GEF 1100 Klimasystemet. Chapter 8: The general circulation of the atmosphere
|
|
|
- Gavin Wilkerson
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 GEF1100 Autumn GEF 1100 Klimasystemet Chapter 8: The general circulation of the atmosphere Prof. Dr. Kirstin Krüger (MetOs, UiO) 1
2 Lecture Outline Ch. 8 Ch. 8 The general circulation of the atmosphere 1. Motivation 2. Observed circulation* 2.1 The tropical Hadley circulation 2.2 The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)* 3. Mechanistic view of the circulation 3.1 The tropical Hadley circulation 3.2 The extratropical circulation 4. Large-scale atmospheric energy and momentum budget 5. Summary 6. Take home message *Add-ons, not in book. 2
3 1. Motivation Motivation Fram vessel Ch. 5-7 Early days: Discovery of the earth (with sailing boats) Understanding of the GCA (see photo) Application of Chapters 5-7 Marshall and Plumb (2008) 3
4 Chapter 7 add-ons x x Oslo Marshall and Plumb (2008) 4
5 Chapter 7 add-ons x x Oslo Sea level pressure (SLP) [mb] Zonal wind [m/s] Meridional wind [m/s] Marshall and Plumb (2008) 5
![Zonal wind [m/s] Meridional](/docs-images/46/21360596/images/page_5.jpg "wind [m/s] Marshall and Plumb")
6 2. Observed circulation The general circulation of the atmosphere The general circulation describes the total of all large-scale air movements on earth. General circulation = horizontal + vertical circulation circulation 6
7 2. Observed circulation Atmospheric circulation scales Microscale Size: meters Time: seconds Mesoscale Size: kilometres Time: minutes to hours Macroscale Synoptic Size: 100s to 1000s kilometres Time: days Global (planetary) Size: Global Time: Days to weeks Super typhoon Dujuan
8 Recap Chapter Surplus of radiation balance in the tropics and deficit in the polar regions! ~6 PW are missing Horizontal temperature gradient > by hydrostatic balance > horizontal pressure gradient P Poleward energy transport balanced by Coriolis force C > geostrophic balance> westerly wind (U>0) Marshall and Plumb (2008) 8
9 2. Observed circulation Kinetic energy of the atmosphere general circulation The horizontal difference in temperature between the tropical heat- excessive areas and the polar heat-deficient areas are directly or indirectly responsible for 98% of the atmospheric kinetic energy. The horizontal wind field of the synoptic disturbances and the eddies contain the largest part of this kinetic energy. The air movements triggered by convective activity (Chapter 4) supply the remaining share of the atmospheric energy (2%). 9
10 2. Observed circulation Energy and angular momentum budget Marshall and Plumb (2008) 10
11 11
12 2. Observed circulation General circulation of the atmosphere (GCA) Marshall and Plumb (2008) 12
13 2. Observed circulation GCA horizontal and vertical flow Polar High circumpolar easterlies subpolar low pressure channel Polar front Westerly wind drift subtropical high pressure zone northeastern trades intertropical convergence equatorial counter flow southeastern trades subtropical high pressure zone Polar front Westerly wind drift subpolar low pressure channel Polar High circumpolar easterlies Arctic katabatic winds Antarctic katabatic winds quasi-meridional circulation (Ferrel cell) northern Hadley cell southern Hadley cell quasi-meridional circulation T:= Low pressure; High pressure 13
14 2. Observed circulation GCA: vertical-meridional flow 14
15 2. Observed circulation Thermal direct circulation Thermally direct circulation: a circulation, in which warm air rises and cold air sinks, with available potential energy transforming into kinetic energy. Thermally indirect circulation: opposite case. thermally direct thermally indirect warm cold warm cold Note: The Hadley circulation in the tropics is thermally direct. The Ferrel circulation (middle latitudes) is thermally indirect. 15
16 Recap see also Ch. 5 Hadley circulation - summary History: Hadley suggested one meridional cell with rising in the tropics and descend over the Pole, the Hadley Cell, in Circulation symmetrical to the equator, - meridional overturning circulation in the tropics, - zonal components (easterlies in the lower troposphere, westerlies in the upper troposphere) due to the earth s rotation, - large regionally and seasonally variations. 16
17 Recap see also Ch. 5 Hadley cell s seasonal cycle (see also Fig. 5.21) Northern winter/ Southern summer Northern spring (Mar-May) Roedel,
18 2. Observed circulation ITCZ: InterTropical Convergence Zone ITCZ: Intertropical Convergence Zone 18
19 2. Observed circulation Development of the ITCZ thermally induced in the tropics The area of the ITCZ lies in a band of warm sea water and the equatorial dry zone, a narrow band where cold upwelling water from deeper layers in the ocean reaches the surface. Land masses on the respective summer hemisphere are warmer than the adjacent oceans. In winter the land masses are colder than the ocean. The climatological precipitation and vertical movements in the atmosphere are closely linked. On average over a longer time period air rises over moisture areas and sinks over dry areas. Circulation patterns in the tropics are in the mean characterized by ascending warm air and descending cold air, which means it is primarily a thermally driven circulation. 19
