Chapter 1: Introduction. Operating System Concepts 9 th Edit9on
|
|
|
- Cuthbert Kelly
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 1: Introduction Operating System Concepts 9 th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
2 Chapter 1: Introduction What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture Operating-System Structure Operating-System Operations Process Management Memory Management Storage Management Protection and Security Kernel Data Structures Computing Environments Open-Source Operating Systems 1.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
3 Objectives To describe the basic organization of computer systems To provide a grand tour of the major components of operating systems To give an overview of the many types of computing environments To explore several open-source operating systems 1.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
4 What is an Operating System? A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware Operating system goals: Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier Make the computer system convenient to use Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner 1.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
5 Computer System Structure Computer system can be divided into four components: Hardware provides basic computing resources CPU, memory, I/O devices Operating system Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users Application programs define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video games Users People, machines, other computers 1.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
6 Four Components of a Computer System 1.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
7 What Operating Systems Do Depends on the point of view Users want convenience, ease of use Don t care about resource utilization But shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must keep all users happy Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated resources but frequently use shared resources from servers Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability and battery life Some computers have little or no user interface, such as embedded computers in devices and automobiles 1.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
8 Operating System Definition OS is a resource allocator Manages all resources Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use OS is a control program Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer 1.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
9 Operating System Definition (Cont.) No universally accepted definition Everything a vendor ships when you order an operating system is good approximation But varies wildly The one program running at all times on the computer is the kernel. Everything else is either a system program (ships with the operating system) or an application program. 1.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
10 Computer Startup bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot Typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known as firmware Initializes all aspects of system Loads operating system kernel and starts execution 1.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
11 Computer System Organization Computer-system operation One or more CPUs, device controllers connect through common bus providing access to shared memory Concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory cycles 1.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
12 Computer-System Operation I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type Each device controller has a local buffer CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers I/O is from the device to local buffer of controller Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation by causing an interrupt Another technique is polling 1.12 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
13 Common Functions of Interrupts Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally, through the interrupt vector, which contains the addresses of all the service routines Interrupt architecture must save the address of the interrupted instruction A trap or exception is a software-generated interrupt caused either by an error or a user request An operating system is interrupt driven 1.13 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
14 Interrupt Handling The operating system preserves the state of the CPU by storing registers and the program counter Determines which type of interrupt has occurred: polling vectored interrupt system Separate segments of code determine what action should be taken for each type of interrupt 1.14 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
15 Interrupt Timeline A system call (an interrupt by CPU) An interrupt by I/O 1.15 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
16 I/O Structure Synchronous: After I/O starts, control returns to user program only upon I/O completion Wait instruction idles the CPU until the next interrupt Wait loop (contention for memory access) At most one I/O request is outstanding at a time, no simultaneous I/O processing Asynchronous: After I/O starts, control returns to user program without waiting for I/O completion System call request to the OS to allow user to wait for I/O completion Device-status table contains entry for each I/O device indicating its type, address, and state OS indexes into I/O device table to determine device status and to modify table entry to include interrupt 1.16 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
17 Two I/O Methods Synchronous Asynchronous 1.17 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
18 Device-Status Table 1.18 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
19 Storage Definitions and Notation Review The basic unit of computer storage is the bit. A bit can contain one of two values, 0 and 1. All other storage in a computer is based on collections of bits. A byte is 8 bits, and on most computers it is the smallest convenient chunk of storage. A less common term is word, a given computer architecture s native unit of data. a computer that has 64-bit registers and 64-bit memory addressing typically has 64-bit (8-byte) words. A kilobyte, or KB, is 1,024 bytes; a megabyte, or MB, is 1,0242 bytes; a gigabyte, or GB, is 1,0243 bytes; a terabyte, or TB, is 1,0244 bytes; and a petabyte, or PB, is 1,0245 bytes. Computer manufacturers often round off these numbers and say that a megabyte is 1 million bytes and a gigabyte is 1 billion bytes. Networking measurements are an exception to this general rule; they are given in bits (because networks move data a bit at a time) Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
20 Direct Memory Access Structure Used for high-speed I/O devices able to transmit information at close to memory speeds Device controller transfers blocks of data from buffer storage directly to main memory without CPU intervention Only one interrupt is generated per block, rather than the one interrupt per byte 1.20 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
