POPULATION TRENDS OF SOUTHERN RESIDENT KILLER WHALES (ORCINUS ORCA) FROM BACKGROUND INFORMATION
|
|
- Avis Golden
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 POPULATION TRENDS OF SOUTHERN RESIDENT KILLER WHALES (ORCINUS ORCA) FROM David E. Bain 1 and Kenneth C. Balcomb III 2 1 Six Flags Marine World Vallejo, Vallejo, CA Center For Whale Research, Friday Harbor, WA BACKGROUND INFORMATION In the mid 1960 s, prior to live-capture collections for oceanariums, it is believed that about 100 individuals comprised the Southern Resident community of killer whales. A decline in population levels occurred as a result of collections for public display through the early 1970 s (Hoyt 1990), decreasing the number of whales to about 70 individuals. Beginning in 1974, the Southern Resident community of killer whales was censused annually using photo-identification methodology. Based on these studies, the Southern Resident killer whale population was shown to recover to nearly 100 individuals by the mid-1990 s. However, during the last few years ( ), a significant decline in population levels has been observed. In May, 1995, the population count was 98 individuals. By October, 1999, this number had dropped to 83 whales, a decline of over 15%. This recent decline led Baird (1999) to recommend to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada that this population be listed as threatened (since this population inhabits both U.S. and Canadian waters its status needs to be considered by both governments). Southern Residents are genetically isolated from other killer whales with which they share their range (Hoelzel et al. 1998, Hoelzel and Dover 1989). Olesiuk et al. (1990) summarized the life history parameters of resident killer whales from (their study included Northern Residents in addition to Southern Residents). They characterized the per capita birth rate as 5.1%, the per capita death rate as 2.2%, so population growth was 2.9% per year. Females continued to reproduce until about 40 years of age, and over 75% of viable calves reached adulthood. Olesiuk et al. (1990) realized the population would not continue to increase forever, and suggested mortality might increase, birth rates might decline, and approximately half of juveniles would die before reaching adulthood when the population stopped growing. Ford et al. (1994) published an update of the membership of the population through 1993, but did not recalculate population parameters. METHODS Recent data on births and deaths were collected by the Center for Whale Research. Expected population trends were calculated based on population parameters in Olesiuk et al. (1990), which were based on a period of population growth from Births of new population members and deaths of known individuals were determined as described by Olesiuk et al. (1990), Bigg et al. (1990), and Bain (1990). The numbers presented here are based on population estimates for July 1 of each year. This was done to allow comparison of data from recent years, when data are available from most of the year, with data from earlier years, when data are available only from a short period during the summer (and thus counts reported here may differ slightly from other reports).
2 Mortality rates were calculated for each year. To smooth out random fluctuations, a five year moving average was also calculated. Removals for public display were treated as mortalities. In addition, natural mortality of 2.2% per year was assumed for the years prior to data collection ( ). Fecundity was indexed as calves recruited per reproductive age female. A calf was counted as recruited if it was believed to be alive on July 1, typically corresponding to an age that would range from 3-9 months. Females were counted as reproductive if their age was estimated to be from 15 to 39. Expected calving was estimated at 20% of the number of reproductive females (Bain 1990). To allow testing for trends through time, data were pooled over periods corresponding to publication dates of prior research: (Olesiuk et al. 1990); and (Ford et al. 1994); and the time periods since ( and ). Expected rates in comparisons were based on the earlier period. Confidence intervals were based on a binomial distribution (Small and DeMaster 1995). Population estimates are shown in Figure 1. The population probably peaked at around 97 individuals prior to the start of extensive collections for public display in The population dropped to about 70 toward the end of collections in The population increased steadily through the 1980 census. The population then declined by 11% over the next four years. The population then resumed its increase through early 1995, when it reached its pre-capture levels. In the subsequent 4 years, the population declined by about 15%. Mortality remained near 2.2% for most of the census period. However, there was an increase in 3 of the 4 seasons from , and over the 6 seasons from (Figure 2). Pooled mortality rates are shown in Table 1. Mortality rates from 1974 through 1993 did not differ from those reported by Olesiuk et al. (1990, p.4 for adult males and females, p.25 for juveniles) Adult male and female mortality was significantly higher in than in (p<.01 and p<.001, respectively). Juvenile mortality in was significantly higher than reported by Olesiuk et al. (1990), although it was not significantly different than for Southern Residents alone in (p<.05 and p.05, respectively). Annual reproduction has been variable. Insignificantly fewer calves than expected were born in Following a period of increased calving, calf production dropped again in 1988, and has averaged lower than expected since, although there have been a few years at 1or 2 calves above expected levels. Calf production since 1993 is not significantly lower than in previous years for Southern Residents (p.15), although it remains lower than reported for "uncropped pods" (p<.001 relative to expected rates from Olesiuk et al. 1990). 2
