Enhancing the role of EVs in the smart grid: Resources or threats to power system operation? Trends and research drivers in Europe

Transcription

1 Enhancing the role of EVs in the smart grid: Resources or threats to power system operation? Trends and research drivers in Europe Mattia Marinelli, Ph.D. E.E. Center for Electric Power and Energy DTU Risø Campus

2 Agenda I. Setting the scene: the smart grid framework and the ELECTRA project II. EV research initiatives in Europe III.Experiences from Denmark: the Nikola project 2

3 Agreed objectives at European level 2030 Framework for Climate and Energy % Greenhouse Gas Emissions 20% Renewable Energy 20 % Energy Efficiency 10 % Interconnection % Greenhouse Gas Emissions 27 % Renewable Energy 27%* Energy Efficiency 15 % Interconnection Greater and greater efforts in integrating more renewable sources in the grid! energy-strategy 3

4 Concerning integration What does integration mean? to put together parts or elements and combine them into a whole Integration of resources (wind, PV, EV ) with respect to power systems: Consider them as normal source like all the others with honors (remuneration) and duties (ancillary services) needed in order to properly control system voltages and frequency. 4

5 Concerning integration Power related domain: power system operation and control Energy related domain: power system optimization and planning 5

6 Concerning integration and EVs Power related domain: power system operation and control Energy related domain: power system optimization and planning 6

7 EV from different perspectives Researcher (me) System operators Government (at least DK!) EV owner 7

8 The 2050 Vision The Sustainable energy system Past Energy System : System controllability via few very large units Power direction is predictable Generation Transmission HV Distribution MV Future Energy system: System controllability potentially reduced and delegated to small distributed units Power direction is unpredictable 8

9 EU RD&D Policy The Strategic Energy Technology Plan Develop & deploy a portfolio of technologies with different maturity levels Industrial initiatives 2020 perspective EERA - Research Alliance perspective beyond

10 EERA JP Smart Grids Research Organizations ( py/y) 16 European Countries JP sub-programmes: SP1 Network Operation SP2 Power System Management SP3 ICT & Control System Interoperability SP4 Electrical Storage Integration SP5 Transmission Networks 10

11 Proposal full title: Proposal acronym: "European Liaison on Electricity grid Committed Towards long-term Research Activities" ELECTRA Topic ENERGY Integrated Research Programme on Smart Grids Type of Funding scheme: The ELECTRA IRP Combination of Collaborative Project and CSA Submitted: 10/01/2013 Starting Date: 01/12/2013 Ending Date: 30/11/2017 ELECTRA IRP in figures: 21 Partners 12 Work Packages 48 Months 13.1 M Total Budget M EU Countries AB + ICB EU Funds 11

12 The ELECTRA IRP Goals and Objectives The ELECTRA IRP will investigate new frequency and voltage control schemes for the real time operation of the 2030 power system. This will enable grid operators to ensure dynamic balance and stability in a future power system with a high share of decentralised generation. The ELECTRA IRP will also reinforce the EERA Joint Programme on Smart Grids for realizing the European SET Plan objectives. ELECTRA IRP on Smart Grids Jeju, 23 Mar

13 The ELECTRA IRP Goals and Objectives If you have to build a power system from scratch with a large and heterogeneous set of small scale resources, would you still rely on the traditional decentralized/primary, centralized/secondary frequency & voltage control architecture? ELECTRA IRP on Smart Grids Jeju, 23 Mar

14 R&D Work Programme WP3: How will the future power system look like? WP4: How can different concepts be translated in technical specifications? WP5: The uncertainty increases What need to be observed? WP6: Need for flexibility from all available resources - What kind of flexibility will be available? WP7: How can new control concepts be evaluated at laboratory scale level? WP8: How can decision for future control rooms be supported? ELECTRA IRP on Smart Grids Jeju, 23 Mar

15 Web-of-Cells Concept Control Cell concept: a "cell" is a group of interconnected loads, distributed generation resources and storage units, with welldefined electrical and geographical boundaries. is connected to neighboring cells via tielines (one or multiple). By opening or closing the inter-cells connections, the global system is configurable. Has adequate monitoring infrastructure installed as well as local reserves capacity. Uses the inter-cell coordination in order to support system-wide optimized reserves activation. Can contain multiple voltage levels (MV/LV). Is managed by a Control Cell Operator (CCO). ELECTRA IRP on Smart Grids Jeju, 23 Mar

16 High Level Use Cases Summary of HL Use Cases: PRESENT GRID FUTURE GRID BALANCE / FREQUENCY CONTROL - Inertia control Frequency containment control (FCC) Frequency containment control (FCC) Frequency restoration control (FRC) Balance restoration control (BRC) Replacement reserve (RR) Balance steering control (BSC) TRANSMISSION / VOLTAGE CONTROL PRESENT GRID Primary voltage control (PVC) Secondary voltage control (SVC) Tertiary voltage control (TVC) FUTURE GRID Primary voltage control (PVC) Post-primary voltage control (PPVC) ELECTRA IRP on Smart Grids Jeju, 23 Mar