21 Storage Structure Main memory only large storage media that the CPU can access directly Random access Typically volatile Secondary storage extension of main memory that provides large nonvolatile storage capacity Magnetic disks rigid metal or glass platters covered with magnetic recording material Disk surface is logically divided into tracks, which are subdivided into sectors The disk controller determines the logical interaction between the device and the computer Solid-state disks faster than magnetic disks, nonvolatile Various technologies Becoming more popular 1.21 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
22 Storage Hierarchy Storage systems organized in hierarchy Speed Cost Volatility Caching copying information into faster storage system; main memory can be viewed as a cache for secondary storage Device Driver for each device controller to manage I/O Provides uniform interface between controller and kernel 1.22 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
23 Storage-Device Hierarchy 1.23 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
24 Performance of Various Levels of Storage Movement between levels of storage hierarchy can be explicit or implicit 1.24 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
25 Caching Important principle, performed at many levels in a computer (in hardware, operating system, software) Information in use copied from slower to faster storage temporarily Faster storage (cache) checked first to determine if information is there If it is, information used directly from the cache (fast) If not, data copied to cache and used there Cache smaller than storage being cached Cache management important design problem Cache size and replacement policy Pareto s Principle 1.25 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
26 Migration of Integer A from Disk to Register Multitasking environments must be careful to use most recent value, not matter where it is stored in the storage hierarchy Multiprocessor environment must provide cache coherency in hardware such that all CPUs have the most recent value in their cache Distributed environment situation even more complex Several copies of a datum can exist Various solutions covered in Chapter Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
27 Computer-System Architecture Most systems use a single general-purpose processor (PDAs through mainframes) Most systems have special-purpose processors as well Multiprocessors systems growing in use and importance Also known as parallel systems, tightly-coupled systems Advantages include: 1. Increased throughput 2. Economy of scale 3. Increased reliability graceful degradation or fault tolerance Two types: 1. Asymmetric Multiprocessing 2. Symmetric Multiprocessing 1.27 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
28 How a Modern Computer Works Von Neumann s model A von Neumann architecture 1.28 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
29 Symmetric Multiprocessing Architecture 1.29 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
30 A Dual-Core Design UMA and NUMA architecture variations Multi-chip and multicore Systems containing all chips vs. blade servers Chassis containing multiple separate systems 1.30 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
31 Clustered Systems Like multiprocessor systems, but multiple systems working together Usually sharing storage via a storage-area network (SAN) Provides a high-availability service which survives failures Asymmetric clustering has one machine in hot-standby mode Symmetric clustering has multiple nodes running applications, monitoring each other Some clusters are for high-performance computing (HPC) Applications must be written to use parallelization Some have distributed lock manager (DLM) to avoid conflicting operations 1.31 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
32 Clustered Systems 1.32 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
33 Operating System Structure Multiprogramming needed for efficiency Single user cannot keep CPU and I/O devices busy at all times Multiprogramming organizes jobs (code and data) so CPU always has one to execute A subset of total jobs in system is kept in memory One job selected and run via job scheduling When it has to wait (for I/O for example), OS switches to another job Timesharing (multitasking) is logical extension in which CPU switches jobs so frequently that users can interact with each job while it is running, creating interactive computing Response time should be < 1 second Each user has at least one program executing in memory process If several jobs ready to run at the same time CPU scheduling If processes don t fit in memory, swapping moves them in and out to run Virtual memory allows execution of processes not completely in memory 1.33 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
34 Memory Layout for Multiprogrammed System 1.34 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
35 Operating-System Operations Interrupt driven by hardware Software error or request creates exception or trap Division by zero, request for operating system service Other process problems include infinite loop, processes modifying each other or the operating system Dual-mode operation allows OS to protect itself and other system components User mode and kernel mode Mode bit provided by hardware Provides ability to distinguish when system is running user code or kernel code Some instructions designated as privileged, only executable in kernel mode System call changes mode to kernel, return from call resets it to user Increasingly CPUs support multi-mode operations i.e. virtual machine manager (VMM) mode for guest VMs 1.35 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
36 Transition from User to Kernel Mode Timer to prevent infinite loop / process hogging resources Set interrupt after specific period Operating system decrements counter When counter zero generate an interrupt Set up before scheduling process to regain control or terminate program that exceeds allotted time 1.36 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
37 Process Management A process is a program in execution. It is a unit of work within the system. Program is a passive entity, process is an active entity. Process needs resources to accomplish its task CPU, memory, I/O, files Initialization data Process termination requires reclaim of any reusable resources Single-threaded process has one program counter specifying location of next instruction to execute Process executes instructions sequentially, one at a time, until completion Multi-threaded process has one program counter per thread Typically system has many processes, some user, some operating system running concurrently on one or more CPUs Concurrency by multiplexing the CPUs among the processes / threads 1.37 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