3 Table 1. Pooled Mortality Rates for Various Time Periods. Age-Sex Class Time Period Mortality Rate Adult Male Oleisuk Adult Female Olesiuk Juvenile Olesiuk
4 DISCUSSION The population parameters observed by Olesiuk et al. (1990) lead to an annual increase in population. Thus the population can sustain itself when there is some increase in mortality, or decline in fecundity, relative to the data. Over the last 40 years, this population has experienced 3 major declines, of 25-30%, 11%, and 15%, with intervening periods of increases. These declines will be addressed below. The initial decline corresponds to the period of collection for public display. This resulted in a change in the age structure of the population, as a large proportion of calves produced in the 1960 s were removed (of calves born from , approximately 35 were taken for public display, while 11 survived to be censused in 1974). For purposes of this paper, females were assumed to be equally fecund throughout their reproductive life, although this is unlikely to be the case (Olesiuk et al. 1990). In the early 1980 s, females born prior to the capture era were late in their reproductive lives, so their fecundity would have been lower than average. Likewise, females born subsequent to the capture era were just becoming reproductive, so had probably not yet reached their peak. This could account for most (but not all) of the short-fall in calving in Similarly, a disproportionate part of the population would have been old (i.e., in above average mortality age classes), and this was reflected by the deaths of a few post-reproductive females during the 1980 s period of decline. In addition, it should be pointed out that random fluctuation in calving could account for these differences in calf production. Some of these factors would also apply to the 1990 s decline. The number of reproductive age females has been declining. Females born at the end of the 1980 s decline are just becoming reproductive. The 1960 s females are near the end of their reproductive lives. Several postreproductive females have died. However, other factors also seem to be involved. Of special concern is the failure of females born in the 1960 s to reproduce successfully. None of the offspring produced by this group of five since 1986 have survived, and their age of last successful reproduction is shown in Table 2. In addition, the recent deaths of two reproductive age females were unexpected. (It should be pointed out the ages of these females are not absolutely certain. Mortality has averaged 5.3% per year since the 1993 census. However, per capita births of viable calves have been only 3.1%, leading to a decline in the population. The bulk of the decline in calving has occurred in L Pod, the largest of the three Southern Resident pods, while calving has remained near 5% in J and K pods. (It is interesting to note that about 5% mortality and 5% recruitment would fit well with a stationary population of 100 individuals at the start of collection for public display, rather than the increasing population shown in Figure 1). Four candidates are often mentioned as potential causes for the decline, and all may play some role. These are: disruption of the age structure by collections for public display; a reduction in carrying capacity due to reduced food supply; increased mortality and reduced fecundity due to exposure to toxic chemicals; and disturbance by extensive whale watching traffic (Baird 1999). In addition, there may be non-anthropogenic factors such as competition for food with increasing numbers of Northern Resident killer whales and other marine mammals, the population may have overshot its carrying capacity and is in the process of returning to normal levels, or it may be exhibiting random fluctuations. The relative contributions of these factors will be addressed in future work on Southern Residents and neighboring populations. 4
5 Table 2. Age of last successful reproduction of females born in the 1960 s ID Birth Year Year and Age at Last Successful Reproduction L J K no surviving calves produced L L REFERENCES Bain, D Examining the validity of inferences drawn from photo-identification data, with special reference to studies of the killer whale (Orcinus orca) in British Columbia. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn Special Issue 12: Baird, R. W Status of Killer Whales in Canada. Contract report to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Ottawa. Bigg, M. A., P. F. Olesiuk, G. M. Ellis, J.K.B. Ford and K. C. Balcomb III Social organization and genealogy of resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the coastal waters of British Columbia and Washington State. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn Special Issue 12: Hoelzel, A.R.., M. Dahlheim, S. J. Stern Low genetic variation among killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the eastern North Pacific and genetic differentiation between foraging specialists. Heredity. 89: Hoelzel, A.R.; Dover, G.A Molecular techniques for examining genetic variation and stock identity in cetacean species (SC/39/O 7). Rep. Int. Whal. Commn. Special Issue 11: Hoyt, E Orca: the whale called killer. Olesiuk, P. F., M. A. Bigg, and G. M. Ellis Life history and population dynamics of resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the coastal waters of British Columbia and Washington State. Rep. Int. Whal. Commn Special Issue 12: Small, R. J. and D. P. DeMaster Acclimation to captivity: a quantitative estimate based on survival of bottlenose dolphins and California sea lions. Mar. Mamm. Sci. 11:
