Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs at Princeton University. Christopher Wimer is co-director of the Center on Poverty and Social Policy at Columbia University and research scientist at the Columbia Population Research Center. Jeanne Brooks-Gunn is Virginia and Leonard Marx Professor of Child Development at Teachers College and the College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University. Janet Currie is Henry Putnam Professor of Economics and Public Affairs at Princeton University. Elia De la Cruz Toledo is postdoctoral research scientist at the Columbia University School of Social Work and researcher at Chaplin Hall at the University of Chicago. Valentina Duque is postdoctoral fellow at the University of Michigan. Kristen Harknett is associate professor of sociology at the University of Pennsylvania. Ronald B. Mincy is Maurice V. Russell Professor of Social Policy and Social Work Practice at the Columbia University School of Social Work. Natasha Pilkauskas is assistant professor at the Ford School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan. Daniel Schneider is assistant professor of sociology at the University of California, Berkeley. William Schneider is postdoctoral fellow at Northwestern University. Jane Waldfogel is Compton Foundation Centennial Professor at the Columbia University School of Social Work and visiting professor at London School of Economics.

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