38 Process Management Activities The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with process management: Creating and deleting both user and system processes Suspending and resuming processes Providing mechanisms for process synchronization Providing mechanisms for process communication Providing mechanisms for deadlock handling 1.38 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
39 Memory Management All data in memory before and after processing All instructions in memory in order to execute Memory management determines what is in memory when Optimizing CPU utilization and computer response to users Memory management activities Keeping track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom Deciding which processes (or parts thereof) and data to move into and out of memory Allocating and deallocating memory space as needed 1.39 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
40 Storage Management OS provides uniform, logical view of information storage Abstracts physical properties to logical storage unit - file Each medium is controlled by a device (i.e., disk drive, tape drive) Varying properties include access speed, capacity, datatransfer rate, access method (sequential or random) File-System management Files usually organized into directories Access control on most systems to determine who can access what OS activities include Creating and deleting files and directories Primitives to manipulate files and dirs Mapping files onto secondary storage Backup files onto stable (non-volatile) storage media 1.40 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
41 Mass-Storage Management Usually disks used to store data that does not fit in main memory or data that must be kept for a long period of time Proper management is of central importance Entire speed of computer operation hinges on disk subsystem and its algorithms OS activities Free-space management Storage allocation Disk scheduling Some storage need not be fast Tertiary storage includes optical storage, magnetic tape Still must be managed by OS or applications Varies between WORM (write-once, read-many-times) and RW (read-write) 1.41 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
42 Migration of Integer A from Disk to Register Multitasking environments must be careful to use most recent value, no matter where it is stored in the storage hierarchy Multiprocessor environment must provide cache coherency in hardware such that all CPUs have the most recent value in their cache Distributed environment situation even more complex Several copies of a datum can exist Various solutions covered in Chapter Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
43 I/O Subsystem One purpose of OS is to hide peculiarities of hardware devices from the user I/O subsystem responsible for Memory management of I/O including buffering (storing data temporarily while it is being transferred), caching (storing parts of data in faster storage for performance), Spooling, simultaneous peripheral operation online (the overlapping of output of one job with input of other jobs) General device-driver interface Drivers for specific hardware devices 1.43 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
44 Protection and Security Protection any mechanism for controlling access of processes or users to resources defined by the OS Security defense of the system against internal and external attacks Huge range, including denial-of-service, worms, viruses, identity theft, theft of service Systems generally first distinguish among users, to determine who can do what User identities (user IDs, security IDs) include name and associated number, one per user User ID then associated with all files, processes of that user to determine access control Group identifier (group ID) allows set of users to be defined and controls managed, then also associated with each process, file Privilege escalation allows user to change to effective ID with more rights 1.44 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
45 Kernel Data Structures Many similar to standard programming data structures Singly linked list Doubly linked list Circular linked list 1.45 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
46 Kernel Data Structures Binary search tree left <= right Search performance is O(n) Balanced binary search tree is O(lg n) 1.46 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
47 Kernel Data Structures Hash function can create a hash map Bitmap string of n binary digits representing the status of n items Linux data structures defined in include files <linux/list.h>, <linux/kfifo.h>, <linux/rbtree.h> 1.47 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
48 Computing Environments - Traditional Stand-alone general purpose machines But blurred as most systems interconnect with others (i.e. the Internet) Portals provide web access to internal systems Network computers (thin clients) are like Web terminals Mobile computers interconnect via wireless networks Networking becoming ubiquitous even home systems use firewalls to protect home computers from Internet attacks 1.48 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
49 Computing Environments - Mobile Handheld smartphones, tablets, etc What is the functional difference between them and a traditional laptop? Extra feature more OS features (GPS, gyroscope) Allows new types of apps like augmented reality Use IEEE wireless, or cellular data networks for connectivity Leaders are Apple ios and Google Android 1.49 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
50 Computing Environments Distributed Distributed Collection of separate, possibly heterogeneous, systems networked together Network is a communications path, TCP/IP most common Local Area Network (LAN) Wide Area Network (WAN) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Personal Area Network (PAN) Network Operating System provides features between systems across network Communication scheme allows systems to exchange messages Illusion of a single system 1.50 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
51 Computing Environments Client-Server Client-Server Computing Dumb terminals supplanted by smart PCs Many systems now servers, responding to requests generated by clients Compute-server system provides an interface to client to request services (i.e., database) File-server system provides interface for clients to store and retrieve files 1.51 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
52 Computing Environments - Peer-to-Peer Another model of distributed system P2P does not distinguish clients and servers Instead all nodes are considered peers May each act as client, server or both Node must join P2P network Registers its service with central lookup service on network, or Broadcast request for service and respond to requests for service via discovery protocol Examples include Napster and Gnutella, Voice over IP (VoIP) such as Skype 1.52 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