20 2. Observed circulation ITCZ Tropopause High cold dry warm moist cold dry Low thermally direct cell warm cold 20
21 2. Observed circulation ITCZ Summary For the ascending branch, in which clouds and precipitation form, the following applies: 1. In nearly the entire troposphere, the temperatures are higher than in the surroundings. 2. A weak low is located in the lower troposphere (cyclonic flow), a weak high in the upper troposphere (anticyclonic flow). 3. The mass flow is directed upwards, with a maximum in the central troposphere. 4. In the lower troposphere the horizontal air movements converge, in the upper troposphere they diverge. 21
22 2. Observed circulation Seasonal course of ITCZ Northern summer Northern winter Roedel,
23 2. Observed circulation ITCZ: September 29, 2015, 09:00 CEST Equator CEST: Central European Summer Time 23
24 Take home message Energy and momentum budgets demands on the General Circulation of the Atmosphere. Observed atmospheric winds and major climate zones reveal distinct temporal and horizonatal variations (i.e., Hadley cell and ITCZ). 28
25 GEF1100 Autumn GEF 1100 Klimasystemet Chapter 8: The general circulation of the atmosphere Prof. Dr. Kirstin Krüger (MetOs, UiO) 29
26 Lecture Outline Ch. 8 Ch. 8 The general circulation of the atmosphere 1. Motivation 2. Observed circulation* 2.1 The tropical Hadley circulation 2.2 The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)* 3. Mechanistic view of the circulation 3.1 The tropical Hadley circulation 3.2 The extratropical circulation 4. Large-scale atmospheric energy and momentum budget 5. Summary 6. Take home message *Add-ons, not in book. 30
27 3. Mechanistic view of the circulation Can we explain the observed atmospheric circulation? Based on fluid dynamics, simple representation of the atmosphere, driven by latitudinal gradients in solar forcing? Neglect: Temporal (seasons and diurnal variations) and surface (oceans, continents, mountains) variations. Assume: Atmosphere response to a longitudinal uniform, rotating planet (Earth) and to latitudinal gradient of heating (max at equator). 31
28 3. Mechanistic view of the circulation Effect of the rotating earth If the earth didn t rotate, we would have a single-cell circulation in each hemisphere. But because in reality earth follows a movement on a rotating sphere, it develops a three cell circulation in each hemisphere: - Polar cell - Ferrel cell - Hadley cell 32
29 3. Mechanistic view of the circulation Marshall and Plumb (2008) 33
30 3. Mechanistic view of the circulation Subtropical jet develops because of the conservation of angular momentum 34
31 3. Mechanistic view of the circulation Hadley circulation - NH Marshall and Plumb (2008) 35
32 3. Mechanistic view of the circulation Hadley circulation schematic Marshall and Plumb,
33 3. Mechanistic view of the circulation Extratropical circulation Baroclinic instability Strong horizontal temperature gradient in mid-latitudes implies: But: - westerly wind increase with height (thermal wind balance Eq. 7-24) - pressure horizontal gradients and by geostrophic balance > weak meridional circulation. Poleward heat transport required to balance energy budget, but how if Hadley Cell transport heat only up to subtropics? Daily observations tell us strong zonal asymmetries (low and high pressure systems) Thus the axisymmetric model can only partly correct. Mid-latitudes is full of eddies (weather systems). 37
34 3. Mechanistic view of the circulation Extratropical circulation Baroclinic instability Break-down of thermal wind by baroclinic* instabilities: Due to the faster rotation rate (greater f) in mid-latitudes eddies (wave like structures) develop. Baroclinic flow: ρ=ρ(p,t) Barotropic flow: ρ=ρ(p) Marshall and Plumb (2008) 38
35 3. Mechanistic view of the circulation Extratropical circulation baroclinic instability Mid-latitude weather systems: Eddies stir the atmosphere. Eddies carry cold/warm air equatorward/ poleward > meridional heat transport. Marshall and Plumb (2008) 39
36 Add-ons Today s mean sea level pressure (hpa) map - Globe x x Oslo 40
37 Add-ons x x Oslo 41
38 Add ons Today s weather map: Norway and Europe Oslo: 13 degc, Flau vind, 1 m/s fra vest 42
39 4. Large-scale atmospheric energy and momentum budget Large-scale atmospheric energy budget Energy transport: 1. Conversion of potential energy (from solar heating) into kinetic energy > upward heat transport 2. Poleward transport of heat from low to high latitudes > balancing the radiative budget z y Marshall and Plumb (2008) 43