6 Figure 1. Population trends in Southern Resident killer whales. Figure 2. Annual Mortality rates. 6
7 Figure 3. Annual reproduction of Southern Resident killer whales. The following is an additional table to supplement the original paper. Comparison of Number of Surviving Offspring Per Female of Northern and Southern Residents Matched for Age Birth Year of Southern Resident Number of Offspring Difference N Southern Residents Northern Residents (Ford et al. 1994) 1950 s s
A survival guide to survival rates by J.D. van der Toorn
A survival guide to survival rates by J.D. van der Toorn Introduction The survival of marine mammals in captivity is often the subject of heated discussions. Interestingly, these discussions usually focus
More informationKILLER WHALE. Recovery Strategy for the Northern and Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in Canada
Recovery Strategy for the Northern and Southern Resident Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) in Canada Species at Risk Act Recovery Strategy Series KILLER WHALE Photo: G. Ellis March 2008 About the Species at
More informationThe Life Cycle of Nazarene Churches Kenneth E. Crow, Ph.D.
The Life Cycle of Nazarene Churches Kenneth E. Crow, Ph.D. Churches, like people, change as they grow older. While there are important differences between the stages of human and organizational development,
More informationTodd R. Robeck,* Kevin Willis, Michael R. Scarpuzzi, and Justine K. O Brien
Journal of Mammalogy, 96(5):1055 1070, 2015 DOI:10.1093/jmammal/gyv113 Comparisons of life-history parameters between free-ranging and captive killer whale (Orcinus orca) populations for application toward
More informationLogistic Paradigm. Logistic Paradigm. Paradigms. How should we consider them?
Harvesting Paradigms Sustained Yield Harvesting Paradigms Net-Annual Increment Paradigm The Myth of MSY How should we consider them? The logistic paradigm obviously arises from logistic model. Says that
More informationTHE DEMOGRAPHY OF POPULATION AGEING
THE DEMOGRAPHY OF POPULATION AGEING Barry Mirkin and Mary Beth Weinberger* An inevitable consequence of the demographic transition and the shift to lower fertility and mortality has been the evolution
More informationThe Health and Well-being of the Aboriginal Population in British Columbia
The Health and Well-being of the Aboriginal Population in British Columbia Interim Update February 27 Table of Contents Terminology...1 Health Status of Aboriginal People in BC... 2 Challenges in Vital
More information1.17 Life expectancy at birth
1.17 Life expectancy at birth The life expectancy of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males and females for a given period. Data sources Life expectancy estimates for the years 2005 2007 presented
More informationIndicator 7: Mortality
Mortality Cancer of the cervix is one of the few cancers for which there is an efficacious screening test for detection of the disease at an early stage, and most deaths due to cervical cancer are potentially
More informationPractice Questions 1: Evolution
Practice Questions 1: Evolution 1. Which concept is best illustrated in the flowchart below? A. natural selection B. genetic manipulation C. dynamic equilibrium D. material cycles 2. The diagram below
More information2016 Outlook and Management -Pre-season outlook / expectations and early indications - General overview of in-season management approach
Salmon Briefing 2016 Outlook and Management -Pre-season outlook / expectations and early indications - General overview of in-season management approach Pacific Salmon Species Size and age at return varies
More informationMarine Mammal Unusual Mortality Events 2013-2015 Mid-Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphins
Marine Mammal Unusual Mortality Events 2013-2015 Mid-Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphins Office of Protected Resources Greater Atlantic Fisheries Regional Office Northeast Fisheries Science Center Southeast Fisheries
More informationA Method of Population Estimation: Mark & Recapture
Biology 103 A Method of Population Estimation: Mark & Recapture Objectives: 1. Learn one method used by wildlife biologists to estimate population size of wild animals. 2. Learn how sampling size effects
More informationI. HEALTH ASSESSMENT B. SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
I. B. SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 1. HOW FINANCIALLY SECURE ARE RESIDENTS OF DELAWARE? Delaware residents median household incomes are lower than comparison communities but higher than national norms.
