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1 The Persian Wars The First Persian War: B. C. E. By 500 B.C.E., the Persian Empire had conquered all of the Fertile Crescent and Asia Minor (Anatolia). Several Ionian Greek city-states on the west coast of Anatolia decided to revolt against the Persian Empire in 499 B.C.E. The Ionian Greeks asked for help from Greeks on the mainland. Athens was one of the few citystates to send help. The Persian navy fought mostly against the Athenian navy and was defeated. King Darius I of Persia was angry that the Athenians had helped the Ionians rebel against the Persia and declared war on Athens and its allies in 492 B.C.E. In 490 B.C.E., Darius sent a representative to several Greek city-states with the message that all Greeks should send him earth and water to show that the Greeks recognized Darius as the ruler of their lands and seas. Characteristic of their city-state s attitude, the Spartans threw the representative down a well, saying Darius could have both earth and water at the same time! This was also their way of showing Darius that the Spartans were not intimidated. Darius responded by sending his huge navy, carrying the massive Persian army, across the Aegean to have his troops start the land war. His goal was to conquer Athens first, then control the other arrogant citystates. His troops landed at Marathon, which is just north of Athens. The militarily brilliant Spartans refused to help Athens. Even without the Spartans help, the Athenians against all odds destroyed the Persian invading force. How? The Greek soldiers, called hoplites, had perfected a battle formation called a Phalanx. The Persian forces had no fighting experience against this formation, and they were quickly defeated in the Battle of Marathon. The remaining Persian force attempted to leave Marathon and make their way toward Athens in hopes the city would surrender without its hoplites to protect it. The popular story tells us that, luckily for the Athenians, they had an incredible runner name Pheidippides. Pheidippides sprinted just 26 miles from Marathon to Athens to warn them of the approaching Persian force. Legend says that when he got to Athens, he yelled, Rejoice, we conquer! and then dropped dead. Since they had advance notice, the Athenians were able to fight the invaders back rather than surrender. Darius I was forced to return to Persia defeated and embarrassed by the Athenians yet again.
2 The Second Persian War: B. C. E. After his father Darius I died, the next Persian king, Xerxes, swore to take revenge on all of Greece, especially the Athenians. He spent 10 years raising a massive to destroy Greece. The first major battle of this portion of the war was the Battle of Thermopylae. For one of the few times in Greek history, Athens and Sparta united to defend themselves against the Persians. The Spartan king, Leonidas, led a small army of just 300 Spartans warriors to defend the pass at Thermopylae. Thermopylae was the entrance from Macedonia in the north to Greece. Leonidas and his small group of men stalled the massive Persian force from entering Greece while the other Greek forces retreated to further prepare for the Persian invasion. After a valiant struggle, the Persians slaughtered Leonidas and every one of his men. Not surprisingly, the Spartans willingly sacrificed themselves for the good of Greece. Meanwhile, the Athenian general Themistocles ordered the evacuation of all women and children in Athens while the Athenian men went to their warships. The Athenians decided to stake their survival on their powerful navy. After the Persians defeated Leonidas, Xerxes and his army swept into Greece and headed straight for Athens. When they found the city abandoned, they burned Athens to the ground. Xerxes then set his mind on destroying the Athenian navy and ending the war in victory. Themistocles tricked Xerxes into believing the Athenian navy was retreating and the massive Persian navy pursued them into a small strip of sea off the island of Salamis. The Persian ships were much larger than the Greeks and were not built for confined spaces. The huge Persian navy found it could not maneuver and was trapped. The much smaller ships of the Athenian navy repeatedly smashed into the Persian warships. Xerxes, sitting upon a golden throne placed on a cliff high above the shore overlooking the battle, saw his navy completely destroyed. Xerxes retreated with his remaining army. The Athenians and their allies defeated Xerxes' army for the last time at the Battle of Plataea in 479 B.C.E. Xerxes returned to Persia, defeated, and the Persian Empire never again invaded Greece. The Aftermath of the War Both Athens and Sparta claimed credit for the victory over Persia, which led to problems. Sparta was left very weak after its defeat at Thermopylae, while Athens emerged as the most powerful city-state after rebuilding. Athens created the Delian League: an alliance with other city states to protect themselves if Persia ever again invaded. Athens rebuilt their city-state more splendorous than ever, and experienced its Golden Age of economic and cultural magnificence. 2
3 Name: 3 Battles: Use the reading to complete the following chart. The Persian Wars Battle M T S P Combatants (who fought?) vs. vs. vs. vs. Who won? Notes specific to this battle Vocabulary Terms and People: Use the reading to find the correct term 1. King of Persia who declared war on Athens and started the Persian Wars. 2. King of Persia who fought Leonidas at the Battle of Thermopylae. 3. Greek city-state with the strongest military. 4. Greek city-state which created the Delian League. 5. Greek citizen-soldiers. 6. Fighting formation that helped Greece win the Battle of Marathon. 7. Greek runner who yelled Rejoice, we conquer! Then, he died. 8. Spartan leader of the brave Greek general from Athens who commanded the navy at Salamis. 10. Group of Greek city-states created to protect themselves from Persia.