40 4. Large-scale atmospheric energy and momentum budget Northward energy flux? Energy transport Consider northward energy E at latitude φ, across atmospheric area da with height dz and longitudinal width dλ (da= a cos φdλ dz). E = c p T + gz + Lq + 1 u u (Eq. 8-14) 2 dry static energy latent heat moist static energy kinetic energy density Net northward energy flux for da is: H atmos = ρve da 2π 0 2π 0 0 = a cos φ ρve dz dλ p s = a cos φ ve dp dλ g 0 - northward mass flux: ρv da - northward energy flux: ρve da - replace ρdz by -dp/g (hydrostatic balance) (Eq. 8-15) a: Earth radius, E: Energy, c p : specific heat at constant pressure p, T: temperature, g: gravity acceleration, L: latent heat, q: humidity, u: velocity, v: meridional velocity, H atmos : net northward energy flux 44
41 4. Large-scale atmospheric energy and momentum budget Energy transport in tropics Kinetic energy term (<1 %) can be neglected in Eq ऒ λ tropics = 2πa g cos φ v p s 0 c p T + gz + Lq dp (Eq. 8-16) In the net annually average, the energy flux by Hadley cell is weakly poleward. Ocean heat transport exceeds atmosphere in the tropics (see also Chapter 11). *Petawatt (PW) watts W= J/s = N m/s = kg m 2 /s 3 Marshall and Plumb (2008) 45
42 4. Large-scale atmospheric energy and momentum budget Energy transport in extratropics Transport by mid-latitude eddies: Northward heat flux to consider order of magnitude estimate of the net energy flux: ऒ λ midlat~2π ac p g cos φ p s v T (PP. 155) ऒ λ midlat~8 PW Radiative imbalance: ~6 PW (Chapter 5) a= 6371 km, c p = 1005 J kg -1 K -1, g = 9.81 ms -2, p s 10 5 Pa, [v 45 ] 10 m/s, [T 45 ] 3 K, Petawatt (PW) = Watts Marshall and Plumb (2008) 46
43 4. Large-scale atmospheric energy and momentum budget Northward heat transport (PW*) Trenberth and Caron (2001) *Petawatt (PW) Watts W= J/s = N m/s = kg m 2 /s 3 47
44 4. Large-scale atmospheric energy and momentum budget Momentum transport z y Eq NP by atmosphere Marshall and Plumb (2008) 48
45 4. Large-scale atmospheric energy and momentum budget Momentum transport Tropics: Net export of westerly momentum out of low latitudes must be balanced by supply of momentum into this region surface winds must be easterly (Hadley circulation). Mid-latitudes: Loss of momentum from the atmosphere to the surface (eq. due to drag on near surface Westerlies) must be balanced by supply of poleward transport of westerly momentum via eddies; shift of low latitudes westerlies to mid-latitudes. circular eddies banana-shape eddies Marshall and Plumb (2008) 49
46 5. Summary - simple representation of the atmosphere Marshall and Plumb (2008) 50
47 5. Summary Deviations from simple GCA Seasonal variations and horizontal asymmetries: Tropics: e.g. Monsoon, Hadley circulation and ITCZ vary seasonally and horizontally Extratropics: e.g. storms/ jet streams maximize during winter Indian monsoon Jet streams 51
48 Monsoon arabic mawsim = season Summer Winter Ruddiman,
49 5. Summary GCA more complex Polar High circumpolar easterlies subpolar low pressure channel Polarfront Westwinddrift subtropical high pressure zone northeastern trades intertropical convergence equatorial counter flow southeastern trades subtropical high pressure zone Polarfront Westwinddrift subpolar low pressure channel Polar High circumpolar easterlies Arctic katabatic winds Antarctic katabatic winds quasi-meridional circulation (Ferrel cell) northern Hadley cell southern Hadley cell quasi-meridional circulation 53
50 5. Summary GCA: vertical-meridional flow 54
51 Take home message Energy and momentum budgets demands on the GCA. Observed atmospheric winds and major climate zones can be explained by dynamic atmosphere on a longitudinal uniform, rotating Earth with latitudinal gradient of solar heating. However, distinct deviations on temporal and horizontally variations exist. Geostrophic, hydrostatic and thermal wind balances together with conservation of angular momentum explain most of the observed wind patterns. 55
52 Recap Extratropical circulation baroclinic instability Mid-latitude weather systems: Eddies stir the atmosphere. Eddies carry cold/warm air equatorward/ poleward > meridional heat transport. Marshall and Plumb (2008) 56
53 Add-ons Life cycle of an ideal cyclone L a) L d) L b) L e) c) L Life cycle of a polar front cyclone (after J. Bjerknes), shown in 12h intervals (DWD, 1987) 57
54 Add-ons Satellite image cyclogenesis Satellite pictures of cyclonesis from UTC until UTC (DWD, 1987). 58
55 Add-ons Life cycle of cyclones Bjerknes and Solberg (1922) 59
56 Add-ons Cyclone passage - weather L W C C Visibility: good poor moderate poor good Air pressure DWD
Lecture 4: Pressure and Wind
Lecture 4: Pressure and Wind Pressure, Measurement, Distribution Forces Affect Wind Geostrophic Balance Winds in Upper Atmosphere Near-Surface Winds Hydrostatic Balance (why the sky isn t falling!) Thermal
ATMS 310 Jet Streams
ATMS 310 Jet Streams Jet Streams A jet stream is an intense (30+ m/s in upper troposphere, 15+ m/s lower troposphere), narrow (width at least ½ order magnitude less than the length) horizontal current
Chapter Overview. Seasons. Earth s Seasons. Distribution of Solar Energy. Solar Energy on Earth. CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction
Chapter Overview CHAPTER 6 Air-Sea Interaction The atmosphere and the ocean are one independent system. Earth has seasons because of the tilt on its axis. There are three major wind belts in each hemisphere.