53 Computing Environments - Virtualization Allows operating systems to run applications within other OSes Vast and growing industry Emulation used when source CPU type different from target type (i.e. PowerPC to Intel x86) Generally slowest method When computer language not compiled to native code Interpretation Virtualization OS natively compiled for CPU, running guest OSes also natively compiled Consider VMware running WinXP guests, each running applications, all on native WinXP host OS VMM provides virtualization services 1.53 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
54 Computing Environments - Virtualization Use cases involve laptops and desktops running multiple OSes for exploration or compatibility Apple laptop running Mac OS X host, Windows as a guest Developing apps for multiple OSes without having multiple systems QA testing applications without having multiple systems Executing and managing compute environments within data centers VMM can run natively, in which case they are also the host There is no general purpose host then VMware ESX and Citrix XenServer ARE the hosts Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
55 Computing Environments - Virtualization 1.55 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
56 Computing Environments Cloud Computing Delivers computing, storage, even apps as a service across a network Logical extension of virtualization as based on virtualization Amazon EC2 has thousands of servers, millions of VMs, PBs of storage available across the Internet, pay based on usage Many types Public cloud available via Internet to anyone willing to pay Private cloud run by a company for the company s own use Hybrid cloud includes both public and private cloud components Software as a Service (SaaS) one or more applications available via the Internet (i.e. word processor) Platform as a Service (PaaS) software stack ready for application use via the Internet (i.e a database server) Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) servers or storage available over Internet (i.e. storage available for backup use) 1.56 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
57 Computing Environments Cloud Computing Cloud compute environments composed of traditional OSes, plus VMMs, plus cloud management tools Internet connectivity requires security like firewalls Load balancers spread traffic across multiple applications 1.57 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
58 Computing Environments Real-Time Embedded Systems Real-time embedded systems most prevalent form of computers Vary considerable, special purpose, limited purpose OS, real-time OS Use expanding Many other special computing environments as well Some have OSes, some perform tasks without an OS Real-time OS has well-defined fixed time constraints Processing must be done within constraint Correct operation only if constraints met 1.58 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
59 Open-Source Operating Systems Operating systems made available in source-code format rather than just binary closed-source Counter to the copy protection and Digital Rights Management (DRM) movement Started by Free Software Foundation (FSF), which has copyleft GNU Public License (GPL) Examples include GNU/Linux and BSD UNIX (including core of Mac OS X), and many more Can use VMM like VMware Player (Free on Windows), Virtualbox (open source and free on many platforms - Use to run guest operating systems for exploration 1.59 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
60 Exercises (1/2) 1.60 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
61 Exercises (2/2) 1.61 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013
Lesson Objectives. To provide a grand tour of the major operating systems components To provide coverage of basic computer system organization
Lesson Objectives To provide a grand tour of the major operating systems components To provide coverage of basic computer system organization AE3B33OSD Lesson 1 / Page 2 What is an Operating System? A
Chapter 1: Introduction. Operating System Concepts 9 th Edit9on
Chapter 1: Introduction Operating System Concepts 9 th Edit9on Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013 Chapter 1: Introduction What Operating Systems Do Computer-System Organization Computer-System Architecture
Chapter 1: Introduction. Chapter 1: Introduction. Operating System Concepts, 7th Edition. Objectives
Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 What Operating Systems Do 1.2 Computer-System Organization 1.3 Computer-System Architecture 1.4 Operating-System Structure 1.5 Operating-System Operations
Operating Systems 4 th Class
Operating Systems 4 th Class Lecture 1 Operating Systems Operating systems are essential part of any computer system. Therefore, a course in operating systems is an essential part of any computer science
Operating Systems Prof. Ashok K Agrawala
CSMC 412 Operating Systems Prof. Ashok K Agrawala 2006 Ashok Agrawala 1.1 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2005 Dayalbagh Eductional Institute Welcome Review Syllabus Today read the warning about the size
Lecture 1 Operating System Overview
Lecture 1 Operating System Overview What is an Operating System? A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. The Major Objectives of an Operating system
Computer-System Architecture
Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures Computer System Operation I/O Structure Storage Structure Storage Hierarchy Hardware Protection General System Architecture 2.1 Computer-System Architecture 2.2 Computer-System
Operating Systems Overview
Operating Systems Overview No single definition, but many perspectives: Role in an overall system: Intermediary between computer hardware and everything else User view: Provides an environment, preferably
Chapter 1: Introduction. What is an Operating System?
Chapter 1: Introduction What is an Operating System? Mainframe Systems Desktop Systems Multiprocessor Systems Distributed Systems Clustered System Real -Time Systems Handheld Systems Computing Environments
Contents. Chapter 1. Introduction
Contents 1. Introduction 2. Computer-System Structures 3. Operating-System Structures 4. Processes 5. Threads 6. CPU Scheduling 7. Process Synchronization 8. Deadlocks 9. Memory Management 10. Virtual
Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures. Computer System Operation Storage Structure Storage Hierarchy Hardware Protection General System Architecture
Chapter 2: Computer-System Structures Computer System Operation Storage Structure Storage Hierarchy Hardware Protection General System Architecture Operating System Concepts 2.1 Computer-System Architecture
Operating system Dr. Shroouq J.
