COMPLEXITY AND INDUSTRIAL POLICY
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- Blanche Shields
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1 IPD/JICA Task Force on Industrial Policy and Transformation Amman, Jordan, June 5-6, 2014 COMPLEXITY AND INDUSTRIAL POLICY Luciano Pietronero Measuring the Intangible Growth Potential of Countries Collaborators: M. Cristelli 1,2, A. Gabrielli 1,2, A. Tacchella 1,2, A. Zaccaria 1,2 [1] Institute for Complex Sistems, CNR, Rome, Italy; [2] Sapienza University of Rome, Italy [3] London Institute for Mathematical Sciences, UK; [4] IMT, Lucca Web Page:
2 COMTRADE database: Which country exports which product Bipartite Network: New algorithm to extract information for Fitness of Countries Complexity of Products NB: this is not an analysis of the export volumes. The information is derived from the nature of products Countries Products
3 SPECIALIZATION VS. DIVERSIFICATION DATA DRIVEN APPROACH: Evidence for leading role of diversification with respect to competitive advantage (specialization) Globalization Ecosystems Evolvability Adaptation From Qualitative to Quantitative Math. Problem: minimal elements to have a triangilar matrix Complex Hierarchical structure, nestdness etc. For sectors and companies the situation evolves towards specialization
4 MEASURING INTANGIBLE PROPERTIES New metrics for Fitness of countries and Complexity of products Fitness: Complexity: F c : diversification weighted by complexity Q p : Extremal non-linear complexity of products. A single low fitness producer implies low complexity F: Q
5 The Economic Dynamical Ecosystem: Data driven approach from micro to macro Countries: diversified in products Countries and Products: Google like approach Big Data Countries: Fitness index Products: Complexity index Dynamics: Monetary vs Intangible metrics Hidden potential Subsystems: Regions, Districts, Cities (London, Shanghai) Industrial sectors: Various levels of grouping Evolution of their Complexity Policy making: virtual experiments, what if? Criteria for optimization Companies: specialized in products But diversified in terms of Technologies in their control (ie patents)
6 The Unified Metric System for Economics A basic step for a systematic scientific approach PROJECT PROPOSAL: LP + INET + World Bank +??? THE FUNDAMENTAL ECONOMIC DATABASE Who produces what: The complete economic production for all Countries, Regions, Cities etc. Using coherent and comparable variables and including services, finance etc. Data are basically available, the problem is to embedd them in a coherent and systematic framework. Great value with limited effort. Even if beginning will be difficult it points to the direction to go
7 S. Inoua, On the Complexity Approach to Economic Development, How the model works: 1. Probability of having a product with combinatorial complexity C (number of capabilities) is Meaning of π: how effective is a country in making more products by combining capabilities 2. The diversification d of a country which has K capabilities (K represents the complexity of that country) is NB: no loss of generality assuming minimum number of capabilities =1 1 Prediction: let s test, as proxy for K, log(fitness) and the Economic Complexity Index (ECI, C. Hidalgo et al. PNAS, 2009)
8 log(diversification) vs log(fitness) Log(Fitness) is good proxy for the complexity K of countries R in the period
9 ECI is not a good proxy for complexity K, R in the period
10 MICRO ORIGIN OF POVERTY TRAP? No longer exponential relationship btw diversification and complexity (i.e. Log(Fitness)) Poverty trap
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12 1995
13 2010: Major changes are taking place
14 ECONOMIC DYNAMICS IS HETEROGENEOUS
15 COARSE GRAINED DYNAMICS: PREDICTABILITY DEPENDS ON THE ZONE
16 Hetreogeneous Weather Forecasting: RED: High predictability BLUE: Low predictability
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19 Predictability Forecasting (Beyond Regressions) Heterogeneous Growth Dynamics: Selective Predictability Overview of scienfic predictions: If one KNOWS the equation of motion: - Linear dynamics: full predictability. Sun raises tomorrow at 06:22 Halley comet will come back in 121y, 237days, 13h, 45 min, 12 sec - Nonlinear chaotic dynamics: Lyapunov exponents Weather forecasts, limit of 3 7 days BUT: don t buy a calendar for more than 5 million years If one DOES NOT KNOW the equation of motion: Method of Analogous: dynamical system approach; effective dimension of phase space. New in economics; concretely data-driven Method of Regressions: cause-effect relation; homogeneity of response etc. Not suitable for heterogeneous dynamics
