Greenhouses gas emissions of Italian sheep

Transcription

1 Greenhouses gas emissions of Italian sheep Atzori A.S. 1, Cannas A. 1, Cappucci. A. 23, Mele M. 23, Rassu P.G. 1, Serra M.G. 1, Pulina G. 1 1 Sezione di Scienze Zootecniche, Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Sassari, Italy 2 Centro di Ricerche Agro-Ambientali E. Avanzi, University of Pisa, Italy 3 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Agro-Ambientali, University of Pisa, Italy

2 Small Ruminants in the world Opio et al. (2013): 55% of domestic ruminants 17% of meat and 4% of milk Sheep: 40% of milk and 62% of meat of small ruminants 475 million tons CO 2 eq, about 6.5% of livestock emissions 60% of emissions for milk production; 30% for meat; 10% other < 1% of anthropogenic emissions Farm emissions (LCA) 8.4 kg CO 2 eq / kg sheep milk 15 kg CO 2 eq / kg meat Enteric metane Applied manure nitrous Feed carbon dioxide Fertilizer nitrous oxide Manure nitrous oxide Manure methane Direct and indirect energy Postfarm carbon dioxide Meat Milk Emissions of CO 2 eq., % of total (adapted from Fig. 14 of Gerber et al., 2013).

3 GHG Inventory purposes Local estimates (farms): marketing; local mitigation Large inventories (countries): environmental studies, mitigation policies Estimation: the importance of details Syntetic method? (IPCC, TIER 1) Analytical method? (IPCC, TIER 3) IPCC: International Panel of Climate Change

4 TIER 1 IPCC 2006 guidelines: fixed values per head Body weight CH 4 enteric CH 4 manure N 2 O manure Species kg kg/year per head kg year per head kg N-N 2 O per kg N excreted Sheep Not details for breeds, aptitude, sheep categories and management All estimates have an uncertainty of 30-50% Does not allow to compare farming system or techniques 4

5 TIER 3 approach in France (Vermorel et al., 2008) Methane annual emissions from sheep and goat categories based on nutritional requirements and diet digestibility Annual emissions of methane highly variable among categories 14.4 kg/y sheep during milking (vary with intake, diet, etc) 11 kg/y sheep with suckling lamb 7.5 kg/y replacement female dairy lamb kg/y meat lambs (4 classes)

6 Objective of the work To quantify sheep GHG emissions in Italy: - by using a level of detail higher than IPCC Tier 1 and Tier 2 - by taking into account the impact of the local farming systems on total regional and national emissions - by pursuing the IPCC recommendation to use local parameters (modified TIER 2/Tier3) if the considered sector is very important

7 Materials and methods IPCC 2006 TIER 2, improved Regional detail separately for dairy and meat sheep Number of meat and dairy sheep divided by main categories (BDN, 2012; ISTAT, 2012). Breeds, population structure, mean diets, breeding systems at regional level (APA, 2012); Unapoc, 1992; Bittante et al., 1998; personal communications) Milk production Milk suckled and delivered to industry (ISTAT, 2012) for Sardinia, Sicily, Tuscany, Lazio; 3 different mean production levels for the other regions Meat production: mean values for each Italian macro-region (North, Center, South) based on the breeds used Temperatures: national meteorological service of Aeronautica Militare Italiana

8 Material and method: estimated population profile Aptitude Meat Meat Meat Milk Breeds Northern Appenninic South 3 prod. levels ewes,% Rams, % repl. lambs, % suckl. lambs, % fatt. lambs, % fertility prolificity Farm animal categories: Rams Ewe (lactating, dry, pregnant) Replacement lambs Fattening lambs For each category: Days of presence in the farm Live body weight Basal diet (forage:concentrate, CP%, etc) Winter and summer time outdoor/indoor

9 Emission estimations: meta-modeling approach Methane emission (Ym) = Energy of emitted CH 4 as function of MEI based on NE requirements (Vermorel et al., 2008) kg of CH 4 = MEI (MJ/d) x Ym/55.65 Ym (MJ)= x DE% where SMALL RUMINANT NUTRITION SYSTEM (Cannas et al., 2007) DMI, diet DE, NE (lactating, dry, pregnant sheep, rams, replacement and fattening lambs) Emissions from manure management detailed per livestock system (CH 4 and N 2 O) - Cattle coefficients, that vary with manure management systems in IPCC (2006), based on N excret. and Temp Daily nitrogen excretions empirical equations (Decandia et al., 2011) for lactating, dry, pregnant sheep, rams, replacement and fattening lambs