More informationEducational Attainment in the United States: 2015
Educational Attainment in the United States: 215 Population Characteristics Current Population Reports By Camille L. Ryan and Kurt Bauman March 216 P2-578 This report provides a portrait of educational
More informationIV. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE OLDER POPULATION
World Population Ageing 195-25 IV. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE OLDER POPULATION A. AGE COMPOSITION Older populations themselves are ageing A notable aspect of the global ageing process is the progressive
More informationNorth Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission
NPAFC DOC. 981 Hatchery and wild percentages of coho salmon in the Strait of Georgia are related to shifts in species dominance by R.J. Beamish, R.M. Sweeting, C.M. Neville, and K. Lange Fisheries and
More informationin children less than one year old. It is commonly divided into two categories, neonatal
INTRODUCTION Infant Mortality Rate is one of the most important indicators of the general level of health or well being of a given community. It is a measure of the yearly rate of deaths in children less
More informationEvolution (18%) 11 Items Sample Test Prep Questions
Evolution (18%) 11 Items Sample Test Prep Questions Grade 7 (Evolution) 3.a Students know both genetic variation and environmental factors are causes of evolution and diversity of organisms. (pg. 109 Science
More informationDistribution of Population by Religions
Drop-in-Article on Census - No.4 Distribution of Population by Religions Religious profile of the populace is an important socio-cultural and demographic feature noticeable from the first Census in 1872
More informationExcess mortality in Europe in the winter season 2014/15, in particular amongst the elderly.
Excess mortality in Europe in the winter season 2014/15, in particular amongst the elderly. An analysis of all-cause mortality from 15 European countries participating in the EuroMOMO network (www.euromomo.eu)
More informationIncidental Harassment Authorization
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT DF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmoapharic Administration NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE Silver Spring, MD 20910 Incidental Harassment Authorization Washington State Department
More informationProjections of the Size and Composition of the U.S. Population: 2014 to 2060 Population Estimates and Projections
Projections of the Size and Composition of the U.S. Population: to Population Estimates and Projections Current Population Reports By Sandra L. Colby and Jennifer M. Ortman Issued March 15 P25-1143 INTRODUCTION
More informationAction Plan for the Northern and Southern Resident Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) in Canada
Proposed Species at Risk Act Action Plan Series Action Plan for the Northern and Southern Resident Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) in Canada Resident Killer Whale 2016 Recommended citation: Fisheries and Oceans
More informationIntegration of Marine Mammal Movement and Behavior into the Effects of Sound on the Marine Environment
DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Integration of Marine Mammal Movement and Behavior into the Effects of Sound on the Marine Environment Dorian S. Houser
More informationTraffic Safety Facts Research Note
Traffic Safety Facts Research Note DOT HS 810 853 July 2008 Comparison of Crash Fatalities by Sex and Dow Chang Summary The purpose of this research note is to explore the ratio and distribution pattern
More informationHas the increase in private health insurance uptake affected the Victorian public hospital surgical waiting list?
