Magnetism. By the third century AD, the Chinese knew that magnets had special properties, including a tendency to line up North to South.
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1 Magnetism 600 BC Lodestone The magnetic properties of natural ferric ferrite (Fe 3 O 4 ) stones (also called lodestones) were described by Greek philosophers. By the third century AD, the Chinese knew that magnets had special properties, including a tendency to line up North to South. By the 11th century, they had learned to modify the ore to make magnets, which they used to create the first navigational compasses. What is a magnet? A magnet either contains paired electrons that both spin in the same direction; or a single electron that spins. Since the electrons have a spin that is not cancelled out, a magnetic field is generated. 1
2 An electron spins on its axis, giving rise to an electron current in the direction of rotation. The electron is like a magnetic dipole, a miniature magnet, with a north end and a south end. (the magnetic field) In most objects, electrons are arranged randomly. In a magnet, the electrons all spin in the same direction. 2
3 What is a domain? A domain is a region within a magnetic substance where all electrons have the same spin. Objects like wood + glass have electrons that tend to fill in opposite directions and the electron spins cancel each other out. These are examples of diamagnetic materials. Ferromagnetic material has electrons that mostly spin in the same direction. This means they can be turned into magnets. Examples of ferromagnetic material: Nickel, Cobalt, Iron, ALNICO We distinguish between hard and soft magnets: Soft: material that can be magnetized in a magnetic field, but it will not retain its magnetism. (Iron). Paramagnetic materials placed into a magnetic field become soft magnets. Hard: material that maintains alignment even when the field is removed. (Cobalt, Nickel) 3
4 1 H Hydrogen 3 4 Li Na Be Lithium Beryllium Mg Sodium Magnesium B Al C Si N P O Aluminium S F Cl 2 He Helium Ne Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Ar Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon K Ca Potassium Calcium Sc Ti V Cr Mn Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rb Sr Rubidium Strontium Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Cs Ba Cesium Barium La Hf Ta W Re Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Fr Ra Francium Radium Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Dy Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Cf Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Es Fm Md No Lr Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium N S The magnetic field (B) is represented by field lines around the magnet. The field is strongest where the lines are closer together and in locations where more lines are present. On the bar magnet shown, this location is at the poles. 4
5 S Magnetic Flux N About the green dashed lines... Although we usually draw the field lines external to the bar magnet, they actually continue through the magnet, forming loops. Magnetic flux refers to the number of field lines passing through a surface. It is an indication ofield strength. The number of field lines corresponds to the strength of the field: more lines = stronger field. In a bar magnet, the field is always strongest at the poles. N S N N 5
6 Two ways to demagnetize or destroy a magnet 1) Strike / drop the magnet with enough force to knock the domains out of alignment. 2) Expose the magnet to excessive heat. 6
7 Electromagnet: A temporary magnet created when current flows through a wire. The strength of an electromagnet may be manipulated in the following ways: Coiling the wire concentrates the magnetic field Adding a core (material that can be magnetized) #coils = strength current = strength FIRST Right hand rule current Hans Christian Oersted is credited with discovering magnetic fields. Thumb is in the same direction as the current. X = wire is heading away from you = wire heading toward you : B field = magnetic field 7
8 Solenoid: A solenoid is a series of wire coils or loops, often containing a metal core. Coiling the wire produces a stronger magnetic field. All magnetic field lines exist as closed loops, regardless of the type of magnet. With this simple electromagnet on the left, the loops encircle the wire, but do not go through it. In a solenoid such as the one below, the field exists within the coils, and as coils are added, the field becomes stronger. coiled wire core North South current enters here 8
9 Current Current Current Attract For two current carrying conductors, if the current is moving in the SAME direction for both, they will be attracted to each other. Repel Current If the current is moving in the OPPOSITE direction, they will repel each other. A compass consists of a small, lightweight magnetic needle that is balanced on a pivotal point. 9
10 Second right hand rule: In an electromagnet, the direction of the current determines where the North and South poles of the magnet will be! Current flows IN at the South (+) pole, OUT at the North ( ) pole of the magnet. Materials may be classified by their response to externally applied magnec fields as diamagnec, paramagnec, or ferromagnec. Diamagnesm is the weakest Paramagnesm, when present, is stronger than diamagnesm and produces magnezaon in the direcon of the applied field, and proporonal to the applied field. Ferromagnec effects are the largest (strongest). 10
11 The B field (magnetic field) of a bar magnet is similar to the Earth's magnetic field. B field lines leave the north face and enter at the south face. Convection currents inside the Earth set up the magnetic field. As the molten rock in the mantle heats up then cools, it rises and falls, creating a current. The molten metals are really moving charges, and the current creates a magnetic field. Earth's magnetic field flows out of the South geographic pole (Antarctica) and into the North geographic pole, in the Arctic. Since magnetic field lines flow out of the North pole and into the South pole: The SOUTH geographic pole is actually the NORTH magnetic pole. 11
12 A changing magnetic field creates an electric field, and a changing electric field creates a magnetic field. F:\Physics from Desktop\Physics Media\SOHO At any particular point in the wave, the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation of the wave. 12
13 Attachments EM Wave 08.gif
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