Lecture 16: The ocean heat transport. Atmosphere, Ocean, Climate Dynamics EESS 146B/246B
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1 Lecture 16: The ocean transport Atmosphere, Ocean, Climate Dynamics EESS 146B/246B
2 Heat transport in the atmosphereocean climate system out in out The movement of air in the atmosphere and water in the ocean both act to regulate the Earth s climate, keeping the temperatures on the Earth from being extreme.
3 Atmosphere-ocean climate system: an analogy out in Poles Tropics insulating wall
4 Atmosphere-ocean climate system: an analogy out in insulating wall
5 Atmosphere-ocean climate system: an analogy out in Remove wall to allow airflow.
6 Atmosphere-ocean climate system: an analogy out in air flow
7 Atmosphere-ocean climate system: an analogy out in Pump water through tubes in the floor.
8 Atmosphere-ocean climate system: an analogy out in in out Ocean circulation Pump water through tubes in the floor.
9 Atmosphere-ocean climate system: an analogy out in Atmospheric circulation in out Ocean circulation
10 The ocean transport Estimating the ocean transport from observations. Basin to basin variation in transport. Vertical structure of the transport.
11 Observed incoming and outgoing radiation Measurement made at the top of the atmosphere from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment satellite
12 Steady state energy balance Depth integrated advective transport Meridional transport of both atmosphere and ocean Heat transport is poleward
13 Estimating the ocean transport using the residual method Use atmospheric analyses of velocity and temperature to calculated the total energy transport in the atmosphere and subtract this from the total meridional transport. Atmosphere: 4 PW Ocean 2 PW. Fig. from Trenberth and Solomon (1994)
14 Basin to basin distribution of ocean transport While in the Pacific the transport is antisymmetric about the Equator, in the Atlantic the transport is always northward and is ~0.5 PW at the Equator.
15 Heat transport by NADW NADW The southward transport of the cold NADW results in a northward transport.
16 Used the MIT GCM (2.8º resolution) run to equilibrium to evaluate the contributions of the surface and abyssal circulation to the oceanic transport of.
17 zonal integral Meridional volume transport
18 Evaluating the flux Heat advection by eddy-driven overturning parameterized using the Gent-McWilliams scheme Diffusivity associated with mesoscale eddies Part of the advective flux recirculates on a streamline and therefore does not contribute to the net meridional transport. This is removed to make the vertical structure of the transport more clear.
19 The function Total meridional transport Nearly all of the transport in the southern hemisphere is confined to upper 500 m. 0.4 PW of is fluxed by the abyssal circulation in the N. Hemisphere. The remaining 1 PW is associated with the surface circulation. Global transport
20 Mass and transport in the N. Atlantic Abyssal circulation contributes 44% of the transport. Horizontal circulation in the gyres transports 0.1 PW. NADW is responsible for the northward transport at the Equator.
21 Meridional transport by the wind-driven driven gyres Northward flow of warm water in the western boundary current Net transport to the north Southward flow of cooler water
22 Effect of abyssal mixing on transport Increasing the vertical diffusivity in the abyss strengthens the mass transport, but does not affect the transport since the gradients in temperature are so weak in the deep ocean.
23 Implications The wind-driven surface circulation dominates the transport. The transport is more sensitive to variations in the wind-driven circulation than the abyssal circulation. A decrease in the deep overturning circulation does not imply a significant reduction of the global transport.
24 Parameterization for the eddy-induced transport The eddy-induced transport can be represented by a streamfunction where - In the ocean interior, the eddy-induced transport associated with mesoscale eddies (i.e. with length scales ~100 km) has been successfully parameterized using the socalled Gent-McWilliams scheme: eddy diffusivity ~1000 m 2 /s mean slope of isopycnals The parameterization breaks down in the mixed layer where isopycnals are nearly vertical and a different class of eddies are found.
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