Australian Health Review [Vol 25 No 6] 2002 Has the increase in private health insurance uptake affected the Victorian public hospital surgical waiting list? BRIAN HANNING Brian Hanning is Medical Director
More informationMigration indicators in Kent 2014
Business Intelligence Statistical Bulletin September 2015 Migration indicators in Kent 2014 Related information The and Census web page contains more information which you may find useful. change presents
More informationNational Life Tables, United Kingdom: 2012 2014
Statistical bulletin National Life Tables, United Kingdom: 2012 2014 Trends for the UK and constituent countries in the average number of years people will live beyond their current age measured by "period
More informationECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING COMPENSATION
Unit 4: Total Rewards 41 ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING COMPENSATION Inflation Inflation has a substantial impact on compensation practices. Managing a compensation program is especially difficult during periods
More informationThis data brief is the second in a series that profiles children
Children of Immigrants Family Parental Characteristics Brief No. 2 THE URBAN INSTITUTE Ajay Chaudry Karina Fortuny This data brief is the second in a series that profiles children of immigrants using up-to-date
More informationNumber, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2009
Number, Timing, and Duration of Marriages and Divorces: 2009 Household Economic Studies Issued May 2011 P70-125 INTRODUCTION Marriage and divorce are central to the study of living arrangements and family
More informationPlanning for the Schools of Tomorrow
Planning for the Schools of Tomorrow School Enrollment Projections Series January 2014 Page Intentionally Left Blank School Enrollment Projection Series: School District ii Table of Contents Introduction...
More informationRECOVERY POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT FOR RIGHT WHALE (WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC POPULATION)
Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Science Advisory Report 2007/027 RECOVERY POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT FOR RIGHT WHALE (WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC POPULATION) Illustration by Scott Landry Context Source : Canadian
More informationOverview: Human Health Effects of Environmental Contaminants
Overview: Human Health Effects of Environmental Contaminants 1 1 OVERVIEW: HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS Human activity has led to the production and release into the environment of
More informationResearch into Issues Surrounding Human Bones in Museums Prepared for
Research into Issues Surrounding Human Bones in Museums Prepared for 1 CONTENTS 1. OBJECTIVES & RESEARCH APPROACH 2. FINDINGS a. Visits to Museums and Archaeological Sites b. Interest in Archaeology c.
More informationLaborers Funds Administrative Office of Northern California, Inc. 220 Campus Lane, Fairfield, CA 94534-1498 Telephone: 707 864 2800 or 800 244 4530
Laborers Funds Administrative Office of Northern California, Inc. 220 Campus Lane, Fairfield, CA 94534-1498 Telephone: 707 864 2800 or 800 244 4530 ANNUAL FUNDING NOTICE 2014 Plan Year June 1, 2014 May
More informationSalarieS of chemists fall
ACS news SalarieS of chemists fall Unemployment reaches new heights in 2009 as recession hits profession hard The economic recession has taken its toll on chemists. Despite holding up fairly well in previous
More information1.17 Life expectancy at birth
1.17 Life expectancy at birth The life expectancy of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males and females for a given period. Data sources Life expectancy estimates for the years 2005 2007 presented
More informationThe U.S. labor force the number of
Employment outlook: 14 Labor force projections to 2014: retiring boomers The baby boomers exit from the prime-aged workforce and their movement into older age groups will lower the overall labor force
More informationWhen a Child Dies. A Survey of Bereaved Parents. Conducted by NFO Research, Inc. on Behalf of. The Compassionate Friends, Inc.