Goal: Understand the conditions and causes of tropical cyclogenesis and cyclolysis
Necessary conditions for tropical cyclone formation Leading theories of tropical cyclogenesis Sources of incipient disturbances Extratropical transition Goal: Understand the conditions and causes of tropical
8.5 Comparing Canadian Climates (Lab)
These 3 climate graphs and tables of data show average temperatures and precipitation for each month in Victoria, Winnipeg and Whitehorse: Figure 1.1 Month J F M A M J J A S O N D Year Precipitation 139
Fundamentals of Climate Change (PCC 587): Water Vapor
Fundamentals of Climate Change (PCC 587): Water Vapor DARGAN M. W. FRIERSON UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, DEPARTMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES DAY 2: 9/30/13 Water Water is a remarkable molecule Water vapor
Meteorology: Weather and Climate
Meteorology: Weather and Climate Large Scale Weather Systems Lecture 1 Tropical Cyclones: Location and Structure Prof. Roy Thompson Crew building Large-scale Weather Systems Tropical cyclones (1-2) Location,
ENVIRONMENTAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION: CLIMATE SYSTEM Vol. II - Low-Latitude Climate Zones and Climate Types - E.I. Khlebnikova
LOW-LATITUDE CLIMATE ZONES AND CLIMATE TYPES E.I. Khlebnikova Main Geophysical Observatory, St. Petersburg, Russia Keywords: equatorial continental climate, ITCZ, subequatorial continental (equatorial
Name Period 4 th Six Weeks Notes 2015 Weather
Name Period 4 th Six Weeks Notes 2015 Weather Radiation Convection Currents Winds Jet Streams Energy from the Sun reaches Earth as electromagnetic waves This energy fuels all life on Earth including the
Hurricanes. Characteristics of a Hurricane
Hurricanes Readings: A&B Ch. 12 Topics 1. Characteristics 2. Location 3. Structure 4. Development a. Tropical Disturbance b. Tropical Depression c. Tropical Storm d. Hurricane e. Influences f. Path g.
Physics of the Atmosphere I
Physics of the Atmosphere I WS 2008/09 Ulrich Platt Institut f. Umweltphysik R. 424 Ulrich.Platt@iup.uni-heidelberg.de heidelberg.de Last week The conservation of mass implies the continuity equation:
The Ideal Gas Law. Gas Constant. Applications of the Gas law. P = ρ R T. Lecture 2: Atmospheric Thermodynamics
Lecture 2: Atmospheric Thermodynamics Ideal Gas Law (Equation of State) Hydrostatic Balance Heat and Temperature Conduction, Convection, Radiation Latent Heating Adiabatic Process Lapse Rate and Stability
In this Chapter, then, we will describe the observed climatology 1 of atmospheric temperature, pressure, humidity and wind.
Chapter 5 The Meridional Structure of the Atmosphere In previous chapters we considered those processes that play a role in setting the vertical distribution of atmospheric properties. Here we discuss
2. The map below shows high-pressure and low-pressure weather systems in the United States.
1. Which weather instrument has most improved the accuracy of weather forecasts over the past 40 years? 1) thermometer 3) weather satellite 2) sling psychrometer 4) weather balloon 6. Wind velocity is
Atmospheric Dynamics of Venus and Earth. Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics UCLA 2 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Atmospheric Dynamics of Venus and Earth G. Schubert 1 and C. Covey 2 1 Department of Earth and Space Sciences Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics UCLA 2 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Can latent heat release have a negative effect on polar low intensity?
Can latent heat release have a negative effect on polar low intensity? Ivan Føre, Jon Egill Kristjansson, Erik W. Kolstad, Thomas J. Bracegirdle and Øyvind Sætra Polar lows: are intense mesoscale cyclones
Dynamics IV: Geostrophy SIO 210 Fall, 2014
Dynamics IV: Geostrophy SIO 210 Fall, 2014 Geostrophic balance Thermal wind Dynamic height READING: DPO: Chapter (S)7.6.1 to (S)7.6.3 Stewart chapter 10.3, 10.5, 10.6 (other sections are useful for those
The Oceans Role in Climate
The Oceans Role in Climate Martin H. Visbeck A Numerical Portrait of the Oceans The oceans of the world cover nearly seventy percent of its surface. The largest is the Pacific, which contains fifty percent
How Do Oceans Affect Weather and Climate?
How Do Oceans Affect Weather and Climate? In Learning Set 2, you explored how water heats up more slowly than land and also cools off more slowly than land. Weather is caused by events in the atmosphere.
