ROLE OF NUCLEAR POWER INDIAN POWER SYSTEM. D.K.GOYAL Station Director Narora Atomic Power Station

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1 ROLE OF NUCLEAR POWER IN INDIAN POWER SYSTEM D.K.GOYAL Station Director Narora Atomic Power Station

2 ENERGY DEMAND INDIA IS SIXTH LARGEST COUNTRY IN TERMS OF POWER PRODUCTION (US, CHINA, JAPAN, RUSSIA AND CANADA ARE THE FIRST FIVE) BUT THE ELECTRICITY SHORTAGE IS 10% WITH PEAK SHORTAGE OF ABOUT 14%. AT THE START OF PLANNING STAGES THE GENERATION CAPACITY WAS 1750 MWe WHICH HAS NOW INCREASED TO MWe.

3 ENERGY DEMAND TO SUSTAIN A GROWTH RATE OF 8-9 % IN GDP, THE REQUIRED CAPACITY ADDITION IS AROUND MWe PER YEAR. THE NATIONAL ENERGY POLICY AIMS TO PROVIDE ELECTRICITY FOR ALL IN THE NEXT FIVE YEARS i. e BY 2012.

4 ENERGY DEMAND THE ACTUAL CAPACITY ADDITION IN THE 10 TH PLAN WAS MWe. DURING THE 11 TH PLAN THE CAPACITY ADDITION OF MWe COMPRISING OF 50.7% IN CENTRAL SECTOR, 35.6% IN STATE SECTOR AND 13.7% IN PRIVATE SECTOR HAS BEEN PROPOSED.

5 ENERGY DEMAND INDIA IS DEPENDENT MOSTLY ON DEPLETING FOSSIL FUEL FOR ENERGY AND IS ALSO IMPORTING OIL / GAS AT EXORBITANT COST BOTH OF WHICH ARE CRITICAL FROM SUSTAINED AVAILABILITY OF ENERGY AT AFFORDABLE COST. THE POPULATION INCREASE IS CAUSING WIDE GAP BETWEEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY OF ENERGY AND IS PUTTING ENORMOUS PRESSURE ON THE ENERGY SECTOR.

6 ENERGY DEMAND THE PROPOSED CAPACITY ADDITION IN THE 11 TH PLAN ENVISAGES MWe FROM THERMAL, MWe FROM HYDRO AND 3380 MWe FROM NUCLEAR.

7 ENERGY DEMAND THIS PROPOSED TARGET IS BASED ON THE PLAN ON CAPACITY ADDITION, RENOVATION AND MODERNIZATION IN THE POWER SECTORS.

8 ENERGY SUPPLY All India Generating Installed Capacity (MW) as on Thermal Hydro Nuclear RES Total

9 ENERGY SUPPLY THE GAP BETWEEN DEMAND AND SUPPLY CAN BE BRIDGED BY THE FOLLOWING MEASURES. PARTICIPATION OF THE PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SECTORS.

10 ENERGY SUPPLY ADDITION OF NEW ENERGY RESOURCES. CONSERVING THE ENERGY BY EFFICIENT USE OF THE EXISTING RESOURCES.

11 ENERGY SUPPLY USE OF IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY AND ENCOURAGEMENT FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY. EXPLORATION OF THE SUFFICIENT SCOPE.

12 ENERGY SUPPLY EFFECTIVE DEALING WITH TRANSMISSION AND COMMERCIAL LOSES. EXPANSION OF ENERGY RESOURCE AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES.

13 INDIAN POWER SYSTEM THE INDIAN POWER SYSTEM COMPRISE OF STATE,CENTRAL AND PRIVATE SECTORS. THE CONTRIBUTION OF CENTRAL SECTORS IN GENERATION IS ABOUT 42% WITH A SHARE OF NUCLEAR POWER TO ABOUT 7% IN INSTALLED CAPACITY AND GENERATION CAPACITY.

14 INDIAN POWER SYSTEM All India Installed Capacity Private 11% State 57% Centre 32%

15 INDIAN POWER SYSTEM Generation Private 9% State 49% Centre 42%

16 INDIAN POWER SYSTEM Central Sector Shares Hydr o 13% Nuclear 7% Thermal 80%

17 NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR POWER IS ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGICALLY PROVEN, ECONOMICALLY COMPETETIVE AND ASSOCIATED WITH THE ADVANTAGE OF ENERGY SECURITY AND DIVERSITY.