20 Borrowing concepts from dynamical systems Laminar regime Low effective dimension (de 2) Fitness is the relevant and driving variable for the economic dynamics in this regime Chaotic regime Chaotic dynamics OR de 2 Dynamics is ruled by several other exogenous factors competing with Fitness SELECTIVE PREDICTABILITY
21 Method of Analogs: forecasting the future by the knowledge of the past Empirical Evo. Distribution
22 Range: 1 5 years the Selective Predictability Scheme
23 FITNESS vs. GDP pc HOW MUCH YOU EARN HOW GOOD YOU ARE : Major rating downgrades ALB ALB AND AND ARG ARG ARM ARM AUS AUS AUT AUT AZE AZE BHR BHR BGD BGD BLR BLR BEL BEL BOL BOL BIH BIH BRA BRA BGR BGR CAN CAN CHL CHL CHN CHN COL COL CRI CRI HRV HRV CYP CYP CZE CZE DNK DNK ECU ECU EGY EGY SLV SLV EST EST FIN FIN FRA FRA GEO GEO GRC GRC GTM GTM HND HND HUN HUN ISL ISL IND IND IDN IDN IRL IRL ISR ISR ITA ITA CIV CIV JPN JPN JOR JOR KAZ KAZ KEN KEN KGZ KGZ LVA LVA LBN LBN LTU LTU MKD MKD MDG MDG MYS MYS MLT MLT MEX MEX MAR MAR NPL NPL NLD NLD NZL NZL NIC NIC PRK PRK NOR NOR OMN OMN PAK PAK PAN PAN PRY PRY PER PER PHL PHL POL POL PRT PRT ROM ROM RUS RUS SAU SAU SEN SEN SGP SGP SVK SVK SVN SVN ZAF ZAF KOR KOR ESP ESP SWE SWE CHE CHE SYR SYR THA THA TGO TGO TUN TUN TUR TUR UKR UKR ARE ARE GBR GBR URY URY USA USA UZB UZB VEN VEN VNM VNM ZMB ZMB ZWE ZWE ARG ARG CYP CYP EGY EGY GRC GRC ISL ISL IRL IRL ITA ITA JPN JPN LBN LBN PRT PRT ESP ESP URY URY VEN VEN
24 Exported volume COUNTRY SPECTROSCOPY Products appear clustered in Quality Space The revanche of specialization Industrial sectors and individual companies tend to be reasonably specialized Oil, Potatoes Textiles Smartphone Product Complexity
25 COUNTRY SPECTROSCOPY
26 COUNTRY SPECTROSCOPY
27 COUNTRY SPECTROSCOPY
28 COUNTRY SPECTROSCOPY
29 The PRODUCT SPACE:Bipartite C-P network Contraction: P-P network Filtering Procedure: selecting dependency links The Product Space
30 The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity C. Hidalgo (MIT), R. Hausmann (Harvard)
31 The Complex Taxonomy of Products Vicinity Time evolution Definition of products in terms of the needed capabilities Hierarchical, tree-like structure Directed vs undirected edges (time evolution) Possibility to understand and forecast development
32 SWEDEN: PORTION OF THE PRODUCT SPACE MECHANICAL INDUSTRY LAB EQUIPMENT WIRES METALLURGIC INDUSTRY AND RELATED RAW MATERIALS AND WASTE SPECIALIZED INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY AGRIFOOD TEXTILE PAINTS, GLUES, PIGMENTS PREFABRICATED BUILDINGS, CONTAINERS, TANKS WATCHES AND JEWELERY
33 Example: SK 81 detailed products Radio broadcast receivers Automatic data processing machines Typewriters Office machines Optical Instruments Photographic cameras Other musical instr Sound recordings Parasols, walking sticks Television receivers Thermionic, valves, transistors
34 Diffusion of South Korea
35 Example: Diffusion of SK
36 Example: Diffusion of SK
37 Example: Diffusion of SK
38 Example: Diffusion of SK
39 Example: Diffusion of SK
40 New Fundamental Economic Theory - New information - Finance
41 OPTIMAL PORTFOLIO FOR GROWTH: GDP, STOCK INDEX, DEBT A fundamentally based Index: COMPLEXITY INDEX (NB: Non market Cap) Composition of the Index to Country Percentage India Vietnam China Bangledesh Pakistan Indonesia Philippines Thailand 7.93 Ukraine 7.67 Composition of the index % 8% 16% India Vietnam China Bangledesh Pakistan Indonesia Philippines Thailand Ukraine 10% 13% 10% 12% 11% 12%
42 OPTIMAL PORTFOLIO FOR GROWTH: GDP, STOCK INDEX, DEBT A fundamentally based Index: COMPLEXITY INDEX (NB: Non market Cap)
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45 SWEDEN: PORTION OF THE PRODUCT SPACE MECHANICAL INDUSTRY LAB EQUIPMENT WIRES METALLURGIC INDUSTRY AND RELATED RAW MATERIALS AND WASTE SPECIALIZED INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY AGRIFOOD TEXTILE PAINTS, GLUES, PIGMENTS PREFABRICATED BUILDINGS, CONTAINERS, TANKS WATCHES AND JEWELERY
46 New directions 2014 Extended database from 1963: 60 years instead of 15. Analysis of Dynamics and predictability test much improved How to get out of the poverty trap Evolution of Products Complexity Economic Cycles etc Systematic construction of the Product Space Analysis of Sectors. Focus on countries with an appreciable hidden potential, look at emerging sectors (before RCA) and look at their position in Product Space Invasion of the Product Space in succesful cases of industrialization
47 ECONOMIC DYNAMICS IS HETEROGENEOUS
48 Poverty Trap Comparing Fitness and GDP per capita permits to obtain more information