Observed Cloud Cover Trends and Global Climate Change. Joel Norris Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Observed Cloud Cover Trends and Global Climate Change Joel Norris Scripps Institution of Oceanography Increasing Global Temperature from www.giss.nasa.gov Increasing Greenhouse Gases from ess.geology.ufl.edu
Indian Ocean and Monsoon
Indo-French Workshop on Atmospheric Sciences 3-5 October 2013, New Delhi (Organised by MoES and CEFIPRA) Indian Ocean and Monsoon Satheesh C. Shenoi Indian National Center for Ocean Information Services
Chapter 4 Atmospheric Pressure and Wind
Chapter 4 Atmospheric Pressure and Wind Understanding Weather and Climate Aguado and Burt Pressure Pressure amount of force exerted per unit of surface area. Pressure always decreases vertically with height
ATM 316: Dynamic Meteorology I Final Review, December 2014
ATM 316: Dynamic Meteorology I Final Review, December 2014 Scalars and Vectors Scalar: magnitude, without reference to coordinate system Vector: magnitude + direction, with reference to coordinate system
Seasonal & Daily Temperatures. Seasons & Sun's Distance. Solstice & Equinox. Seasons & Solar Intensity
Seasonal & Daily Temperatures Seasons & Sun's Distance The role of Earth's tilt, revolution, & rotation in causing spatial, seasonal, & daily temperature variations Please read Chapter 3 in Ahrens Figure
Lab Activity on Global Wind Patterns
Lab Activity on Global Wind Patterns 2002 Ann Bykerk-Kauffman, Dept. of Geological and Environmental Sciences, California State University, Chico * Objectives When you have completed this lab you should
CHAPTER 6 The atmosphere in motion
CHAPTER 6 The atmosphere in motion This chapter provides a broad view of why the wind blows at the surface and in the atmosphere in order to explain the patterns of mean wind flow around the globe. Descriptively
CHAPTER 5 Lectures 10 & 11 Air Temperature and Air Temperature Cycles
CHAPTER 5 Lectures 10 & 11 Air Temperature and Air Temperature Cycles I. Air Temperature: Five important factors influence air temperature: A. Insolation B. Latitude C. Surface types D. Coastal vs. interior
Chapter 6: Cloud Development and Forms
Chapter 6: Cloud Development and Forms (from The Blue Planet ) Why Clouds Form Static Stability Cloud Types Why Clouds Form? Clouds form when air rises and becomes saturated in response to adiabatic cooling.
Convective Clouds. Convective clouds 1
Convective clouds 1 Convective Clouds Introduction Convective clouds are formed in vertical motions that result from the instability of the atmosphere. This instability can be caused by: a. heating at
RADIATION IN THE TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE and the SAHEL SURFACE HEAT BALANCE. Peter J. Lamb. Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies
RADIATION IN THE TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE and the SAHEL SURFACE HEAT BALANCE by Peter J. Lamb Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies and School of Meteorology The University of Oklahoma
7613-1 - Page 1. Weather Unit Exam Pre-Test Questions
Weather Unit Exam Pre-Test Questions 7613-1 - Page 1 Name: 1) Equal quantities of water are placed in four uncovered containers with different shapes and left on a table at room temperature. From which
CGC1D1: Interactions in the Physical Environment Factors that Affect Climate
Name: Date: Day/Period: CGC1D1: Interactions in the Physical Environment Factors that Affect Climate Chapter 12 in the Making Connections textbook deals with Climate Connections. Use pages 127-144 to fill
Tropical Cyclone Climatology
Tropical Cyclone Climatology Introduction In this section, we open our study of tropical cyclones, one of the most recognizable (and impactful) weather features of the tropics. We begin with an overview
Overview of the IR channels and their applications
Ján Kaňák Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute Jan.kanak@shmu.sk Overview of the IR channels and their applications EUMeTrain, 14 June 2011 Ján Kaňák, SHMÚ 1 Basics in satellite Infrared image interpretation
Jessica Blunden, Ph.D., Scientist, ERT Inc., Climate Monitoring Branch, NOAA s National Climatic Data Center
Kathryn Sullivan, Ph.D, Acting Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and NOAA Administrator Thomas R. Karl, L.H.D., Director,, and Chair of the Subcommittee on Global Change Research Jessica
Solar Flux and Flux Density. Lecture 3: Global Energy Cycle. Solar Energy Incident On the Earth. Solar Flux Density Reaching Earth
Lecture 3: Global Energy Cycle Solar Flux and Flux Density Planetary energy balance Greenhouse Effect Vertical energy balance Latitudinal energy balance Seasonal and diurnal cycles Solar Luminosity (L)
Atmospheric Stability & Cloud Development
Atmospheric Stability & Cloud Development Stable situations a small change is resisted and the system returns to its previous state Neutral situations a small change is neither resisted nor enlarged Unstable
Chapter 2: Solar Radiation and Seasons
Chapter 2: Solar Radiation and Seasons Spectrum of Radiation Intensity and Peak Wavelength of Radiation Solar (shortwave) Radiation Terrestrial (longwave) Radiations How to Change Air Temperature? Add
ESCI 107/109 The Atmosphere Lesson 2 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation
ESCI 107/109 The Atmosphere Lesson 2 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation Reading: Meteorology Today, Chapters 2 and 3 EARTH-SUN GEOMETRY The Earth has an elliptical orbit around the sun The average Earth-Sun
How to analyze synoptic-scale weather patterns Table of Contents
How to analyze synoptic-scale weather patterns Table of Contents Before You Begin... 2 1. Identify H and L pressure systems... 3 2. Locate fronts and determine frontal activity... 5 3. Determine surface
Lecture 3. Turbulent fluxes and TKE budgets (Garratt, Ch 2)
Lecture 3. Turbulent fluxes and TKE budgets (Garratt, Ch 2) In this lecture How does turbulence affect the ensemble-mean equations of fluid motion/transport? Force balance in a quasi-steady turbulent boundary
Southern AER Atmospheric Education Resource
Southern AER Atmospheric Education Resource Vol. 9 No. 5 Spring 2003 Editor: Lauren Bell In this issue: g Climate Creations exploring mother nature s remote control for weather and Climate. g Crazy Climate
Geography affects climate.