17 Researchers Mobility scheme ELECTRA IRP on Smart Grids Jeju, 23 Mar

18 Agenda I. Setting the scene: the smart grid framework and the ELECTRA project II. EV research initiatives in Europe III.Experiences from Denmark: the Nikola project 18

19 EV radar Electric vehicles An Interactive Overview of European Research & Development and Demonstration Projects 19

20 PlanGridEV Design of new planning rules and operational principles for the optimal integration of EV for different network topologies and with different levels of DER penetration Development of tools and methods that permit DSOs to design new or adapt existing planning rules Smart charging allows taking advantage of EV deployment increasing both the DERs and EVs hosting capacity Presence and location of public charging stations as a key factor for the distribution planning Stochastic approaches for future planning 20

21 COTEVOS Concepts, capacities and Methods for Testing EV Systems and their Interoperability within the Smart Grids The aim of COTEVOS is to establish the optimal structure and capacities to test the conformance, interoperability and performance of all systems making up the infrastructure for the charge of Electrical Vehicles (EV). 4.3 Mill Eur. D T U 11 partners 4 external partners 30 months duration 20 Deliverables 6 milestones 3 workshops 3 Round Robin tests 1 white book T e c n a l i a A I T 21

22 EVs and charging options 22

23 Agenda I. Setting the scene: the smart grid framework and the ELECTRA project II. EV research initiatives in Europe III.Experiences from Denmark: the Nikola project 23

24 The Project Intelligent Electric Vehicle Integration The Nikola project aims to investigate and demonstrate a broad set of smart charging concepts that should minimize the cost of EV integration and maximize the value for EV owners, power system and the transition towards renewable targets. Project timing: 2013 to 2016 Budget: 2 million Partners: SEAS-NVE, EURISCO, NUVVE, DTU Funding: ForskEL 24

25 The Project Intelligent Electric Vehicle Integration FINAL EVENT NIKOLA END SEMINAR (free of charge) The Nikola project aims to investigate and demonstrate a broad set of smart charging concepts that should minimize the cost of EV DTU RISØ CAMPUS (ROSKILDE DENMARK) integration and maximize the value for EV owners, power 08/06/2016 (09:00 16:00) system and the transition towards renewable targets. Project timing: 2013 to 2016 Budget: 2 million Partners: SEAS-NVE, EURISCO, NUVVE, DTU Funding: ForskEL 25

26 Nikola service catalog Systematically gather and list power and energy services relevant for electric vehicles. Frequency regulation Frequency regulation - very fast Secondary regulation Tertiary regulation Islanded microgrid and black start LV network balancing LV overvoltages management Synthetic inertia Adaptive charging MORE* * Mother of all regulation services MV-LV transformer and lines overloading LV congestions due to fast charging station Value proposition and economics? Technical feasibilty and standardization support? Market or regulatory challenges? Charging management Charging flexibility assessment Charging information Vehicle-to-X 26

27 Methodological approach adopted Interaction with the other DER (DSM; PV; CHP; WIND; Storages) C A P A B I L I T Y Active Power Bidirectional 1 or 3 phase Resp. time Duration (SOC) Islanding User willingness Reactive Power S E R V I C E S f/p I/II V/Q MV-LV Trafo/Line congestion MV congestion due to fast charging area Microgrid Islanding Over-voltages management LV network balancing S T U D I E S Static Unbalanced Balanced LF Monte Carlo Optimization Dynamic (transient analysis) f/p I/II Islanding LVRT Harmonic MV/LV Network physical constraints 27

28 Reactive power provision lesson learned from the PV industry 28

29 Simulating and testing different services Simulation of reactive power support for over-voltages and under-voltages Simulation and testing of active power charge modulation for: Voltage control Congestion management Frequency control Testing of V2G trying to keep an eye on the economic value of each service although difficult to estimate for local services! 29

30 Test bed in Borup (DK) LV distribution grid under analysis Transformer 10/0.4 kv, 400 kva 13 nodes with 43 customers (Hørmarken and Græsmarken) 27 PV plants (single phase; mostly 3 kw) Electric vehicles in every household (for the simulations) 3 in the field stage transformer Hørmarken - A 301 C 601A Only EV EV + PV Street light Other feeders /0.42 kv A A B Græsmarken - B 30

31 Simulation analysis: LV distribution grid over voltages analysis - Borup EVs injecting active power at 12:00 worst case EV power injection (for providing freq. control) coincides with PV generation no over-voltages but lower voltage deviations with Reactive Power Control 31 before RPC after RPC

32 Field test: Congestion management by remotely modulating EV charging current 32

33 Lab test: Frequency control by remotely modulating EV charging current

34 Conclusion: EVs resources or threats to power system operation? It depends! 34

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