3 OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURES An operating system provides the environment within which programs are executed. The design of a new operating system is a major task. The goals of the system must be well
Types Of Operating Systems
Types Of Operating Systems Date 10/01/2004 1/24/2004 Operating Systems 1 Brief history of OS design In the beginning OSes were runtime libraries The OS was just code you linked with your program and loaded
Introduction. System Calls
TDDB68 Concurrent programming and operating systems Introduction. System Calls [SGG7/8/9] Chapter 1.1-1.7 Chapter 2.3-2.5 Overview of the major operating systems components Interrupts, Dual mode, System
3 - Introduction to Operating Systems
3 - Introduction to Operating Systems Mark Handley What is an Operating System? An OS is a program that: manages the computer hardware. provides the basis on which application programs can be built and
How To Understand And Understand An Operating System In C Programming
ELEC 377 Operating Systems Thomas R. Dean Instructor Tom Dean Office:! WLH 421 Email:! tom.dean@queensu.ca Hours:! Wed 14:30 16:00 (Tentative)! and by appointment! 6 years industrial experience ECE Rep
Chapter 3: Operating-System Structures. System Components Operating System Services System Calls System Programs System Structure Virtual Machines
Chapter 3: Operating-System Structures System Components Operating System Services System Calls System Programs System Structure Virtual Machines Operating System Concepts 3.1 Common System Components
Operating Systems: Basic Concepts and History
Introduction to Operating Systems Operating Systems: Basic Concepts and History An operating system is the interface between the user and the architecture. User Applications Operating System Hardware Virtual
Enabling Technologies for Distributed and Cloud Computing
Enabling Technologies for Distributed and Cloud Computing Dr. Sanjay P. Ahuja, Ph.D. 2010-14 FIS Distinguished Professor of Computer Science School of Computing, UNF Multi-core CPUs and Multithreading
Review from last time. CS 537 Lecture 3 OS Structure. OS structure. What you should learn from this lecture
Review from last time CS 537 Lecture 3 OS Structure What HW structures are used by the OS? What is a system call? Michael Swift Remzi Arpaci-Dussea, Michael Swift 1 Remzi Arpaci-Dussea, Michael Swift 2
Overview of Operating Systems Instructor: Dr. Tongping Liu
Overview of Operating Systems Instructor: Dr. Tongping Liu Thank Dr. Dakai Zhu and Dr. Palden Lama for providing their slides. 1 Lecture Outline Operating System: what is it? Evolution of Computer Systems
Operating System Tutorial
Operating System Tutorial OPERATING SYSTEM TUTORIAL Simply Easy Learning by tutorialspoint.com tutorialspoint.com i ABOUT THE TUTORIAL Operating System Tutorial An operating system (OS) is a collection
lesson 1 An Overview of the Computer System
essential concepts lesson 1 An Overview of the Computer System This lesson includes the following sections: The Computer System Defined Hardware: The Nuts and Bolts of the Machine Software: Bringing the
Principles of Operating Systems CS 446/646
Principles of Operating Systems CS 446/646 1. Introduction to Operating Systems a. Role of an O/S b. O/S History and Features c. Types of O/S Mainframe systems Desktop & laptop systems Parallel systems
Enabling Technologies for Distributed Computing
Enabling Technologies for Distributed Computing Dr. Sanjay P. Ahuja, Ph.D. Fidelity National Financial Distinguished Professor of CIS School of Computing, UNF Multi-core CPUs and Multithreading Technologies
Chapter 1 Computer System Overview
Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles Chapter 1 Computer System Overview Eighth Edition By William Stallings Operating System Exploits the hardware resources of one or more processors Provides
Operating System Components
Lecture Overview Operating system software introduction OS components OS services OS structure Operating Systems - April 24, 2001 Operating System Components Process management Memory management Secondary
Chapter 3 Operating-System Structures
Contents 1. Introduction 2. Computer-System Structures 3. Operating-System Structures 4. Processes 5. Threads 6. CPU Scheduling 7. Process Synchronization 8. Deadlocks 9. Memory Management 10. Virtual
1. Computer System Structure and Components
1 Computer System Structure and Components Computer System Layers Various Computer Programs OS System Calls (eg, fork, execv, write, etc) KERNEL/Behavior or CPU Device Drivers Device Controllers Devices
Chapter 16: Virtual Machines. Operating System Concepts 9 th Edition
Chapter 16: Virtual Machines Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013 Chapter 16: Virtual Machines Overview History Benefits and Features Building Blocks Types of Virtual Machines and Their Implementations
Overview and History of Operating Systems
Overview and History of Operating Systems These are the notes for lecture 1. Please review the Syllabus notes before these. Overview / Historical Developments An Operating System... Sits between hardware
Operating System Structures
Operating System Structures Meelis ROOS mroos@ut.ee Institute of Computer Science Tartu University fall 2009 Literature A. S. Tanenbaum. Modern Operating Systems. 2nd ed. Prentice Hall. 2001. G. Nutt.
Operating Systems Introduction
Operating Systems Introduction Chester Rebeiro IIT Madras Webpage : http://www.cse.iitm.ac.in/~chester/courses/15o_os/index.html The Layers in Systems Applications Operating Systems Computer Organization
COS 318: Operating Systems. Virtual Machine Monitors
COS 318: Operating Systems Virtual Machine Monitors Andy Bavier Computer Science Department Princeton University http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall10/cos318/ Introduction Have been around
Introduction. What is an Operating System?
Introduction What is an Operating System? 1 What is an Operating System? 2 Why is an Operating System Needed? 3 How Did They Develop? Historical Approach Affect of Architecture 4 Efficient Utilization
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS AND CLOUD COMPUTING. A Comparative Study
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS AND CLOUD COMPUTING A Comparative Study Geographically distributed resources, such as storage devices, data sources, and computing power, are interconnected as a single, unified resource
Management Challenge. Managing Hardware Assets. Central Processing Unit. What is a Computer System?
Management Challenge Managing Hardware Assets What computer processing and storage capability does our organization need to handle its information and business transactions? What arrangement of computers
Chapter 3: Operating-System Structures. Common System Components
Chapter 3: Operating-System Structures System Components Operating System Services System Calls System Programs System Structure Virtual Machines System Design and Implementation System Generation 3.1
Fall 2009. Lecture 1. Operating Systems: Configuration & Use CIS345. Introduction to Operating Systems. Mostafa Z. Ali. mzali@just.edu.