18 NUCLEAR POWER AT PRESENT NPCIL, A PUBLIC SECTOR ORGANISATION OPERATES 16 NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS WITH AN AVERAGE CAPACITY OF 4120 MWe.

19 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN INDIA 4020 MWe MWe - 14 PHWR & 2 BWR 3 PHWR, 2 LWR, 1 PFBR NARORA (UP) 2x 220 MWe RAWATBHATA (RAJ) 1x 200 MWe 2x 220 MWe 2x 220 MWe ~ 800 Kms KAKRAPAR (GUJ) TARAPUR (MAH) 2x 220 MWe 2x 160 MWe 2x 540 MWe Coal Fields KAIGA (KAR) 2x 220 MWe 1x 220 MWe 1x 220 MWe KALPAKKAM (TN) 2x 220 MWe 500 MWe (PFBR) KUDANKULAM (TN) 2x 1000 MWe

20 YEAR W ISE ELECTRICITY G E N E R A T IO N NUCLEAR POWER Million Units

21 NUCLEAR POWER MWe NPCIL CAPACITY ADDITION Excluding RAPS

22 NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR ENERGY IS A SIGNIFICANT COMPONENT OF WORLD ELECTRICITY SUPPLY. 435 REACTORS ARE CONNECTED TO THE GRID IN SOME 30 COUNTRIES. NUCLEAR POWER GENERATES 16 % OF THE WORLD S ELECTRICITY.

23 NUCLEAR POWER 16 COUNTRIES RELY ON NUCLEAR POWER FOR AT LEAST A QUARTER OF THEIR ELECTRICITY NEED. TWO COUNTRIES FRANCE AND LITHUANIA OBTAIN MORE THAN 70% OF THEIR ELECTRICITY NEED FROM NUCLEAR.

24 NUCLEAR POWER NUCLEAR POWER IS A CARBON FREE SOURCE WITH MINUTE SECONDARY EMISSION OF CARBON DIOXIDE RESULTING FROM FUEL CYCLE STEPS AND PROCESSES IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES.

25 NUCLEAR POWER THE PER KILO WATT HOUR ELECTRICITY GENERATED, THE NUCLEAR ENERGY CHAIN EMITS 2.5 TO 5.7 GRAMS OF CARBON EQUIVALENT AS COMPARED TO GRAMS FOR FOSSIL FUEL CHAINS AND GRAMS FOR VARIOUS RENEWABLE ENERGY CHAINS.

26 NUCLEAR POWER SUBSTITUTING NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS FOR FOSSIL FUEL UNITS CAN SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE THE CARBON INTENSITY OF THE ELECTRICITY SECTOR.

27 INDIAN SCENARIO INDIA COMMENCED ITS JOURNEY IN NUCLEAR POWER FIELD IN 1969 WHEN TWO UNITS OF BOILING WATER REACTORS STARTED COMMERCIAL OPERATION. THEREAFTER, THE PRESSURISED HEAVY WATER REACTORS WERE INSTALLED AT SIX SITES. INDIA HAS RECENTLY COMMISSIONED 540 MWe FOR PRESSURISED HEAVY WATER REACTORS AT TARAPUR.

28 INDIAN SCENARIO INDIA HAS COMPREHENSIVE CAPABILITY IN ALL FACETS OF NUCLEAR POWER REACTOR TECHNOLOGY - FROM SITE SELECTION TO CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION AND LIFE EXTENSION OF THE EXISTING REACTORS.

29 INDIAN SCENARIO THE SAFETY PERFORMANCE RECORDS OF REACTOR OPERATION, ENVIRONMENTAL CARE AND ABILITY TO SET UP REACTORS IN SHORT DURATION ARE COMPARABLE TO THE WORLD STANDARDS.

30 INDIAN SCENARIO THE NUCLEAR POWER IS COST COMPETITIVE AND EFFORTS ARE ON TO REDUCE THE COST OF NUCLEAR POWER.

31 VISION INDIA NPCIL IS PURSUING THE MANDATE OF EXPANDING THE NUCLEAR POWER BASE IN THE COUNTRY IN ACCORDANCE WITH PLANS AND SCHEMES OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. THE FIRST STAGE, WHICH IS ALREADY IN COMMERCIAL DOMAIN, COMPRISES OF SETTING UP OF PHWRs THAT USE NATURAL URANIUM AS FUEL.

