HPLC analysis methods used for analyzing sugars and sugar derivatives in IL media obtained from lignocellulosic biomass Sari Hyvärinen
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1 HPLC analysis methods used for analyzing sugars and sugar derivatives in IL media obtained from lignocellulosic biomass Sari Hyvärinen POKE Workshop, December, 11-12, 2013 Tallinn
2 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride EmimCl or [emim] + [Cl] - Molar mass: 146,62 g/mol Density 1,1120 g/cm 3 (at 80 C) Melting point C impurities effect Flash point: 186 C Viscosity 47.4 mpas (at 80 C) Flame point 515 C Solubility in water Very hygroscopic Information concerning melting point varies in literature
![1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate EmimOAc or [emim] + [CH 3 COO] - Molar mass: 170,21 g/mol Density 1.](/docs-images/55/37620905/images/3-0.png "027 g/cm 3 at 25 C Melting point > 30 C Flash point: 164 C Viscosity Solubility in water 10 mpas (at 80")
3 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate EmimOAc or [emim] + [CH 3 COO] - Molar mass: 170,21 g/mol Density g/cm 3 at 25 C Melting point > 30 C Flash point: 164 C Viscosity Solubility in water 10 mpas (at 80 C)
4 SUGARS in trees Cellulose Hemicelluloses (Galacto)glucomannans % of softwood s wood substance (water & alkali soluble) Glucanes, galactanes & arabinogalactanes Pectines Galacturonic acid units & some rhamnose units ( Gives negative charge to fibers)
5 Saccharides & their derivatives Furfural 5-HMF Cellobiose Galactose Glucose Mannose Fructose Arabinose Xylose Valuable platform chemicals (galacturonic acid) (glucuronic acid) monosaccharides analyzed by: GC HPLC CE
6 Focus/aim Norway spruce (Picea abies) Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) Silver Birch (Betula pendula) debarking sawing chipping screening freeze-drying 6
7 GC analysis
8 HPLC & GC chromatograms vs. CE electropherogram
9 HPLC High Pressure/Performance Liquid Chromatography
10
11 HPLC column heavy-walled stainless steel equipped with end-fitting containing porous frits Frits filter incoming sample and support the compressed bed of HPLC packing wetted with the mobile phase. (Guard column = protective column placed in-line between injector and main column) (Marvin C. McMaster, HPLC, a practical user s guide, 2nd edition, Wiley 2007.)
12 HPLC Column Packings Silica and bonded-phase silica - Classic, Type II, and hybrid silica Polymer reverse phase Zirconium and MS bonded-phase Ion exchange: polymer, Zr, & Si Size separation: polymer and silica (Marvin C. McMaster, HPLC, a practical user s guide, 2nd edition, Wiley 2007.)
13 13 Lecture 6.HPLC. Phases and columns.
14 Silica columns (Marvin C. McMaster, HPLC, a practical user s guide, 2nd edition, Wiley 2007.)
15 How to select solvents/eluents Select solvents with polarity opposite the column polarity. (Marvin C. McMaster, HPLC, a practical user s guide, 2nd edition, Wiley 2007.)
16 HPLC solvents some criteria for selection UV cutoffs for wavelength selection Molar mass for MS contaminations Boiling point for high temperature work (Marvin C. McMaster, HPLC, a practical user s guide, 2nd edition, Wiley 2007.)
17 HPLC solvents (Marvin C. McMaster, HPLC, a practical user s guide, 2nd edition, Wiley 2007.)
18 HPLC, High Performance Liquid Chromatography Hewlett Packard 1100 series HPLC refractive index detector diode array UV detector HPX-87K carbohydrate column
19 Analysis conditions for RP-C8 HPLC column Also Tried: Flow: 0.8 and 0.4 ml/min (0.1-1) Temperature: 25 C (25 60 C) Injection volume: 1.00 µl (1-5) Detectors: RI and UV Eluents: water (H 2 O/ACN, H 2 O/MeOH)
20 Reversed phase & normal phase Difference Lecture 6.HPLC. Phases and columns.
21 Reverse-Phase Chromatography Polar (hydrophilic) compounds elute before nonpolar (lipophilic) compounds Ionization of compounds disturbs analysis often prevented by adding buffer e.g. phosphate, acetate or carbonate Nonpolar columns require polar solvents Water/Acetonitrile or water/methanol (when neutral compounds are analyzed) (Robert Franzén, KEM-4350 Kromatografia ja Massaspektroskopia, Kromatografia peruskäsitteet, menetelmät & laitteet, lecture material, TTY/Kemia, 2005.) (Marvin C. McMaster, HPLC, a practical user s guide, 2nd edition, Wiley 2007.)
22 Separation model Stationary phase Solvent inlet filter Mobile phase/solvent mixture/ eluent Isocratic elution Constant mobile phase composition Gradient elution mobile phase composition is changed stepwise or continuously (reproducible) (Marvin C. McMaster, HPLC, a practical user s guide, 2nd edition, Wiley 2007.)
23 Retention times are different for different chemical compounds but they also depend on the following method parameters: eluents/solvent mixture (+ gradient or isocratic) flow in the column temperature injection volume new calibration curves* must be done when any method parameter is changed *) In this research needed for ILs and sugars
24 Resolution Resolution (R) A measure of the completeness of a separation. Influenced by K (solvent polarity), N (column efficiency, and a (system chemistry (Marvin C. McMaster, HPLC, a practical user s guide, 2nd edition, Wiley 2007.)
25 HPLC analysis
26 Challenges in monosaccharide analysis (HPLC) anomer mutarotation wide & split peaks loss of reducing sugars (T) formation of Schiff bases (R 1 R 2 C=NR 3 ) shortened column lifetime long analysis time salt interferences
27 Problems with HPLC (Marvin C. McMaster, HPLC, a practical user s guide, 2nd edition, Wiley 2007.) 70 % are column problems. 80 % are due to bad water. Trouble-shooting Column QA with standards, (4-std test mixture) Treating Column killers. Reverse order system diagnosis. System Pacification
28 HPLC Column Killers Bonded Phase Loss - low ph, temp. End Voids - packing dissolved Adhering organic compounds Pressure increases Center voids - channeling (Marvin C. McMaster, HPLC, a practical user s guide, 2nd edition, Wiley 2007.)
29 Loss of Bonded-phase (Marvin C. McMaster, HPLC, a practical user s guide, 2nd edition, Wiley 2007.) Caused by hydrolysis of Si-O-Si bonds Avoid by keeping ph !
30 Dissolving Packing (Marvin C. McMaster, HPLC, a practical user s guide, 2nd edition, Wiley 2007.) Packing dissolves at ph > 8 or at high salt conc. open & repack column head!
31 Bound Non-polar Material (Marvin C. McMaster, HPLC, a practical user s guide, 2nd edition, Wiley 2007.) Late peak disappear. Treatment: wash with strong solvent, use clean water.
32 Center Void Formation (Marvin C. McMaster, HPLC, a practical user s guide, 2nd edition, Wiley 2007.) Avoid shocking or reversing the column. Save shock & column reversal for treatment, run reversed.
33 RI-detector: Sucrose 0.5 % Tailing: tailing area can be ignored (not 100 % purity)
34 COST ACTION CM0903
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