49 South Korea Evolution Some examples of different regimes Starting from low values to arrive to high values of GDP per capita; First period of increasing fitness, at GDP almost constant; Subsequently rapid growth in GDP per capita w/ slow increasing Fitness; => Exit from the poverty trap South Korea
50 China Evolution Some examples of different regimes Similar to South Korea, but w/ slower increase in GDP per capita; => Exit from the poverty trap China
51 MICRO ORIGIN OF POVERTY TRAP? No longer exponential relationship btw diversification and complexity (i.e. Log(Fitness)) 2010 Here we see the static picture of 2010 and the points correspond to different countries. Next we are going to see the time evolution of a single country: red arrows Poverty trap
52 South Korea Evolution 2 Time evolution of South Korea in the diversification-fitness diagram It is possible to see 3 phases: 1. The poverty trap: a high increase in the Fitness corresponds to a small increase in the diversification (like the Oman); 2. The Exit from the poverty trap: diversification and Fitness evolve together; 3. Saturation: as for the USA, once a high level of Fitness is reached, diversificaiton and Fitness are almost constant South Korea
53 Mcp Triangularity Binary matrix of exports Triangular shape Complexity
54 The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity C. Hidalgo (MIT), R. Hausmann (Harvard)
55 Introducing: A Probabilistic Model randomly assigned each country owns each capability with probability α The probability of a capability to be needed by a certain product follows a Power Law (some capabilities are necessary for many products) The number of capabilities needed to build a product is drawn by a uniform distribution.
56 Network Interpretation 1. At each time step a new capability is introduced 2. The new capability defines a new product 3. A directed link is inserted from new product and
57 Main results
58 Poverty Trap
59 Diversification COUNTRY AT EACH TIME STEP WE ADD RANDOM CAPABILITIES PROPORTIONALLY TO REACHED DIVERSIFICATION AND COMPUTE THE NEW DIVERSIFICATION Superexponential growth Time
60 These concepts are general exist in ecology too Economics Countries Products Ecology Plants Pollinators J. Bascompte et al. PNAS (2003)
61 1. Nestedness 2. Poverty Traps ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY MODEL
62 Economics Great divergence sudden increase in income but also in PRODUCTS DIVERSITY Ecology Cambrian Explosion sudden increase in BIODIVERSITY
63 Results: Poverty Traps Real Data Poverty trap Exponential usefulness Power Law usefulness
64 Growth Decomposition. Is Growth of Countries an Endogeneous or Exogeneous Process? Solow (1956): Exogenous, Technology Rodeinstein-Roden (1943): Endogeneous, Input Murphy, Shleifer, Vichny (1989), Krugman (1993): The Big Push (Short Period of Endogeneous Growth)
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66 Endogeneous Growth ( ). All countries
67 Endogeneous Growth ( ) High Fitness Low Fitness
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69 Boston Consulting Group Report on the competitiveness of Sweden (public document) October 2013
70 Ongoing and planned projects Refinement of database with respect to anomalous products (product network) and anomalous Countries, i.e. Ethiopia optic fibers. Check product complexity by eliminating one country at a time. Analysis of Sectors. Focus on countries with an appreciable hidden potential and look at emerging sectors (before RCA) and look at their position in Product Space Analysis of companies, often few products, technologies? Patent data (?) and Technology data For sectors and companies specialization becomes the leading property. Bloomberg data on companies revenues assigned to individual sectors (products) Analysis of Sweden, NL and UK for government agencies, role of services and finance Analysis of Eurozone countries and the effect of the Euro in the past 15 years Analysis of Italy: Competitivity of small vs large industries (ISTAT) Geographic and demographic elements Generalization of Algorithm also including Weights Role of Import data in various roles Predictabily: New Concepts beyond regressions. Heterogeneous dynamics Similarity to weather predictions and dynamical systems Countries Spectroscopy. More than just Fitness. Detailed analysis of sector dynamics Dynamics in the Space of Products. Industrial planning for a country Theory for the emergence of the triangular matrix (diversification) For companies specialization seems to be important, Size effect? Combinatorial models. ABM models, other? Expansion of the Product Space. Development of new Technologies Relation to Keynes multiplicator and Minsky theory Application of Bipartite ideas to Industrial districts and cities.
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