32 VISION INDIA THE SECOND STAGE ENVISAGES SETTING UP OF FAST BREEDER REACTORS. ONE SUCH REACTOR OF 500 MWe IS UNDER CONSTRUCTION AT KALPAK AM. THE THIRD STAGE POWER PROGRAMME IS BASED ON THE UTILIZATION OF THORIUM IN ADVANCED HEAVY WATER REACTORS.

33 OPERATION OF NPP NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS ARE DESIGNED FOR BASE LOAD STATION. IN PAST DECADES OF 1970s, THE GRID SIZE WAS COMPARATIVELY SMALLER AND THE GRID PARAMETERS WERE NOT STABLE.

34 OPERATION OF NPP NUCLEAR PLANT OUTAGES WAS CAUSING GRID DISTURBANCE OR THE GRID DISTURBANCE WAS CAUSING UNIT OUTAGE. NUCLEAR STATION WAS MISSING THE OPPORTUNITY OF ESTABLISHING THE RELIABILITY OF OPERATION.

35 OPERATION OF NPP THE PHWRs HAVE A CHARACTERISTIC THAT ONCE THE REACTOR TRIPS, IT GETS POISONED OUT, IF NOT STARTED WITHIN THE POISON OVERRIDE PERIOD. TO SUSTAIN A GRID TRANSIENT, THERE IS ISLANDING OPERATION MODE WHERE IN THE STATION FEEDS TO THE DEDICATED RADIAL FEEDER.

36 OPERATION OF NPP THE MAINTENANCE OF THIS RADIAL FEEDER REQUIRES REGULAR ATTENTION OF THE GRID OPERATORS TO ENSURE SEPARATION OF THE NUCLEAR STATION FROM REST OF THE GRID DURING THE TRANSIENT TO AVOID THE UNIT OUTAGE. ON MANY OCCASIONS THE ISLANDING OPERATION OF THE NUCLEAR STATION HAS BEEN HELPFUL FOR EXTENDING THE STARTUP POWER SUPPLIES TO THE OTHER STATIONS.

37 OPERATION OF NPP THE COOPERATION AMONG THE GENERATING STATIONS AND THE GRID OPERATORS HAS ALSO A ROLE TO ENSURE STABLE OPERATION OF THE NUCLEAR STATIONS.

38 OUTLOOK IN ADDITION TO THE EFFORTS OF CREATING THE STRATEGIC STOCK OF THE FOSSIL FUEL TO MEET THE CONTINGENCY MEASURE FOR STRENGTHENING ENERGY SECURITY,EFFORTS ARE NEEDED TO PURSUE AND PROMOTE THE NUCLEAR ENERGY AS THE FOSSIL FUEL WOULD NOT LAST FOREVER.

39 OPERATION OF NPP OVER THE YEARS, THE CONTINUAL AND CONCERTED EFFORTS HAVE GONE THROUGH BY THE AGENCIES LIKE THE GOVERNMENT, POWER GRID, REGULATORY COMMISSION, CEA AND PFC FOR IMPROVEMENT IN GRID OPERATIONS.

40 OUTLOOK THERE IS CONSIDERABLE SCOPE OF GROWTH OF NUCLEAR ENERGY THROUGH THE ROUTE OF FAST BREEDER REACTORS OF THE SECOND STAGE AND ADVANCED HEAVY WATER REACTORS, USING ABUNDANT RESERVE OF THORIUM, IN THE THIRD STAGE.

41 OUTLOOK THE STABLE GRID CONDITIONS WILL FURTHER STRENGTHEN THE ASSURANCE TO THE RELIABLE NUCLEAR POWER THUS MAKING THE NUCLEAR POWER A VITAL CONSTITUENT IN THE INDIAN POWER SYSTEM.

42 OUTLOOK THE CHANGING PUBLIC PERCEPTION AND ACCEPTANCE OF THE COST COMPETITIVE NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY CAN PLAY A VITAL ROLE IN THE POWER SYSTEM.

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44 VIEW OF REACTOR CORE

45 VIEW OF FUEL BUNDLE

46 PHWR FLOW DIAGRAM