Fall 2009 Lecture 1 Operating Systems: Configuration & Use CIS345 Introduction to Operating Systems Mostafa Z. Ali mzali@just.edu.jo 1-1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Operating Systems An Overview of Microcomputers
COS 318: Operating Systems. Virtual Machine Monitors
COS 318: Operating Systems Virtual Machine Monitors Kai Li and Andy Bavier Computer Science Department Princeton University http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall13/cos318/ Introduction u Have
OPERATING SYSTEMS STRUCTURES
S Jerry Breecher 2: OS Structures 1 Structures What Is In This Chapter? System Components System Calls How Components Fit Together Virtual Machine 2: OS Structures 2 SYSTEM COMPONENTS These are the pieces
Chapter 2: OS Overview
Chapter 2: OS Overview CmSc 335 Operating Systems 1. Operating system objectives and functions Operating systems control and support the usage of computer systems. a. usage users of a computer system:
Programming for GCSE Topic H: Operating Systems
Programming for GCSE Topic H: Operating Systems William Marsh School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science Queen Mary University of London Aims Introduce Operating Systems Core concepts Processes
Chapter 6, The Operating System Machine Level
Chapter 6, The Operating System Machine Level 6.1 Virtual Memory 6.2 Virtual I/O Instructions 6.3 Virtual Instructions For Parallel Processing 6.4 Example Operating Systems 6.5 Summary Virtual Memory General
Virtualization Technologies (ENCS 691K Chapter 3)
Virtualization Technologies (ENCS 691K Chapter 3) Roch Glitho, PhD Associate Professor and Canada Research Chair My URL - http://users.encs.concordia.ca/~glitho/ The Key Technologies on Which Cloud Computing
Client/Server Computing Distributed Processing, Client/Server, and Clusters
Client/Server Computing Distributed Processing, Client/Server, and Clusters Chapter 13 Client machines are generally single-user PCs or workstations that provide a highly userfriendly interface to the
CHAPTER 15: Operating Systems: An Overview
CHAPTER 15: Operating Systems: An Overview The Architecture of Computer Hardware, Systems Software & Networking: An Information Technology Approach 4th Edition, Irv Englander John Wiley and Sons 2010 PowerPoint
Virtual Machine Monitors. Dr. Marc E. Fiuczynski Research Scholar Princeton University
Virtual Machine Monitors Dr. Marc E. Fiuczynski Research Scholar Princeton University Introduction Have been around since 1960 s on mainframes used for multitasking Good example VM/370 Have resurfaced
Chapter 11: File System Implementation. Operating System Concepts with Java 8 th Edition
Chapter 11: File System Implementation 11.1 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2009 Chapter 11: File System Implementation File-System Structure File-System Implementation Directory Implementation Allocation
CSE 120 Principles of Operating Systems. Modules, Interfaces, Structure
CSE 120 Principles of Operating Systems Fall 2000 Lecture 3: Operating System Modules, Interfaces, and Structure Geoffrey M. Voelker Modules, Interfaces, Structure We roughly defined an OS as the layer
CS 377: Operating Systems. Outline. A review of what you ve learned, and how it applies to a real operating system. Lecture 25 - Linux Case Study
CS 377: Operating Systems Lecture 25 - Linux Case Study Guest Lecturer: Tim Wood Outline Linux History Design Principles System Overview Process Scheduling Memory Management File Systems A review of what
File System & Device Drive. Overview of Mass Storage Structure. Moving head Disk Mechanism. HDD Pictures 11/13/2014. CS341: Operating System
CS341: Operating System Lect 36: 1 st Nov 2014 Dr. A. Sahu Dept of Comp. Sc. & Engg. Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati File System & Device Drive Mass Storage Disk Structure Disk Arm Scheduling RAID
Software systems and issues
Software systems and issues operating systems controlling the computer file systems and databases storing information applications programs that do things cloud computing, virtual machines, platforms where
Main Memory & Backing Store. Main memory backing storage devices
Main Memory & Backing Store Main memory backing storage devices 1 Introduction computers store programs & data in two different ways: nmain memory ntemporarily stores programs & data that are being processed
Microkernels, virtualization, exokernels. Tutorial 1 CSC469
Microkernels, virtualization, exokernels Tutorial 1 CSC469 Monolithic kernel vs Microkernel Monolithic OS kernel Application VFS System call User mode What was the main idea? What were the problems? IPC,
SAN Conceptual and Design Basics
TECHNICAL NOTE VMware Infrastructure 3 SAN Conceptual and Design Basics VMware ESX Server can be used in conjunction with a SAN (storage area network), a specialized high speed network that connects computer
Chapter 5: System Software: Operating Systems and Utility Programs
Understanding Computers Today and Tomorrow 12 th Edition Chapter 5: System Software: Operating Systems and Utility Programs Learning Objectives Understand the difference between system software and application
Outline: Operating Systems
Outline: Operating Systems What is an OS OS Functions Multitasking Virtual Memory File Systems Window systems PC Operating System Wars: Windows vs. Linux 1 Operating System provides a way to boot (start)
Introduction to Operating Systems. Perspective of the Computer. System Software. Indiana University Chen Yu
Introduction to Operating Systems Indiana University Chen Yu Perspective of the Computer System Software A general piece of software with common functionalities that support many applications. Example:
