DAM FAILURES and CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION

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1 DAM FAILURES and CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION by Hal Van Aller Maryland Dam Safety

2 Embankment Dam Schematic

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4 Medford Quarry Wash Pond CMP failure

5 Velvet Hills sinkhole

6 Sinkhole in crest of new MD dam

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8 WCC (Joe Kula) Testpit along pond CMP spillway

9 AACounty CMP with void

10 Loveton Dam Failure (1989) Breach

11 Anti-seep collars do not prevent seepage failures!

12 Loveton 78 CMP viewed from downstream 78 inch CMP viewed from downstream

13 Failed PVC pipe with anti-seep collar

14 Annap Mall collapsed CMP d.s. of Riser

15 Annap Mall u.s. view

16 What caused these failures? Design Construction Inspection All of the above??

17 Spillways are Confined Space

18 Ray Martin cave

19 Typical Problems schematic

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21 Compaction in Haunches

22 Pipe Installation in Dam Flowable Fill Dam Embankment Pipe in vertical trench Filter Diaphragm

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25 Excavation through dam Side slopes must be 2(H):1(V) or flatter 15 ft

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28 FILTER DIAPHRAGM

29 Centennial Park dam chimney drain construction

30 Filter Diaphragm flooding with water for compaction

31 Merkle Filter Diaphragm with vibrator

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33 CONSTRUCTION Experienced contractor desired must realize that ponds are different from roads and utilities must work with design engineer compaction along spillway is critical-- don t construct embankment and then cut trench spillway joints must be watertight

34 Alternative Designs Avoid large diameter CMP User weir or drop box structure If pipes unavoidable, use: Concrete pressure pipe (min. ASTM C-361) Complete concrete cradle or flowable fill Watertight joints Filter diaphragm Avoid combining pond with road embankment

35 CHUTE SPILLWAYS SCHEMATIC

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37 Concrete flumes on embankment have problems too

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39 CMP spillway on steep slope through dam embankment

40 Tasker s Chance concrete weir

41 Crooksville, OHIO- COMPLETED WEIR

42 Parker Pond new sheet pile spillway

43 Do's and Don ts for Pond Design and Construction Don t use anti-seep collars to stop leakage Do use filter diaphragms Don t allow spillway installation in trench Do require watertight joints Do inspect each pipe joint as it is put together so it can be redone if necessary Do consider alternative spillway design that eliminates pipe through dam or foundation

44 Inspection More than just testing Compaction! Inspector should:! work for the design engineer, not the contractor! understand design assumptions and effects of unanticipated conditions! not allow deviation from design without design engineer s approval! observe and document: pipe mfg marks, joint type, gasket material and size, and installation procedure

45 Foundation Proof rolling Inspection by Geotechnical Engineer

46 Compaction Use STANDARD Proctor (ASTM D-698 or AASHTO T-99) Do Not use MODIFIED Proctor (ASTM D-1557 or AASHTO T-180) Nuclear gage readings need to be corrected to match lab moisture & density

47 Utility Conduits (water, sewer, gas) Pipes through the dam must meet spillway requirements No granular backfill for pipes parallel to the dam axis

48 Pre-cast riser structures

49 Movement Anchor Plates

50 Leaky Joints

51 Concrete Pipe Installation Pipe supports Clean and Lubricate joints Lubricate Gasket Tension Gasket Full concrete cradle, not just bedding If not o-ring gaskets then owner and engineer must approve

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55 Prepare foundation and supports

56 Mudmat is a good idea

57 Clean joints

58 Lubricate joints

59 Lubricate o-ring

60 Tension o-ring with round-shaft screwdriver

61 Mis-aligned o-ring...

62 ...causes broken bell

63 Gaskets for Concrete Pipe Traditional O-ring joint Deep joint allows for substantial extensibility Symmetric design accommodates internal or external pressure

64 Newer Profile Gaskets Press-Seal Gasket Company states these advantages over o-rings: Stepped joint is cheaper to manufacture than groove for confined o-ring gasket Easier to install, less force needed to home joint Less bell breakage

65 Gaskets for Concrete Pipe New style Profile Joint Smaller joint separation allowance Designed for internal pressure

66 Gaskets for Concrete Pipe New style Profile Joint

67 Formed concrete cradle

68 Cradle poured against soil

69 Poor installation

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82 Take Pictures!

83 Dam on Soft Foundation

84 Spillway pipe at end of construction

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86 Same pipe after excessive foundation settlement

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