When a Child Dies A Survey of Bereaved Parents Conducted by NFO Research, Inc. on Behalf of The Compassionate Friends, Inc. June 1999 FOLLOW-UP CONTACTS: Regarding Survey: Wayne Loder Public Awareness
More information1.14 Life expectancy at birth
1.14 Life expectancy at birth The life expectancy of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander males and females for a given period Data sources Life expectancy estimates presented in this measure are from
More informationHow To Test A123 Battery Module #5
Final Long-Term Duty Cycle 60-Day Report Regulation Energy Management (REM) Duty Cycle Battery Module: A123 #5, Channel 1 January 2015 PREPARED FOR National Renewable Energy Laboratory PREPARED BY 9325
More informationBiology 300 Homework assignment #1 Solutions. Assignment:
Biology 300 Homework assignment #1 Solutions Assignment: Chapter 1, Problems 6, 15 Chapter 2, Problems 6, 8, 9, 12 Chapter 3, Problems 4, 6, 15 Chapter 4, Problem 16 Answers in bold. Chapter 1 6. Identify
More informationWORLD. Geographic Trend Report for GMAT Examinees
2011 WORLD Geographic Trend Report for GMAT Examinees WORLD Geographic Trend Report for GMAT Examinees The World Geographic Trend Report for GMAT Examinees identifies mobility trends among GMAT examinees
More informationThe Water and Power Employees Retirement Disability and Death Benefit Insurance Plan
The Water and Power Employees Retirement Disability and Death Benefit Insurance Plan Review of the Death Benefit Fund as of July 1, 2014 Family Death Benefit Allowance Fund Supplemental Family Death Benefit
More informationSTATEMENT ON ESTIMATING THE MORTALITY BURDEN OF PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION AT THE LOCAL LEVEL
COMMITTEE ON THE MEDICAL EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS STATEMENT ON ESTIMATING THE MORTALITY BURDEN OF PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION AT THE LOCAL LEVEL SUMMARY 1. COMEAP's report 1 on the effects of long-term
More information1 The total values reported in the tables and
1 Recruiting is increasingly social and Adecco wants to know how it works. An international survey, that involved over 17.272 candidates and 1.502 Human Resources managers between March 18 and June 2,
More informationPROFILE OF THE SINGAPORE CHINESE DIALECT GROUPS
PROFILE OF THE SINGAPORE CHINESE DIALECT GROUPS by Edmond Lee Eu Fah Social Statistics Section Singapore Department of Statistics INTRODUCTION The Singapore society is made up of different ethnic groups
More informationFewer people with coronary heart disease are being diagnosed as compared to the expected figures.
JSNA Coronary heart disease 1) Key points 2) Introduction 3) National picture 4) Local picture of CHD prevalence 5) Mortality from coronary heart disease in Suffolk County 6) Trends in mortality rates
More informationATLANTIC SALMON (Salmo salar) STOCK STATUS UPDATE IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR FOR 2014
Canadian Science Advisory Secretariat Newfoundland and Labrador Region Science Response 215/23 ATLANTIC SALMON (Salmo salar) STOCK STATUS UPDATE IN NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR FOR Context The stock assessment
More informationAP Biology Unit I: Ecological Interactions
AP Biology Unit I: Ecological Interactions Essential knowledge 1.C.1: Speciation and extinction have occurred throughout the Earth s history. Species extinction rates are rapid at times of ecological stress.
More informationLife Expectancy in Wirral
Life Expectancy in Wirral September 2016 Produced by Wirral Council Public Health Intelligence Team Life Expectancy in Wirral 2012-14 By Hannah Cotgrave, Business & Public Health Information Analyst, Wirral
More informationSolutions to Homework 10 Statistics 302 Professor Larget
s to Homework 10 Statistics 302 Professor Larget Textbook Exercises 7.14 Rock-Paper-Scissors (Graded for Accurateness) In Data 6.1 on page 367 we see a table, reproduced in the table below that shows the
More informationStreet Smart: Demographics and Trends in Motor Vehicle Accident Mortality In British Columbia, 1988 to 2000
Street Smart: Demographics and Trends in Motor Vehicle Accident Mortality In British Columbia, 1988 to 2000 by David Baxter 3-Year Moving Average Age Specific Motor Vehicle Accident Death Rates British
More informationMarine Mammal Badge Juniors GIRL SCOUTS of GREATER LOS ANGELES
Marine Mammal Badge Juniors GIRL SCOUTS of GREATER LOS ANGELES www.girlscoutsla.org GSGLA Marine Mammal Badge- Juniors "The world s finest wilderness lies beneath the waves " Wyland, Marine Life Artist