CSCA0102 IT & Business Applications. Foundation in Business Information Technology School of Engineering & Computing Sciences FTMS College Global
CSCA0102 IT & Business Applications Foundation in Business Information Technology School of Engineering & Computing Sciences FTMS College Global Chapter 2 Data Storage Concepts System Unit The system unit
Technology in Action. Alan Evans Kendall Martin Mary Anne Poatsy. Eleventh Edition. Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Technology in Action Alan Evans Kendall Martin Mary Anne Poatsy Eleventh Edition Technology in Action Chapter 4 System Software: The Operating System, Utility Programs, and File Management. Chapter Topics
CSC 2405: Computer Systems II
CSC 2405: Computer Systems II Spring 2013 (TR 8:30-9:45 in G86) Mirela Damian http://www.csc.villanova.edu/~mdamian/csc2405/ Introductions Mirela Damian Room 167A in the Mendel Science Building mirela.damian@villanova.edu
Virtualization. Types of Interfaces
Virtualization Virtualization: extend or replace an existing interface to mimic the behavior of another system. Introduced in 1970s: run legacy software on newer mainframe hardware Handle platform diversity
Virtualization for Cloud Computing
Virtualization for Cloud Computing Dr. Sanjay P. Ahuja, Ph.D. 2010-14 FIS Distinguished Professor of Computer Science School of Computing, UNF CLOUD COMPUTING On demand provision of computational resources
Example of Standard API
16 Example of Standard API System Call Implementation Typically, a number associated with each system call System call interface maintains a table indexed according to these numbers The system call interface
This tutorial will take you through step by step approach while learning Operating System concepts.
About the Tutorial An operating system (OS) is a collection of software that manages computer hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. The operating system is a vital component
Chapter 11 I/O Management and Disk Scheduling
Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles, 6/E William Stallings Chapter 11 I/O Management and Disk Scheduling Dave Bremer Otago Polytechnic, NZ 2008, Prentice Hall I/O Devices Roadmap Organization
Virtualization Technologies and Blackboard: The Future of Blackboard Software on Multi-Core Technologies
Virtualization Technologies and Blackboard: The Future of Blackboard Software on Multi-Core Technologies Kurt Klemperer, Principal System Performance Engineer kklemperer@blackboard.com Agenda Session Length:
EECS 678: Introduction to Operating Systems
EECS 678: Introduction to Operating Systems 1 About Me Heechul Yun, Assistant Prof., Dept. of EECS Office: 3040 Eaton, 236 Nichols Email: heechul.yun@ku.edu Research Areas Operating systems and architecture
Symmetric Multiprocessing
Multicore Computing A multi-core processor is a processing system composed of two or more independent cores. One can describe it as an integrated circuit to which two or more individual processors (called
International Engineering Journal For Research & Development
Evolution Of Operating System And Open Source Android Application Nilesh T.Gole 1, Amit Manikrao 2, Niraj Kanot 3,Mohan Pande 4 1,M.tech(CSE)JNTU, 2 M.tech(CSE)SGBAU, 3 M.tech(CSE),JNTU, Hyderabad 1 sheyanilu@gmail.com,
VMware Server 2.0 Essentials. Virtualization Deployment and Management
VMware Server 2.0 Essentials Virtualization Deployment and Management . This PDF is provided for personal use only. Unauthorized use, reproduction and/or distribution strictly prohibited. All rights reserved.
CHAPTER 2: HARDWARE BASICS: INSIDE THE BOX
CHAPTER 2: HARDWARE BASICS: INSIDE THE BOX Multiple Choice: 1. Processing information involves: A. accepting information from the outside world. B. communication with another computer. C. performing arithmetic
Data Centers and Cloud Computing
Data Centers and Cloud Computing CS377 Guest Lecture Tian Guo 1 Data Centers and Cloud Computing Intro. to Data centers Virtualization Basics Intro. to Cloud Computing Case Study: Amazon EC2 2 Data Centers
How To Understand The History Of An Operating System
7 Operating Systems 7.1 Source: Foundations of Computer Science Cengage Learning Objectives After studying this chapter, the student should be able to: 7.2 Understand the role of the operating system.
DELL RAID PRIMER DELL PERC RAID CONTROLLERS. Joe H. Trickey III. Dell Storage RAID Product Marketing. John Seward. Dell Storage RAID Engineering
DELL RAID PRIMER DELL PERC RAID CONTROLLERS Joe H. Trickey III Dell Storage RAID Product Marketing John Seward Dell Storage RAID Engineering http://www.dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/global/products/pvaul/top
Operating Systems PART -A
Subject Code: Hours/Week : 04 Total Hours : 52 I.A. Marks : 25 Exam Hours: 03 Exam Marks: 100 PART -A UNIT -1 INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEMS, SYSTEM STRUCTURES: What operating systems do; Computer System
Library as a service in Digital Era Preparing academic campuses in Indian scenario
Library as a service in Digital Era Preparing academic campuses in Indian scenario Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering National institute of Technology, Rourkela, India-769008 -Where
Computers. Hardware. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) CMPT 125: Lecture 1: Understanding the Computer
Computers CMPT 125: Lecture 1: Understanding the Computer Tamara Smyth, tamaras@cs.sfu.ca School of Computing Science, Simon Fraser University January 3, 2009 A computer performs 2 basic functions: 1.
