Teaching Grammar and Mechanics

Transcription

1 Teaching Grammar and Mechanics Mark Pennington with David Rickert, Illustrator Pennington Publishing El Dorado Hills, CA

2 Congratulations on your purchase of Teaching Grammar and Mechanics. COPYRIGHT 2003, 2011 Pennington Publishing Printed in the United States of America NOTICE TO THE READER All rights reserved Pennington Publishing Permission is hereby granted to the individual purchaser to reproduce student materials in this book for noncommercial individual or classroom use only. Illustrator, David Rickert, retains the copyrights to all grammar cartoons. Other than the heretofore specified limited permission for reproduction, the text of this publication, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronics or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, storage in an information retrieval system, or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher. The Publisher makes no representation or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for particular purpose or mechantability, nor are any such representations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to such material. The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or part, for the readers or students reliance upon, this material. For ordering information, call or visit us at Thank you, Mark Pennington

3 Teaching Grammar and Mechanics Table of Contents Sections Pages 1. Introduction Learn How to Teach This Program in 10 Minutes Sequence of Instruction: Grammar and Mechanics Worksheets,. 5-9 Sentence Lifting 4. TGM Grammar Assessment: Parts of Speech, Sentence Structure, Usage, Word Choice Directions, Mastery Criteria, and Answers Assessment Matrix 4. TGM Mechanics Assessment: Punctuation and Capitalization Directions, Mastery Criteria, and Answers Assessment Matrix 5. Parts of Speech and Grammar Worksheets Mechanics Worksheets Sentence Lifting (64 Lessons) Mechanics, Spelling, and Grammar Direct Instruction and Practice Sentence Diagrams, Sentence Models, and Dictations Grammar Cartoons Teaching Tips and Answers Appendix: Student Resources A. Parts of Speech. 372 B. Parts of Speech Rap C. Irregular Verbs. 374 D. Grammatical Sentence Openers E. Mechanics Rules 377 F. Eight Conventional Spelling Rules.. 378

4 Introduction Grammar and mechanics are essential tools for success in school, work, and life. We are judged, sometimes quite severely, by the words we use and the way we use them in our speaking and writing. Our spoken and written words can betray us. They reflect our background, education, and ability to communicate. Working Definitions Words allow us construct meaning from our concepts or ideas. Words and the form they take make it possible to communicate to others. Our use of these words and form impact what others are able to understand. Essentially, grammar is defined as the interdependent relationship among meaning, form, and use. Mechanics (capitalization and punctuation) are tools to assist the clear communication of this grammar. Most teachers simply refer to all of this as grammar instruction. The Four Myths of Grammar Instruction 1. Grammar is acquired naturally; it does not need to be taught. There is certainly a strong correlation between oral language skills and written grammar skills. However, oral learning is not always an efficient teacher. In fact, it can be quite a mixed bag. For every proper modeling of the pronoun in the sentence It is I, students hear at least five models of the incorrect It is me. Grammar as it is caught must be complemented by a grammar that is taught. 2. Grammar is a meaningless collection of rules most of which don t work half the time. This myth may have developed from mindless drill and kill grammatical exercises with no application to student writing. Actually, our English grammar is remarkably flexible and consistent. 3. Grammar cannot be learned by students with some learning styles or disabilities. While it may be true that students learn language differently, at different rates, and vary in proficiency, there has been no research to show that some students cannot learn the rules of and apply proper grammar, usage, and mechanics. 4. English grammar cannot be learned by second language learners. Some teachers think that students who speak other languages get confused between the primary language and English grammars. The research proves otherwise. Intuitively, many of us have significantly increased our own knowledge of English grammar by taking a foreign language. How many of us teach grammar and mechanics Frankly, many of us are not teaching grammar and mechanics, except as a few weeks of drill and kill worksheets prior to the standardized test. Teachers either perceive grammar and mechanics instruction as too boring or as too difficult to teach, so they avoid it like the plague. Some teachers may rationalize their failure to teach these subjects. You ve heard the comments: I didn t learn grammar and mechanics, and I turned out all right or I teach grammar and Teaching Grammar and Mechanics Pennington Publishing 1

5 mechanics through the Writing Process or The students should already know these skills these are not my grade level standards. Other teachers borrowed a well-used copy of Daily Oral Language activities from another teacher years ago and have faithfully used the same lessons as openers ever since. The advantage of such programs is that they require no teacher preparation. Unfortunately, these collections of grammar and mechanics mistakes provide no diagnostic information, have few teaching resources, and fail to establish a sensible instructional scope and sequence. Students simply rehearse errors. This ineffective practice rarely translates to mastery learning. Learning grammar and mechanics out of the context of meaningful writing may help students get a few questions correct on the standardized test, but this knowledge just won t transfer to their writing. How we should be teaching grammar and mechanics Good grammar and mechanics instruction should consist of four essentials. The first essential is effective diagnostic assessment. The teacher needs reliable student data to effectively plan differentiated instruction to match individual and class needs. The second essential is targeted skills practice. Too often, teachers waste valuable instructional time by teaching what their students already know. Conversely, teachers do not wind up with enough time to teach what their students do not know. These targeted skills have to be addressed through individualized instruction. The third essential is whole class instruction and review. Interactive instruction in the context of direct instruction, error analysis, sentence modeling, and writing practice are essential components of good grammar and mechanics instruction. The fourth essential is instruction and practice in independent editing skills. Students need to be able to effectively proofread their own written work, and then make revisions and corrections. Too often, students become dependent on teachers, parents, or other students for editing assistance. Here s the good news Teaching Grammar and Mechanics provides all of the diagnostic assessments, targeted grammar and mechanic skills worksheets, materials for whole class instruction, and resources for independent editing that you will ever need to effectively teach grammar and mechanics in only 60 minutes per week. Each lesson is leveled from basic to advanced skills to allow the teacher to determine instructional content. The materials are teacherfriendly, even for those who are grammatically challenged. Only minimal prep-time is necessary. Absolutely no grading is done outside of class. About the Illustrator of the Grammar Cartoons David Rickert has been an English teacher for several years and an illustrator since he could hold a pencil. He is currently the English Department Facilitator at Hilliard Darby High School. A stint drawing a popular daily comic for the Ohio State University school newspaper as an education major led him to create comics for educational purposes. His Grammar Comics! series has been widely used in many classrooms around the world. He lives in Columbus, Ohio. Teaching Grammar and Mechanics Pennington Publishing 2

