Jan Valenta Czech Technical University in Prague
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1 Engineering Geology and Geotechnics Jan Valenta Czech Technical University in Prague
2 Introduction to Engineering Geology
3 Geologists Engineering Geologists Geotechnical Engineers Civil Engineers, Architects
4 Designer Investor Construction Construction company
5 Designer Investor Construction Construction company The only important questions: How much? When?
6 Soil Mechanics Rock mechanics Geotechnics Engineering geology Mining Engineering Foundation engineering Civil Engineering
7 Engineering Geology Attaining the Aims All engineering works are built on the ground or in the ground The ground will always react to the engineering works The reaction of the ground must be accommodated by the engineering work
8 Engineering Geology Attaining the Aims
9 Engineering Geology Attaining the Aims Developer versus Engineering Geologist finally Developer with Engineering Geologists
10 Engineering Geology Attaining the Aims Engineering geologists think in mass way: The ground mass is the volume of ground which will be affected by engineering work Ground mass effected is different for different stories: -buildings based on spread foundation -bulding based on piled foundation -tunnels -mining -earth dams -roads (cuttings and embankments)
11 Engineering Geology Using codes BS 5930 Code of practice for Site Investigation EC7 Eurocode 7 BS EN ISO Geotechnical investigation and testing
12 Engineering Geology and Geotechnics Jan Valenta Czech Technical University in Prague
13 Desk study
14 Engineering Geology Stages of SI Ususally 3 stages: 1. Desk Study (Preliminary Investigation Stage) 2. Main Investigation Stage 3. Costruction and Post-Construction Investigation Stage The aim of all stages is: 1. To get relevant geotechnical data to the designer for the design 2. To prepare the designer and investor to problems (it means more money and more time needed)
15 Desk study (Preliminary Investigation Stage) The basic information about the locality are known It is cheap!!!!! (compare with other stages of SI) Even that most of the investors do not use it!!!!!!!
16 Desk study (Preliminary Investigation Stage) Source of information: 1. maps in different scale (topographic maps, geological and hydrogeological maps,) 2. published articles from the area 3. aerial photographs 4. Any site investigation reports for adjacent engineering projects 5. records of natural hazards (earthquakes, hurricanes, floods)
17 Desk study maps example Czech Republic Set of maps in scale 1: e.g. geological map
18 Desk study maps example CR Set of maps in scale 1: e.g. hydrogeological map
19 Desk study maps example CR Set of maps in scale 1: e.g. hydrogeological map
20 Maps in scale 1: in CR one map sheet includes: - geological map - hydrogeological map - map of geophysical fields and their interpretation (They include gravimetric, aeromagnetic, aero radiometric and gamma spectrometric maps. ) - Mineral resource maps (maps show the locations of deposits of raw materials, and the resources they contain together with areas of inferred resources. They provide information about the exploitation of known resources of raw materials, as well as the potential for extraction in the future ) - Engineering-geological maps (They are designed for use in regional and local planning, for example in the location of areas suitable for housing and recreational facilities, and the selection of sites for waste disposal )
21 Maps in scale 1: in CR one map sheet includes: -Maps of the geochemical reactivity of rocks (These maps provide fundamental information about the distribution of elements and chemical components in the rock substrate. ) - Soil map (These maps provide information about soil cap of the area. There is used the taxonomic soil classification system (type, sub-type,hydromorphic development, soil variety and form) as well as the soil-forming substrate. ) - Soil-interpretation maps (These maps show the potential of agricultural and forest soils. They contain information about the ecological and economic factors that govern the effective utilization of the soil resources) - Maps of surface water geochemistry (These maps provide information about the degree of acidification of surface waters, the pollution of streams by heavy metals, contamination by atmospheric dust etc) - Engineering-geological maps (They are designed for use in regional and local planning, for example in the location of areas suitable for housing and recreational facilities, and the selection of sites for waste disposal )