nanohub.org An Overview of Virtualization Techniques
An Overview of Virtualization Techniques Renato Figueiredo Advanced Computing and Information Systems (ACIS) Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Florida NCN/NMI Team 2/3/2006 1 Outline Resource
Virtual Machines. www.viplavkambli.com
1 Virtual Machines A virtual machine (VM) is a "completely isolated guest operating system installation within a normal host operating system". Modern virtual machines are implemented with either software
Chapter 8 Memory Units
Chapter 8 Memory Units Contents: I. Introduction Basic units of Measurement II. RAM,ROM,PROM,EPROM Storage versus Memory III. Auxiliary Storage Devices-Magnetic Tape, Hard Disk, Floppy Disk IV.Optical
Operating System Overview. Otto J. Anshus
Operating System Overview Otto J. Anshus A Typical Computer CPU... CPU Memory Chipset I/O bus ROM Keyboard Network A Typical Computer System CPU. CPU Memory Application(s) Operating System ROM OS Apps
Logical Operations. Control Unit. Contents. Arithmetic Operations. Objectives. The Central Processing Unit: Arithmetic / Logic Unit.
Objectives The Central Processing Unit: What Goes on Inside the Computer Chapter 4 Identify the components of the central processing unit and how they work together and interact with memory Describe how
Cluster, Grid, Cloud Concepts
Cluster, Grid, Cloud Concepts Kalaiselvan.K Contents Section 1: Cluster Section 2: Grid Section 3: Cloud Cluster An Overview Need for a Cluster Cluster categorizations A computer cluster is a group of
Chapter 3: Computer Hardware Components: CPU, Memory, and I/O
Chapter 3: Computer Hardware Components: CPU, Memory, and I/O What is the typical configuration of a computer sold today? The Computer Continuum 1-1 Computer Hardware Components In this chapter: How did
STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 4
STUDY GUIDE CHAPTER 4 True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. 1. A(n) desktop operating system is designed for a desktop or notebook personal computer. 2. A(n) mirrored user interface
Virtualization. Explain how today s virtualization movement is actually a reinvention
Virtualization Learning Objectives Explain how today s virtualization movement is actually a reinvention of the past. Explain how virtualization works. Discuss the technical challenges to virtualization.
1.5 Distributed Systems
1.5 Distributed Systems A network, in the simplest terms, is a communication path between two or more systems. Distributed systems depend on networking for their functionality. By being able to communicate,
File System Management
Lecture 7: Storage Management File System Management Contents Non volatile memory Tape, HDD, SSD Files & File System Interface Directories & their Organization File System Implementation Disk Space Allocation
Virtualization. Pradipta De pradipta.de@sunykorea.ac.kr
Virtualization Pradipta De pradipta.de@sunykorea.ac.kr Today s Topic Virtualization Basics System Virtualization Techniques CSE506: Ext Filesystem 2 Virtualization? A virtual machine (VM) is an emulation
Virtualization. Dr. Yingwu Zhu
Virtualization Dr. Yingwu Zhu What is virtualization? Virtualization allows one computer to do the job of multiple computers. Virtual environments let one computer host multiple operating systems at the
Full and Para Virtualization
Full and Para Virtualization Dr. Sanjay P. Ahuja, Ph.D. 2010-14 FIS Distinguished Professor of Computer Science School of Computing, UNF x86 Hardware Virtualization The x86 architecture offers four levels
Centralized Systems. A Centralized Computer System. Chapter 18: Database System Architectures
Chapter 18: Database System Architectures Centralized Systems! Centralized Systems! Client--Server Systems! Parallel Systems! Distributed Systems! Network Types! Run on a single computer system and do
Chapter 12: Secondary-Storage Structure
Chapter 12: Secondary-Storage Structure Chapter 12: Secondary-Storage Structure Overview of Mass Storage Structure Disk Structure Disk Attachment Disk Scheduling Disk Management Swap-Space Management RAID
COURSE OUTLINE Survey of Operating Systems
Butler Community College Career and Technical Education Division Skyler Lovelace New Fall 2014 Implemented Spring 2015 COURSE OUTLINE Survey of Operating Systems Course Description IN 167. Survey of Operating
Distributed Systems. REK s adaptation of Prof. Claypool s adaptation of Tanenbaum s Distributed Systems Chapter 1
Distributed Systems REK s adaptation of Prof. Claypool s adaptation of Tanenbaum s Distributed Systems Chapter 1 1 The Rise of Distributed Systems! Computer hardware prices are falling and power increasing.!
Distributed File Systems
Distributed File Systems Paul Krzyzanowski Rutgers University October 28, 2012 1 Introduction The classic network file systems we examined, NFS, CIFS, AFS, Coda, were designed as client-server applications.