6 Grammar Worksheet #1 Common Nouns Name Definition: A common noun is an idea, person, place, or thing. It can be acted upon and is capitalized only at the start of a sentence. A common noun can be a single word, a group of words, or a hyphenated word. Examples: It takes self-control idea for a teenager person to drive to school place in a sports car. thing Writing Hints Whenever possible, use specific common nouns rather than general common nouns. Practice Sort the following common nouns as an idea, person, place, or thing in the correct columns: mountain, friendship, teacher, neighborhood, food, self-image, freedom, toy, fire-fighter, cousin, rock, country, lamp stand, football stadium, police officer, self-confidence, grandfather clock, family room, brother-in-law, world peace IDEA PERSON PLACE THING Formative Assessment Compose four sentences, using a common noun from each category. Use none of the common nouns listed on this worksheet. Be as specific as possible. idea person place thing Teaching Grammar and Mechanics Pennington Publishing 25

7 Grammar Worksheet #2 Proper Nouns Name Definition: A proper noun is the name of a person, place, or thing. It can be acted upon and is capitalized. A proper noun may be a single word, a group of words (with or without abbreviations), or a hyphenated word. Examples: Josh was honored person at U.S. Memorial Auditorium place with the Smith-Lee Award. thing Writing Hints Capitalize all words that make up proper nouns, except articles (a, an, and the), prepositions, such as of, to, and from, and conjunctions, such as and, or, and but. Practice Circle the proper nouns in the following story. Make sure to circle all words belonging to each proper noun. John Francis left his home in Beatrice, Nebraska in 1941, shortly before the start of World War II. Traveling first by bus to Chicago, he then boarded the Southwestern Chief to ride to Los Angeles. At Grand Central Station, John met his sister, Jane, and immediately began looking for part-time work and an apartment. He found employment at Blix Hardware on Western Avenue and a room to rent in nearby South Hollywood. When war was declared, John enlisted in the army and was stationed at Fort Ord. He played trumpet in the Army Band and was promoted to the rank of Staff Sergeant. The United States was fortunate to have so many young men, like John, serving their country. After the war in 1945, John enrolled in the University of Southern California, paying his tuition with money from the G.I. Bill. Graduating Cum Laude with degrees in Business and Social Science, he continued to play trumpet in clubs all over Southern California. Upon marrying Janice Jones, he took a job at California Federal Savings and Loan and was promoted to Senior Vice-President. He and his wife raised two children, who both graduated from the University of California at Los Angeles. John retired in 1980 to travel and play his trumpet. Formative Assessment Compose your own sentence with person, place, and thing proper nouns. Teaching Grammar and Mechanics Pennington Publishing 26

8 Grammar Worksheet #3 Pronouns Name Definition: A pronoun is a word used in place of a proper noun or common noun. Examples: Hello. This is she. Is it her basket? Writing Hints Pronouns are used in the first person, second person, or third person points of view. The first person pronoun stands for the one speaking; the second person pronoun stands for the one spoken to, and the third person pronoun stands for the one spoken about. Avoid first and second person pronouns in essays designed to inform or convince your reader. The following chart shows how pronouns are grammatically organized: Number/ Point of View Subject Object Possessive (before a noun) Possessive (with no noun) Reflexive and Intensive SINGULAR First Person Second Person Third Person PLURAL First Person Second Person Third Person I you he, she, it we you they me you him, her, it us you them my your his, her, its our your their mine yours his, hers ours yours theirs myself yourself himself, herself, itself ourselves yourselves themselves Practice: Circle the pronouns in the following spooky story. I woke up in the middle of the night to find you standing by my bed, shining your flashlight. It shone down on me, illuminating faces full of fear, both mine and yours. We clearly heard their voices downstairs. They had come for us and what was rightfully ours. John, himself, had seen them yesterday, down by the river. She was creeping along with him, wearing that black hat of hers to hide her stringy, long hair, while he hid his hideous face with a scarf. John saw a campsite of theirs, its campfire still smoldering. Suddenly Formative Assessment Finish the rest of this spooky story, using pronouns from each category in the chart above. Teaching Grammar and Mechanics Pennington Publishing 27