World History I: Name the Crusades Thursday, January 24 th, 2013-Tuesday, January 29 th, 2013 Lesson Activity Plan Tim Sossa

Transcription

1 World History I: Name the Thursday, January 24 th, 2013-Tuesday, January 29 th, 2013 Lesson Activity Plan Tim Sossa Content Students will learn about three of the : The First Crusade, the Third Crusade, and the Children s Crusade. Students, in their groups (Christian, Muslim, or Jewish) will read about the Crusade through their particular perspective. Each group will receive a different history about the First Crusade to show highlight the perspective of their group. For instance, the Jewish group will learn about the atrocities the Crusaders committed against the Jewish community. Students will take notes in their Interactive Notebooks and find the two or three main ideas about the history. They will then come up with a name for that Crusade. This name should highlight how each group viewed the Crusade. For example, the Christian group might come up with a name that hints at the triumph of the Crusaders conquering Jerusalem. Students will then put their names on a poster and come up with a creative presentation of the new names for each Crusade studied. Goal The goal is for students to see how history is portrayed differently through different lenses or perspectives. Students will also be able to understand a particular viewpoint. What my students will know and be able to do My students will know the different experiences of the. They will know the events of the First Crusade, the Third Crusade, and the Children s Crusade. They will be able to think of history through a particular perspective. Activities Time Student Activity Teacher Activity Goal/Purpose 0-10 min Starter: Why is compromise so hard to achieve? Teacher prepares materials min Students listen to a presentation on the different players during the (Crusaders, Muslim Soldiers, and Jews) Teacher introduces the different players. Provide a visual for students to see the different figures of the min Students work on the readings and notes min Students create posters on the names and visual representation of the through their perspective Teacher circulates for any questions Teacher circulates for any questions Learning about experiences and perspectives Learning about experiences and perspectives. 1

2 min Present their posters Teacher facilitates presentations Learning about other perspectives and experiences Assessment Jews can be seen as the victims during the. Jews can be seen as infidels during the Christians can heroes during the. Christians can villains of the Muslims can heroes and victims of the Muslims can villains of the 2

3 The First Crusade: Christian Perspective Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade and raised an army of over 30,000 Europeans to march to Jerusalem. He started the First Crusade because the Muslim Turks were a threat to the Byzantine Christian empire. Being Pope, Urban II saw it as his responsibility to protect all of Christianity. But Pope Urban II had other reasons. He knew that if he could unite all of Europe s Christian population in a holy war with himself as the leader, no one could challenge his authority (power). For knights and peasants, the Crusade was an opportunity for adventure. Jerusalem was also declared a fief of God which require knights to perform their duty and defend the holy city. For peasants, the Crusade provided an opportunity to escape from their lords. Those peasants who fought ( took the cross ) were freed from their feudal obligations. Christians were being harassed by Muslim robbers on highways around the outskirts of Jerusalem. Crusaders wanted to provide a safe pathway to their Holy City. All Christians who fought for the Holy Land were promised absolute indulgence by the Church. This meant forgiveness of past sins and promise of being taken immediately into heaven if they died in battle. 30,000 crusaders left Europe shouting Deus le volt, God wills it! As the peasant armies marched through Europe, they engaged in a lot of fighting. They attacked farmers, looted cottages, and burned fields. On their way to Jerusalem, the Crusaders stopped and conquered the Muslim city of Antioch, however a disease killed much of their army, so few soldiers continued on to Jerusalem. Nearing the Jerusalem, the Crusaders fought off Muslim armies from Egypt. On June 7, 1099, they finally reached Jerusalem. The army of 30,000 was now down to a only a little over 15,000 Crusaders. Soldiers continue to fight. They brought siege towers and ladders to get over the walls of the Holy City. The Crusaders broke through killing Muslim and Jewish men and women. The capture of Jerusalem was a great victory for the Crusaders. They felt that the Holy Land was cleansed of the infidel (Muslims and Jews). Many Crusaders, satisfied, left for home. Others stayed in Jerusalem and established crusader states (similar to manors) to continue their rule over Jerusalem. The Holy Land was not back in Christian hands. 3

4 The First Crusade: Muslim Perspective Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade and raised an army of over 30,000 Europeans to march to Jerusalem. He started the First Crusade because the Muslim Turks were a threat to the Byzantine Christian empire. Being Pope, Urban II saw it as his responsibility to protect all of Christianity. But Pope Urban II had other reasons. He knew that if he could unite all of Europe s Christian population in a holy war with himself as the leader, no one could challenge his authority (power). The most popular motivation for European crusaders to march to conquer Jerusalem was the belief that the Muslim and Jews who lived in Jerusalem were infidels. Many Christians were harassed by Muslim robbers along the roads leading to Jerusalem. Christian crusaders sought to rid this threat from Jerusalem. The Crusaders felt Jerusalem must be cleansed from the infidels. On their way to Jerusalem, the Crusaders sieged and conquered the city of Antioch. Once the Crusaders broke through the walls, they slaughtered all the Muslims within the city. Finally arriving at Jerusalem, the Crusaders once again took up arms. The Muslim armies in Jerusalem began to defend the city but they were soon over powered. The Crusaders entered the city in a frenzy. Muslim and Jewish men, women, and children, were killed and murdered in the streets. A few were taken prisoner. Other Muslims and Jews were sold into slavery, drowned, or beheaded. The Crusaders eventually conquered the city and cleansed the Holy Land of the Muslim and Jewish infidel and restored the land to Christian hands. 4