10 RESULTS About 8 million (M) sheep - dairy sheep 6.5 M - meat sheep 1.5 M Northern 6% Southern 23% Total sheep Appenninic 27% Sardinia 44% Southern 32% Meat sheep Appenninic 33% Southern 20% Milk sheep Center 25% Northern 3% Northern 15% Sardinia 20% Sardinia 52%

11 Production Region Mature ewes, n x 1000 Milk, tons Meat breeds Meat, ton Milk breeds Total Valle d'aosta Piemonte Lombardia Liguria Veneto Trentino-Alto Adige Friuli-Venezia Giulia Emilia-Romagna Toscana Marche Lazio Umbria Abruzzo Molise Campania Puglia Basilicata Calabria Sicilia Sardegna Total

12 Emissions attributed to milk (animal emissions) DAIRY SHEEP (3/4) Methane Nitrous Oxide CO 2 equivalents Enteric Manure Total Manure Enteric Manure Total ktons of emissions kg/head kg/adult sheep present % 11% 100% kg/ kg of milk 0,11 0,01 0,12 0,0004 2,9 0,34 3, kg of CO 2 eq per kg of milk 6.5% fat 2.3 kg of CO 2 eq per kg of milk 4.0 % fat 52 kg of CO 2 eq per kg of milk protein kg / kg of 4% fat milk 0,08 0,01 0,09 0,0003 2,1 0,25 2,30 FAO values for world sheep milk: 4 kg of CO 2 /kg of sheep milk FAO values for high producing countries: 2 kg of CO 2 /kg of sheep milk Italian dairy cattle: kg/kg of FCM 4% fat (Atzori et al., 2014; Guerci et al., 2013)

13 Emissions attributed to meat (animal emissions) Methane Nitrous Oxide CO 2 equivalents MEAT SHEEP (1/4) Enteric Manure Total Manure Enteric Manure Total ktons of emissions kg/head kg/adult sheep present % 9% 100% 23.5 kg of CO 2 eq per kg of carcass weight 30 kg of CO 2 eq per kg of meat protein Higher than FAO (2013): 15 kg of CO 2 eq per kg of carcass weight Similar to Spanish values (Ripoll-Bosch et al., 2013) and some UK values (Jones et al., 2013)

14 Total emissions per geographical area Southern 21% Appennin ic 28% Total Italian emissions 2420 kton of CO 2 eq Sardinia 44% Tons of CO 2 eq emissions (Tier 3) Northern 7% 60% Sheep: % of Italian anthropogenic CO 2 Equal to the fuel consumed by 1.2% of the italian cars % 40% of total livestock emissions, within region

15 Thus, it is worth measuring GHG of sheep? Is there any scope and advantage to reduce them?

16 Production level Methane emissions (CH 4 ) and feed use efficency Milk ME req., Methane emission Kg/d Mcal/d kg of CH 4 /day kg of CH 4 /Mcal of milk kg of CH 4 /Mcal of milk kg of CH 4 /Mcal of milk

17 Sardinia Island : ton/year of sheep milk Actual production level 150 kg milk/year per head: sheep + replacem. x 437 UFL = UFL/year If we could produce the same total milk with 200 kg milk/year per head: sheep + replacem. x 469 UFL = UFL/year 286 millions of UFL saved per year. GHG reduction for dilution of energy maintenance cost and fewer sheep: 185'464 tons of CO 2 equivalents Like the combustion of 52'391 tons of fuel Saving of 286 millions of UFL, equal to: ton/year barley grain (value: 80 ML /year ton/year of grass hay ( ha of crops)

18 However: higher production intensity higher external inputs LCA needed to assess the actua effect of increased production level

19 Conclusions Estimated emissions for sheep productions are equal to 3.2 kg of CO 2 /kg of milk and 23 kg of CO 2 /kg of carcass weight Low impact of small ruminants if compared with anthropogenic emissions (0.007%) Increase of production level strategic for mitigation strategies of GHG emissions, allowing to improve use of land, feed efficiency and profitability LCA needed to define most efficeint production level and production system, and the importance of bought feeds vs. farm produced feeds

20 Thanks for your attention!