KEY CONCEPT Climate is a long-term weather pattern. BEFORE, you learned The Sun s energy heats Earth s surface unevenly The atmosphere s temperature changes with altitude Oceans affect wind flow NOW, you
3 Vorticity, Circulation and Potential Vorticity.
3 Vorticity, Circulation and Potential Vorticity. 3.1 Definitions Vorticity is a measure of the local spin of a fluid element given by ω = v (1) So, if the flow is two dimensional the vorticity will be
Frank and Charles Cohen Department of Meteorology The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, 16801 -U.S.A.
376 THE SIMULATION OF TROPICAL CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS William M. Frank and Charles Cohen Department of Meteorology The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, 16801 -U.S.A. ABSTRACT IN NUMERICAL
Chapter 3: Weather Map. Weather Maps. The Station Model. Weather Map on 7/7/2005 4/29/2011
Chapter 3: Weather Map Weather Maps Many variables are needed to described weather conditions. Local weathers are affected by weather pattern. We need to see all the numbers describing weathers at many
Description of zero-buoyancy entraining plume model
Influence of entrainment on the thermal stratification in simulations of radiative-convective equilibrium Supplementary information Martin S. Singh & Paul A. O Gorman S1 CRM simulations Here we give more
Atmospheric Processes
Atmospheric Processes Steven Sherwood Climate Change Research Centre, UNSW Yann Arthus-Bertrand / Altitude Where do atmospheric processes come into AR5 WGI? 1. The main feedbacks that control equilibrium
DIURNAL CYCLE OF CLOUD SYSTEM MIGRATION OVER SUMATERA ISLAND
DIURNAL CYCLE OF CLOUD SYSTEM MIGRATION OVER SUMATERA ISLAND NAMIKO SAKURAI 1, FUMIE MURATA 2, MANABU D. YAMANAKA 1,3, SHUICHI MORI 3, JUN-ICHI HAMADA 3, HIROYUKI HASHIGUCHI 4, YUDI IMAN TAUHID 5, TIEN
What Causes Climate? Use Target Reading Skills
Climate and Climate Change Name Date Class Climate and Climate Change Guided Reading and Study What Causes Climate? This section describes factors that determine climate, or the average weather conditions
Lecture 1: A Brief Survey of the Atmosphere
Lecture 1: A Brief Survey of the Atmosphere Origins of the atmosphere Vertical structures of the atmosphere Weather maps Thickness of the Atmosphere (from Meteorology Today) 70% The thickness of the atmosphere
California Standards Grades 9 12 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping
California Standards Grades 912 Boardworks 2009 Science Contents Standards Mapping Earth Sciences Earth s Place in the Universe 1. Astronomy and planetary exploration reveal the solar system s structure,
Anticyclones, depressions, hot & drought, cold & snow
AS/A2-Level Geography Anticyclones, depressions, hot & drought, cold & snow Learning Objectives: To describe and explain the weather associated with high and low pressure systems and their links to extreme
A decadal solar effect in the tropics in July August
Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 66 (2004) 1767 1778 www.elsevier.com/locate/jastp A decadal solar effect in the tropics in July August Harry van Loon a, Gerald A. Meehl b,, Julie M.
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE Vol. II - Formation of Precipitation - L.T. Matveev, Yu. L. Matveev
FORMATION OF PRECIPITATION L.T.Matveev Department of Meteorology and Climatology, Russian State Hydrometeorological University, St. Petersburg, Russia Yu L.Matveev Department of Applied Mathematics and
This chapter discusses: 1. Definitions and causes of stable and unstable atmospheric air. 2. Processes that cause instability and cloud development
Stability & Cloud Development This chapter discusses: 1. Definitions and causes of stable and unstable atmospheric air 2. Processes that cause instability and cloud development Stability & Movement A rock,
The Sun, Solar Analogs and the Climate
The Sun, Solar Analogs and the Climate Swiss Society for Astrophysics and Astronomy 34 th Saas-Fee Advanced Course Davos, Switzerland 15-20 March 2004 Climate lectures Joanna D. Haigh Imperial College
ENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions. Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 9 May 2011
ENSO Cycle: Recent Evolution, Current Status and Predictions Update prepared by Climate Prediction Center / NCEP 9 May 2011 Outline Overview Recent Evolution and Current Conditions Oceanic Niño Index (ONI)
The Global Monsoon as Seen through the Divergent Atmospheric Circulation
3969 The Global Monsoon as Seen through the Divergent Atmospheric Circulation KEVIN E. TRENBERTH, DAVID P. STEPANIAK, AND JULIE M. CARON National Center for Atmospheric Research,* Boulder, Colorado (Manuscript
Monsoon Variability and Extreme Weather Events
Monsoon Variability and Extreme Weather Events M Rajeevan National Climate Centre India Meteorological Department Pune 411 005 rajeevan@imdpune.gov.in Outline of the presentation Monsoon rainfall Variability
Chapter 7 Stability and Cloud Development. Atmospheric Stability