5 The First Crusade: Jewish Perspective Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade and raised an army of over 30,000 Europeans to march to Jerusalem. He started the First Crusade because the Muslim Turks were a threat to the Byzantine Christian empire. Being Pope, Urban II saw it as his responsibility to protect all of Christianity. But Pope Urban II had other reasons. He knew that if he could unite all of Europe s Christian population in a holy war with himself as the leader, no one could challenge his authority (power). The most popular motivation for European crusaders to march to conquer Jerusalem was the belief that the Muslim and Jews who lived in Jerusalem were infidels. Many Christians were harassed by Muslim robbers along the roads leading to Jerusalem. Christian crusaders sought to rid this threat from Jerusalem. The Crusaders felt Jerusalem must be cleansed from the infidels. As the Crusaders marched through Europe, they engaged in a lot of fighting. Crusaders attacked farms, looted cottages, burned fields. The crusaders were especially brutal towards Jews. They massacred all they could find. Christian fanatics blamed Jews as the group responsible for Christ s crucifixion, and the Crusaders felt that Jews deserved no mercy. The road to the Holy Land ran through what some Jews later came to describe as the first Holocaust. Jerusalem was occupied by Muslim and Jews. As the Crusaders broke through the walls surrounding Jerusalem, the Crusaders entered in a frenzy. Muslim and Jewish men, women, and children, were all killed. As Muslims were killed in the streets, the Jews were gathered into a synagogue which was then set on fire by the crusaders. Many Jews burned alive. Other Muslim and Jews were sold into slavery and others were either drowned or beheaded. Once the Crusaders conquered Jerusalem, they felt the city was cleansed of the infidel and was back in Christian hands. 5

6 The Third Crusade After the First Crusade resulted in a victory for Crusaders and the creation of four Christian states around Jerusalem, the Second and Third were called for in response to a Muslim threat to Christian lands. A Muslim leader by the name Imad al-din Zangi, began a series of campaigns to conquer lands around the area to increase his power. Zangi became one of the first Muslim leaders to use the idea of a jihad, or struggle, against the Christians. Zangi and his sons brought instability to the Christian empire around Jerusalem. The Third Crusade brought rise to the Muslim leader Saladin. He brought unity to Muslim armies and made treaties with Europeans to build his military strength. In 1187, Saladin s forces clashed with Christian crusader Reginald of Chatillon. Reginald broke a treaty and attacked a Muslim caravan sparking the Third Crusade. Annoyed by break of the treaty, Saladin took up arms and attacked. Saladin surrounded the Crusader army, set fire all around them. Saladin killed Reginald and two hundred other Crusaders. In response to this battle, the new king of England, Richard began a new march to Jerusalem. On the way to Jerusalem, Richard attempted to make a treaty with Saladin at the city of Acre, but Saladin took too much time. Richard ordered the murder of the 2,700 Muslims in the city. As Richard continued to march towards Jerusalem, Saladin kept one step ahead of him. Saladin s forces were defeated by Richard s mere force of 50 knights, a few hundred bowmen, and some mariners. But Saladin proved to be a strong opponent. By the time Richard made it to the walls of Jerusalem, he knew his forces were too small to conquer the city. Richard made it to the Holy Land but was unable to conquer the city. Saladin, while the greatest enemy of Richard, was a model of chivalry. Saladin was known to have respected his enemy, Richard. Saladin wrote, though King Richard so pleasant [and] upright that if he had to lose Jerusalem he would rather have taken into Richard s might power than anyone else s The Third Crusade was not won decisively by either Richard s or Saladin s forces. In September of 1192, Richard and Saladin signed a peace treaty. 6

7 Children s Crusade The Children s Crusade began in 1212 France and Germany. Two boys became the leaders of this movement. In Germany, Nicholas set out from his home wearing a cross and carrying banners. The crowd of children that followed him believed God would part the waters for them to reach the Holy Land without ever getting wet. In France, a boy, Stephen from Cloyes, claimed to have seen a vision of Jesus. Jesus apparently gave Stephen bread and a message for the king of France. Stephen collected a group of 30,000 children and adults. The mass of people shouted Lord God, exalt Christianity! and Restore the True Cross to us! Adults joined the movement including women and infants. They represented the ideal of povertystricken, innocent crusaders armed with only divine will. For these children, the Holy Land was not simply an earthly city but a divine destination where they could find the City of God. Pope Innocent tried to tell the children to return to their homes. While some returned, other s parents joined the march. The children were barefoot, hungry, and suffering from excessive heat. Due to these issues, the crusade eventually fell apart. The children scattered. Some children boarded ships in the city of Marseilles (two ships sank killing all aboard). The other ships were owned by slave-traders who tricked the children. Many children were sold into Muslim slave markets. Some who made it back to Rome were freed from their vows by the Pope who declared, These children put us to shame. They rush to recover the Holy Land while we sleep. Many who did return home were lost, sick, and lost their religious passion and faith in God. The Church claimed that the tragic lives of the children was the work of the devil. 7