22 Maps in scale 1: in CR one map sheet includes: -Maps of environmental geofactors : conflicts of interest (These maps provide an immediate overview of the areas in which conflicts of interest could exist and the factors responsible. ) - Maps of environmental geofactors: significant landscape features (Maps of significant landscape features combine selected ecological information included in other maps of this series with specific data about the influence of human activity, as well as details of the assessment of vegetation condition)
23 Maps in scale 1: in CR -Geological map - Mineral resource maps
24 Engineering geology - maps 1:5 000
25 Engineering geology maps 1:5000 Geological map
26 Engineering geology maps 1:5000 Hydrogeological map
27 Engineering geology maps 1:5000 Cover thickness
28 Engineering geology maps 1:5000 Documentation map
29 Engineering geolgy - geofond
30 Engineering geolgy - geofond
31 Further reading and literature In the presentation is used pictures from: Czech Geological Survey Geological Maps in 5:000 scale
32 Engineering Geology and Geotechnics Jan Valenta Czech Technical University in Prague
33 Soils and Rocks Description
34 Soil and Rocks Description What is that for? To get the relevant geotechnical data to the designer Different description Description on site (visual classification) Description based on test results
35 Engineering Geology Classification USCS - classification BS EN ISO Geotechnical investigation and testing
36 Engineering Geology Classification Principal fractions: Gr, Sa, Secondary fractions: sagr sandy gravel grcl gravelly clay for sandy material: Dense thinly bedded grey fine SAND Important description: Dense or Loose
37 Engineering Geology Classification Stiff thinly laminated brown CLAY Important description: stiffness
38 Engineering Geology Classification Plasticity Non-plastic: 40mm long roll and 6mm thick cannot be formed Slightly plastic: 40mm long roll and 6mm thick can be formed and will support on its own weight, but 4mm will not support Moderately plastic: 40mm long roll and 4mm thick can be formed and will support on its own weight, but 2mm will not support very plastic: 40mm long roll and 2mm thick can be formed and will support on its own weight BS EN ISO Geotechnical investigation and testing low plasticity: it is NOT possible 3mm thick roll high plasticity: it is possible to create 3 mm roll Dilatancy way of recognize silt and clay in soil
39 Engineering Geology Classification Shear strength determination on site: pocket penetrometer unconfined compressive strength (MPa) for fine grained soils only test slowly Unconfined compressive strength (MPa) = 2 x shear strength of soil (MPa)
40 Engineering Geology Classification Shear strength determination on site: shear vane test undrained shear strength (MPa) for fine grained soils only test slowly
41 Engineering Geology Classification 3 adapters middle 0 to 1 kg/m 2 smallest 0 to 2.5 kg/m 2 biggest 0 to 0.2 kg/m 2 shear strength evaluation
42 Engineering Geology Classification Rocks: weathered or un-weathered Decomposed thinly bedded red coarse micaceous SANDSTONE, weak Rocks must be named there is always association with the name e.g. Limestones caverns Quartzites abrasive, high strength
43 Engineering Geology Classification Rocks: For unconfined compressive strength use Schmidt test hammer
44 Soil and Rocks Description What is that for? To get the relevant geotechnical data to the designer Important soil parameters? Estimation of soil parameters:
45 Engineering Geology and Geotechnics Jan Valenta Czech Technical University in Prague
46 Main Investigation Stage
47 Main Investigation Stage What is that for? 1. To get relevant geotechnical data to the designer for the design 2. To prepare the designer and investor to problems (it means more money and more time needed)
48 Main Investigation Stage - planning Design of site investigation determine the behaviour of the ground in response to the construction of the engineering work know engineering work (size, load, depths of excavation, ) determine the geology and hydrogeology,.(preliminary SI) Establish the size and location of the ground mass that could influence or be influenced by the engineering work list of the data for geotechnical calkulations how to get the data (type of tests (laboratory and field)) possibilities: boreholes in situ testing geophysics