Chapter 7 Stability and Cloud Development Atmospheric Stability 1 Cloud Development - stable environment Stable air (parcel) - vertical motion is inhibited if clouds form, they will be shallow, layered
Relationship between the Subtropical Anticyclone and Diabatic Heating
682 JOURNAL OF CLIMATE Relationship between the Subtropical Anticyclone and Diabatic Heating YIMIN LIU, GUOXIONG WU, AND RONGCAI REN State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences
Exploring Florida: Teaching Resources for Science 1 of 6
Exploring Florida: Teaching Resources for Science 1 of 6 Tropical Cyclones This document describes tropical cyclones and the dangers they pose to coastal populations. It is intended to help teachers improve
Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Centre, School of energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong
Diurnal and Semi-diurnal Variations of Rainfall in Southeast China Judy Huang and Johnny Chan Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Centre School of Energy and Environment City University of Hong Kong
Increasing Atmospheric Poleward Energy Transport with Global Warming
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL.???, XXXX, DOI:1.129/, Increasing Atmospheric Poleward Energy Transport with Global Warming Yen-Ting Hwang, 1 Dargan M. W. Frierson, 1 Most state-of-the-art global climate
CHAPTER 2 Energy and Earth
CHAPTER 2 Energy and Earth This chapter is concerned with the nature of energy and how it interacts with Earth. At this stage we are looking at energy in an abstract form though relate it to how it affect
Coupling of oceanic and atmospheric heat transport in the tropics
Coupling of oceanic and atmospheric heat transport in the tropics Clare Helen Heaviside April 2009 Space and Atmospheric Physics group, Department of Physics, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ A thesis
Basics of weather interpretation
Basics of weather interpretation Safety at Sea Seminar, April 2 nd 2016 Dr. Gina Henderson Oceanography Dept., USNA ghenders@usna.edu Image source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/naturalhazards/view.php?id=80399,
UCCS PES/ENSC 2500: Renewable Energy Spring 2014 Test 3 name:
UCCS PES/ENSC 2500: Renewable Energy Spring 2014 Test 3 name: 1. When a wind turbine is positioned between radio, television or microwave transmitter and receiver it can sometime reflect some of the in
Developing Continuous SCM/CRM Forcing Using NWP Products Constrained by ARM Observations
Developing Continuous SCM/CRM Forcing Using NWP Products Constrained by ARM Observations S. C. Xie, R. T. Cederwall, and J. J. Yio Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California M. H. Zhang
CHAPTER 3 Heat and energy in the atmosphere
CHAPTER 3 Heat and energy in the atmosphere In Chapter 2 we examined the nature of energy and its interactions with Earth. Here we concentrate initially on the way in which energy interacts with the atmosphere
ES 106 Laboratory # 3 INTRODUCTION TO OCEANOGRAPHY. Introduction The global ocean covers nearly 75% of Earth s surface and plays a vital role in
ES 106 Laboratory # 3 INTRODUCTION TO OCEANOGRAPHY 3-1 Introduction The global ocean covers nearly 75% of Earth s surface and plays a vital role in the physical environment of Earth. For these reasons,
Diurnal Cycle of Convection at the ARM SGP Site: Role of Large-Scale Forcing, Surface Fluxes, and Convective Inhibition
Thirteenth ARM Science Team Meeting Proceedings, Broomfield, Colorado, March 31-April 4, 23 Diurnal Cycle of Convection at the ARM SGP Site: Role of Large-Scale Forcing, Surface Fluxes, and Convective
Chapter 3: Weather Map. Station Model and Weather Maps Pressure as a Vertical Coordinate Constant Pressure Maps Cross Sections
Chapter 3: Weather Map Station Model and Weather Maps Pressure as a Vertical Coordinate Constant Pressure Maps Cross Sections Weather Maps Many variables are needed to described dweather conditions. Local
Seasonal Temperature Variations
Seasonal and Daily Temperatures Fig. 3-CO, p. 54 Seasonal Temperature Variations What causes the seasons What governs the seasons is the amount of solar radiation reaching the ground What two primary factors
Tropical Cloud Population
Tropical Cloud Population Before Satellites Visual Observation View from and aircraft flying over the South China Sea Radiosonde Data Hot tower hypothesis Riehl & Malkus 1958 Satellite Observations Post
Climates are described by the same conditions used to describe
58 The Causes of Climate R E A D I N G Climates are described by the same conditions used to describe weather, such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. You now know that oceans have an important effect
Reply to No evidence for iris
Reply to No evidence for iris Richard S. Lindzen +, Ming-Dah Chou *, and Arthur Y. Hou * March 2002 To appear in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society +Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary
Stability and Cloud Development. Stability in the atmosphere AT350. Why did this cloud form, whereas the sky was clear 4 hours ago?