4 Name: Answer Key The Persian Wars 4 Battle Marathon Thermopylae Salamis Plataea Combatants (who fought?) Persia vs. Athens Persia vs. Sparta Persian Navy vs. Athens & Allied Navy Persia vs. Athens & Allies Who won? Athens Persia Athens & Allies Athens & Allies Notes specific to this battle Without the Spartans help, the Athenians destroyed the Persian invading force. The Greek soldiers, called hoplites, had perfected a battle formation called a Phalanx. The Persian forces had no fighting experience against this formation, and they were quickly defeated in the Battle of Marathon. Leonidas and 300 soldiers stalled the massive Persian force from entering Greece while the other Greek forces retreated to further prepare for the Persian invasion. After a valiant struggle, the Persians slaughtered Leonidas and every one of his men. The Spartans willingly sacrificed themselves for the good of Greece. The huge Persian navy found it could not maneuver and was trapped. The much smaller ships of the Athenian navy repeatedly smashed into the Persian warships. Xerxes, sitting upon a golden throne placed on a cliff high above the shore overlooking the battle, saw his navy completely destroyed. After Xerxes retreated with his army from Salamis, they were defeated a final time by the Athenians and their allies at the Battle of Plataea in 479 B.C.E. Xerxes returned to Persia, defeated, and the Persian Empire never again invaded Greece. Vocabulary Terms and People: Use the reading to find the correct term Darius 1. King of Persia. Declared war on Athens and started the Persian Wars Xerxes 2. King of Persia. Fought Leonidas at the Battle of Thermopylae Sparta 3. Greek city-state with the best military Athens 4. Greek city-state which created the Delian League Hoplites 5. Greek citizen-soldiers Phalanx 6. Fighting formation that helped the Greeks win the Battle of Marathon. Pheidippides 7. Greek runner who yelled Rejoice, we conquer! Then, he died. Leonidas 8. Spartan leader of the brave 300. Themistocles 9.Greek general from Athens who commanded the navy at Salamis. Delian League 10. Group of Greek city-states created to protect themselves from Persia. Thank you for purchasing this product! If you like it, please rate it here:
5 The Persian Wars Directions: Your assignment is to create a comic strip that tells the story of the Persian Wars visually. Use the reading, your notes, and other sources to create a factual story about the Persian Wars. Your comic must be at least 6 slides long. 5 Slide 1: Causes of the War- Make sure you talk about the Ionian Greeks. Slide 2: Battle of Marathon- Make sure you mention Pheidippides. Slide 3: Battle of Thermopylae Make sure you include King Leonidas and his loss. Slide 4: Battle of Salamis- Make sure you include the differences between Athenian and Persian ships. Slide 5: Battle of Plateau: Make sure you include the winner Slide 6: Effects of the war- Include the Delian League Each Slide must: Have a title and date (The Cause and Effects slides do NOT need dates) Have a story line written either in word bubbles or at the bottom of the slide Be colorful, neat and creative All of your pictures must be drawn by you and not off the internet. Persian Wars Comic Rubric Slide Title (1pt) Date (1pt) Content (3) Colorful/ Neatness (1) Slide 1: Causes Slide 2: Marathon Slide 3: Thermopylae Slide 4: Salamis Slide 5: Plateau Slide 6: Effects Total: /36
6 Name Persian Wars Comic Template 6
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