49 Main Investigation Stage - drilling rotary core drilling - access to the site - pipelines and cables in the ground Core diameter (mm)
50 Main Investigation Stage - drilling - dry - using flush water
51 Main Investigation Stage - drilling double tube core drilling flushing media water, drilling mud, polymers
52 Main Investigation Stage - drilling rotary core drilling - time of description - any water remarks
53 Main Investigation Stage - drilling rotary core drilling
54 Main Investigation Stage - drilling percussion boring with cable tools
55 Main Investigation Stage trial pits Trial pits
56 Main Investigation Stage trial pits Trial pits
57 Main Investigation Stage trial pits Trial pits investigation of foundation
58 Sampling Disturbed Undisturbed
59 Sampling - undisturbed
60 Sampling
61 Further reading and literatury In the presentation is used picures from: Price, D.G: Engineering Geology principles and practice (2009) Czech Geological Survey Geological Maps in 5:000 scale
62 Engineering Geology and Geotechnics Jan Valenta Czech Technical University in Prague
63 Laboratory tests (index tests)
64 Laboratory tests Sieve analysis (particle size distribution)
65 Laboratory tests Sedimentation using hydrometer
66 Laboratory tests Atterberg limits (Consistency limits) Atterberg limits describes the effect of changes of moisture content on the plasticity of clay soils. Liquid Limit w L (is the water content at which the soil changes from liquid to solid material with plastic behaviour) Plasticity Limit w P (is the water content at which the soil stops being plastic) Plasticity index Ip=w L w p Shrinkage limit w S Limits are constant for a soil sample
67 Laboratory tests Liquid limit (w L ) Looking for water content at which the 10mm penetration is reached (for 60 cone and 60g)
68 Laboratory tests Liquid limit (w L ) Casagrande method
69 Laboratory tests Plasticity limit w P Looking for the water content at which the soil crumbles as shown
70 Laboratory tests Casagrande plasticity chart Plasticity L, I,H,E,
71 Laboratory tests Clayey minerals
72 Laboratory tests state properties Consistency (state) fine grained-soils Consistency index Ic = (w L -w) / (w L -w P ) EN very soft I C <0,25 soft I C = 0,25 to 0,50 firm I C = 0,50 až 0,75 stiff I C = 0,75 až 1,0 very stiff I C > 1,0
73 Laboratory tests Sieve analysis (particle size distribution)
74 Laboratory tests Sieve analysis (particle size distribution) s = g = f = Uniformity coefficient C u = D 60 /D 10 Coefficient of curvature C c = D 302 /D 60 *D 10
75 Laboratory tests Hydraulic conductivity estimation for sand k [ms-1] = 0,01D 102 [mm]
76 Laboratory tests Frost heaving of soil
77 Laboratory tests USCS Classification
78 Laboratory tests USCS Classification
79 Laboratory tests Sieve analysis (particle size distribution) and hydrometer analysis
80 Laboratory tests Sieve analysis (particle size distribution) and hydrometer analysis Principal fractions: Gr, Sa, Secondary fractions: sagr sandy gravel grcl gravelly clay siclsa silty clayey Sand siclfsa silty clayey fine grained Sand clfsasi clayey fine grained Sand interbeded by silt
81 Laboratory tests state properties Other laboratry properties (state) water content W w /W d [%] Density at natural water content [kg/m 3 ] Dry density [kg/m 3 ] Degree of saturation [%] Unit weightγ= ρg [kg/m 3 ] Void ratio e = Vp / Vs [-] Relative density RD=(e max - e) / (e max - e min ) very loose ID= 0 to 0,15 loose ID= 0,15 to 0,35 medium ID= 0,35 to 0,65 dense ID= 0,65 to 0,85 very dense ID = 0,85 to 1,0
82 Laboratory tests Shear box test Direct measurement of shear forces N, T Recalculation to stresses (σ,τ)
83 Laboratory tests Shear box test
84 Laboratory tests Oedometer Direct measurement of forces N, movement s (settlement) Recalculation to stresses (σ)
85 Laboratory tests Oedometer Modulus E oed
86 Principal of effective stresses
87 Laboratory tests Triaxial aparatus strength and stiffness
88 Laboratory tests Triaxial aparatus strength and stiffness
89 Laboratory tests Triaxial aparatus strength (total and effective)
90 Further reading and literatury In the presentation is used picures from: Price, D.G: Engineering Geology principles and practice (2009) Czech Geological Survey Geological Maps in 5:000 scale
91 Construction problems and engineering geology on construction site
92 Filling and compacting
93 Filling and compacting What sort of material is suitable for compacting? What influence well compacted material?
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