More informationThe American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study I: 12-Year Followup
Chapter 3 The American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study I: 12-Year Followup of 1 Million Men and Women David M. Burns, Thomas G. Shanks, Won Choi, Michael J. Thun, Clark W. Heath, Jr., and Lawrence
More informationPATTERNS OF WEIGHT GAIN AND LOSS FOR GRIZZLY BEARS IN NORTHERN CANADA
PATTERNS OF WEIGHT GAIN AND LOSS FOR GRIZZLY BEARS IN NORTHERN CANADA M.C.S. KINGSLEY, Canadian Wildlife Service, #1000, 9942-108 Street, Edmonton, Alberta, T5K 2J51 J.A. NAGY, Canadian Wildlife Service,
More informationSAMOA MARINE WILDLIFE PROTECTION REGULATIONS 2009
S.R. 2009/18 SAMOA MARINE WILDLIFE PROTECTION REGULATIONS 2009 Arrangement of Provisions PART I PRELIMINARY 1. Short title and commencement 2. Interpretation 3. Application in the Exclusive Economic Zone
More information2013 MHI Hawaiian Monk Seal Population Summary 1
2013 SURVEY EFFORT 2013 MHI Hawaiian Monk Seal Population Summary 1 Hawaiian Monk Seal Research Program Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries Previous monk seal surveys in the main Hawaiian
More informationCanadian Insured Payout Mortality Table 2014 (CIP2014)
Mortality Table Canadian Insured Payout Mortality Table 2014 (CIP2014) Annuitant Experience Subcommittee Research Committee February 2015 Document 215006 Ce document est disponible en français 2015 Canadian
More informationPOPULATION DYNAMICS. Zoo 511 Ecology of Fishes
POPULATION DYNAMICS Zoo 511 Ecology of Fishes Today s goals Understand why and how population dynamics are important in fisheries ecology Gain experience in a variety of mark-recapture methods What are
More informationHow Profitable is Backgrounding Cattle? Dr. John Lawrence and Cody Ostendorf, Iowa State University
How Profitable is Backgrounding Cattle? Dr. John Lawrence and Cody Ostendorf, Iowa State University Many beef producers question the profitability of backgrounding cattle before selling them. Many variables
More informationPart 4 Burden of disease: DALYs
Part Burden of disease:. Broad cause composition 0 5. The age distribution of burden of disease 6. Leading causes of burden of disease 7. The disease and injury burden for women 6 8. The growing burden
More informationWealth and Demographics: Demographics by Wealth and Wealth by Demographics using the Survey of Consumer Finances. *** DRAFT March 11, 2013 ***
Wealth and Demographics: Demographics by Wealth and Wealth by Demographics using the Survey of Consumer Finances *** DRAFT March 11, 2013 *** Jeff Thompson* Economist Microeconomic Surveys Federal Reserve
More informationPlacement Stability and Number of Children in a Foster Home. Mark F. Testa. Martin Nieto. Tamara L. Fuller
Placement Stability and Number of Children in a Foster Home Mark F. Testa Martin Nieto Tamara L. Fuller Children and Family Research Center School of Social Work University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
More informationFOUR (4) FACTORS AFFECTING DENSITY
POPULATION SIZE REGULATION OF POPULATIONS POPULATION GROWTH RATES SPECIES INTERACTIONS DENSITY = NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PER UNIT AREA OR VOLUME POPULATION GROWTH = CHANGE IN DENSITY OVER TIME FOUR (4) FACTORS
More informationIndependent Life Expectancy in New Zealand
Independent Life Expectancy in New Zealand 2013 Acknowledgements This report was written by Vladimir Stevanovic with support from Michelle Liu. The authors acknowledge valuable input from peer reviewers
More informationSUMMARY CHILDHOOD CANCER INCIDENCE HEALTH CONSULTATION: A REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF CANCER REGISTRY DATA, 1979-1995 FOR
SUMMARY CHILDHOOD CANCER INCIDENCE HEALTH CONSULTATION: A REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF CANCER REGISTRY DATA, 979-995 FOR DOVER TOWNSHIP (OCEAN COUNTY), NEW JERSEY September 997 Division of Environmental and
More informationhays oil & gas global job index
hays oil & gas global job index POSITIVE MARKET ACTIVITY Quarter 3, 2012. hays-oilgas.com Introduction Each month Hays Oil & Gas records the number of on-line jobs advertising oil and gas vacancies. To
More informationInternal Migration and Regional Disparities in India
Internal Migration and Regional Disparities in India Introduction Internal migration is now recognized as an important factor in influencing social and economic development, especially in developing countries.
