South Florida Plants & Ecosystems. Juan Rivera Jr. and Kiki Mutis

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1 South Florida Plants & Ecosystems Juan Rivera Jr. and Kiki Mutis

2 Text book Resources ISBN-10: ISBN:

3 South Florida Uniquely Diverse Sub-Tropical Climate F ppt. inches Vegetation Native influences Southern Temperate Caribbean Geology Many unusual ecosystems!

4 What is an ecosystem? A community of species interacting with abiotic and biotic factors of the environment. Upland ecosystems Pine Flatwoods & Dry Prairies Pine Rockland Tropical Hardwood Hammocks Freshwater wetlands and Aquatic ecosystems Swamps & Marshes Lakes, Rivers & Springs Coastal ecosystems Dunes and Salt Marshes Mangroves Inshore Marine Habitats Coral Reefs

5 Upland ecosystem Pine Flatwoods Characterized by Open overstory of pines Extensive low shrub layer Variable/sparse herbaceous layer Soils Poorly-drained, sandy soils Low organic matter content and nutrients-reserves reserves

6 Dominate Vegetation Pine Flatwoods P. palustris S. repens P. serotina

7 Similar to Pine Flatwoods, minus the pine overstory Open, grassy expanses Wiregrass Switch grass Bottlebrush three-awn Arrow feather grass Scattered patches of low shrubs Upland ecosystem Dry Prairies

8 Upland ecosystem Pine Rocklands Characterized by Locally elevated areas of limestone bedrock Bordered primarily by wet prairies and mangroves (lesser extent) Pyrogenic ecosystem Important factors that impact this ecosystem Fire-frequency/invasive species Anthropogenic factors <2% remain outside of E.N.P Photo credit: Juan Rivera Jr. Photo credit: Juan Rivera Jr.

9

10 Solution Holes Photo credit: FTBG staff

11 Photo credit: FTBG staff C. americana T. bicolor P. elliottii var. densa S. repens

12 Diverse Herbaceous Flora Diverse Herbaceous Flora Z. pumila A. viridis P. sexflora J. Curtissii Photo credit: Juan Rivera Jr C. auriculata

13 Upland ecosystem Hardwood Hammocks Characterized by Elevated, rarely inundated and relatively fire-free free sites small islands or patches High levels of organic matter Vegetation Evergreen, broad-leaved forests Predominately composed of Bahamas and Greater Antilles Few terrestrial herbaceous species Numerous endemics!

14 Dominate Vegetation Hardwood Hammocks F. B. aurea simaruba Q. P. virginiana nervosa

15 Florida s official state tree Sabal palmetto

16 Epiphytes T. fasciculata P. polypodioides C. punctatum

17 Freshwater Wetlands & Aquatic ecosystems Characterized by 1. Presence of shallow water (regularly or periodic basis) 2. Periodic or saturated soils 3. Water-tolerant tolerant plants

18 Freshwater Wetlands & Aquatic ecosystems Swamps Waterlogged soils Forested Wetlands The dominate vegetation of swamps are Cypress trees Environmental variables include: Hydroperiod Water quality Organic matter Frequency of fire

19 T. radicans Tillandsia sp. A. glabra

20 Adaptations of Cypress Trees

21 Freshwater Wetlands & Aquatic ecosystems Freshwater Marshes Characterized by Low, flat topography Poorly drained, impermeable soils Open expanses to shallow water Dominated by herbaceous plants Environmental features that affect our marshes Sub-tropical location Fluctuating water levels Recurring fires Hard water Marshes more prairie-like (non-woody plant cover)

22 N. odorata C. jamaicense R. colorata P. cordata

23 Periphyton Assemblages Complex mixture of living and non-living components Sensitive biological indicators Important food source Oligotrophic vs. Eutrophic sed/0019/ mats_of_periphyton_m.jpg mercury/restore/raquavegx.jpg

24 Freshwater Wetlands & Aquatic ecosystems Lakes, Rivers and Springs >7800 lakes, >1700 rivers & >300 springs statewide Lakes: shallow water (75% have max. depths <5m) Key Issues Water quality: turbidity, salinity, soft vs. hard Oligotrophic vs. Eutrophic Exotics are a major problem

25 Coastal ecosystems Dunes and Maritime Forests Zones of Coastal Vegetation Upper beach / foredune zone Transitional zone Stable Dune zone U. paniculata T. ascendens Southeast coast Low, carbonate sand beaches Dominated by tropical species Sea oats (foredune) Sea grape scrub (transitional) Tropical forest (stable dune)

26 U. paniculata C. uvifera E. foetida I. pes-caprae M. capillaris S. Palmetto

27 Coastal ecosystems Salt Marshes Characterized by Non-woody, salt-tolerant tolerant vegetation Occupy intertidal zones Occasionally inundated with salt water Largely anaerobic soils Estuaries harsh environment S. alterniflora J. roemerianus

28 Characterized by Fine, anaerobic sediments Fluctuating saline water levels Low wave energy coastlines Coastal ecosystems Mangroves Various functions include: Nursery / sanctuary habitat Important Biological Sinks Intertidal sediment stabilization & protection from harsh waves

29 Adaptations of Mangrove Trees R. mangle A. germinans

30 Adaptations of Mangrove Trees Leaves are rounded at the tip and base Nectarine glands excrete salt absorbed by the roots Least salt tolerant species Aerial roots are not present L. racemosa

31 Goodbye Mangroves, Hello Lincoln Road!

32 MIAMI BEACH / LINCOLN ROAD

33 MIAMI BEACH / LINCOLN ROAD

34 Coastal ecosystems Inshore Marine Habitats Characterized by Fine muds to coarse sand Anaerobic sediments Saline environment Low wave energy Dominated by grasses Turtle Manatee Engelmannii Diversity of habitats Sea Grass Beds Oyster Bars Soft-bottom areas T. testudinum H. engelmannii S. filiforme

35 Characterized by High species diversity and biological activity Highly productive Shallow water Turbid vs. transparent water Coastal ecosystems Coral Reefs Additionally Important for: Tourism Fisheries (commercial & recreational) Protection from offshore storms Human exploitation and Coral Bleaching

36 South Florida Plants & Ecosystems Juan Rivera Jr. and Kiki Mutis

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