Stability and Cloud Development AT350 Why did this cloud form, whereas the sky was clear 4 hours ago? Stability in the atmosphere An Initial Perturbation Stable Unstable Neutral If an air parcel is displaced
-ma, we see that the acceleration of a falling object (g) is g=g*m
Forces of Motion And Sir Isaac Newton Sir Isaac Newton, the father of mechanics, is one of the most important scientists who ever lived, changing the standards by which scientists think. His genius in
The following words and their definitions should be addressed before completion of the reading:
Seasons Vocabulary: The following words and their definitions should be addressed before completion of the reading: sphere any round object that has a surface that is the same distance from its center
Solar energy and the Earth s seasons
Solar energy and the Earth s seasons Name: Tilt of the Earth s axis and the seasons We now understand that the tilt of Earth s axis makes it possible for different parts of the Earth to experience different
6. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the average monthly temperature of two cities A and B.
1. Which single factor generally has the greatest effect on the climate of an area on the Earth's surface? 1) the distance from the Equator 2) the extent of vegetative cover 3) the degrees of longitude
Near Real Time Blended Surface Winds
Near Real Time Blended Surface Winds I. Summary To enhance the spatial and temporal resolutions of surface wind, the remotely sensed retrievals are blended to the operational ECMWF wind analyses over the
Correspondence: drajan@hydra.t.u-tokyo.ac.jp, drajan@ncmrwf.gov.in
Southwest and Northeast Monsoon Season of India During 2004 as Seen by JRA25 and the General Circulation Model T80 D. Rajan 1,2, T.Koike 1, K.Taniguchi 1 1 CEOP Lab, University of Tokyo, Japan 2 NCMRWF,
IX Geography CHEPTER-4 CLIMATE
IX Geography CHEPTER-4 CLIMATE Introduction: Climate refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period of time (more than thirty years). Weather refers to
Name: OBJECTIVES Correctly define: WEATHER BASICS: STATION MODELS: MOISTURE: PRESSURE AND WIND: Weather
Name: OBJECTIVES Correctly define: air mass, air pressure, anemometer, barometer, cyclone, dew point, front, isobar, isotherm, meteorology, precipitation, psychrometer, relative humidity, saturated, transpiration
Titan s stratospheric composition driven by condensation and dynamics
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 109,, doi:10.1029/2004je002282, 2004 Titan s stratospheric composition driven by condensation and dynamics Frédéric Hourdin and Sébastien Lebonnois Laboratoire de
Intra-seasonal and Annual variability of the Agulhas Current from satellite observations
Intra-seasonal and Annual variability of the Agulhas Current from satellite observations Marjolaine Krug Ecosystem Earth Observation (CSIR NRE) Pierrick Penven Laboratoire de Physique des Océans (IRD)
WEATHER AND CLIMATE practice test
WEATHER AND CLIMATE practice test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What role does runoff play in the water cycle? a. It is the process in
Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange in the Tropics. Masatomo Fujiwara Hokkaido University, Japan (14 March 2006)
Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange in the Tropics Masatomo Fujiwara Hokkaido University, Japan (14 March 2006) Contents 1. Structure of Tropical Atmosphere 2. Water Vapor in the Stratosphere 3. General
FOURTH GRADE WEATHER
FOURTH GRADE WEATHER 1 WEEK LESSON PLANS AND ACTIVITIES WATER CYCLE OVERVIEW OF FOURTH GRADE WATER WEEK 1. PRE: Comparing different reservoirs of water. LAB: Experimenting with surface tension and capillary
Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change. Nick Panico III MET 295-Spring 2011 Prof. Mandia
Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change Nick Panico III MET 295-Spring 2011 Prof. Mandia Each year hundreds of storm systems develop around the tropical regions surrounding the equator, and approximately
Mid latitude Cyclonic Storm System. 08 _15 ab. jpg
Mid latitude Cyclonic Storm System 08 _15 ab. jpg Mid Latitude Cyclone Storm System (MLCSS) It has several names. Cyclone, Cyclonic Storm, Cyclonic System, Depression. Cyclonic Storms are the weather maker
Storms Short Study Guide
Name: Class: Date: Storms Short Study Guide Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A(n) thunderstorm forms because of unequal heating
This paper is also taken for the relevant Examination for the Associateship. For Second Year Physics Students Wednesday, 4th June 2008: 14:00 to 16:00
Imperial College London BSc/MSci EXAMINATION June 2008 This paper is also taken for the relevant Examination for the Associateship SUN, STARS, PLANETS For Second Year Physics Students Wednesday, 4th June
12.307. 1 Convection in water (an almost-incompressible fluid)
12.307 Convection in water (an almost-incompressible fluid) John Marshall, Lodovica Illari and Alan Plumb March, 2004 1 Convection in water (an almost-incompressible fluid) 1.1 Buoyancy Objects that are
UNIT VII--ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY AND INSTABILITY
UNIT VII--ATMOSPHERIC STABILITY AND INSTABILITY The stability or instability of the atmosphere is a concern to firefighters. This unit discusses how changes in the atmosphere affect fire behavior, and
Air Masses and Fronts
Air Masses and Fronts Air Masses The weather of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains is dominated by large masses of air that travel south from the wide expanses of land in Canada, and north from
HUMIDITY AND PRECIPITATION
12 HUMIDITY AND PRECIPITATION In our previous lesson while discussing the composition of the atmosphere, we noted that water vapour, though a minor component, is a very important constituent of the atmosphere.