More informationWORLD POPULATION IN 2300
E c o n o m i c & DRAFT S o c i a l A f f a i r s WORLD POPULATION IN 2300 Highlights United Nations ESA/P/WP.187 9 December 2003 DRAFT Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division WORLD
More informationCamp. plan template. elements. This section that need to. identify the. vegetation. of flying-fox. also
Camp management plan template Introduction The following templatee guides local government in compiling a Camp Management Plan that will facilitate licensing of camp management actions for a five-year
More informationEgg and sperm donation in the UK: 2012 2013
Egg and sperm donation in the UK: 2012 2013 Contents Introduction 2 Background to this report 2 Terms and acronyms used in this report 4 Methodology 5 How we gathered the data 5 Understanding the data
More informationUS Casualties: The Trends in Iraq and Afghanistan
18 K Street, NW Suite 4 Washington, DC 26 Phone: 1.22.775.327 Fax: 1.22.775.3199 Web: www.csis.org/burke/reports US Casualties: The Trends in Iraq and Afghanistan Anthony H. Cordesman Arleigh A. Burke
More informationThe role of population on economic growth and development: evidence from developing countries
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive The role of population on economic growth and development: evidence from developing countries Akinwande A. Atanda and Salaudeen B. Aminu and Olorunfemi Y. Alimi Datatric
More informationUNINSURED ADULTS IN MAINE, 2013 AND 2014: RATE STAYS STEADY AND BARRIERS TO HEALTH CARE CONTINUE
UNINSURED ADULTS IN MAINE, 2013 AND 2014: RATE STAYS STEADY AND BARRIERS TO HEALTH CARE CONTINUE December 2015 Beginning in January 2014, the federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) has
More informationThe Coaching Panel. A review of coaches and coaching in 2014
The Coaching Panel A review of coaches and coaching in 2014 1 Headlines Coaches and coaching The core of the coaching workforce comes from the 35-55 age group but it is kept alive by a steady stream of
More informationWest Coast Charter Boat Survey Summary Report ~2000~
West Coast Charter Boat Survey Summary Report ~2000~ Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission Economics Data Program January 2004 205 SE Spokane St, Suite 100 Portland, OR 97202-6413 (503)-595-3100 efin@psmfc.org
More informationGray Whales on the Move
Gray Whales on the Move Students trace the migration route of a gray whale and discover the gray whale s natural history. Subjects Science GRADE LEVEL Grades 6 8 TIME 60 minutes OBJECTIVES Students will
More informationAll members of the puma species carry their kittens the same way domestic cats do, and they can purr like housecats too.
Florida Panther In spite of many, many attempts, I have not been able to discover let alone photograph a majestic Florida panther in the wild. The tawny cat is an endangered species. The panthers I have
More informationLife Expectancy for areas within Northern Ireland 2011-2013. Published 2 nd October 2015
Life Expectancy for areas within Northern Ireland 2011-2013 Published 2 nd October 2015. Contents Page Key Points 1 Background 3 Life expectancy at birth 5 11 Local Government Districts 6 Health and Social
More informationSTATEMENT OF WORK. Consulting Agreement Between The University of Miami and REVIEWER
Background STATEMENT OF WORK Consulting Agreement Between The University of Miami and REVIEWER In the 1995 Alaska Marine Mammal Stock Assessment Reports, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) defined
More informationOregon. Revised 6/4/2014 HARBOR PORPOISE (Phocoena phocoena): Northern Oregon/Washington Coast Stock. Washington. Inland Waters stock
Revised 6/4/214 HARBOR PORPOISE (Phocoena phocoena): Northern Oregon/Washington Coast Stock STOCK DEFINITION AND GEOGRAPHIC RANGE In the eastern North Pacific Ocean, harbor porpoise are found in coastal
More informationSchool Enrollment Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003
School Enrollment Social and Economic Characteristics of Students: October 2003 Population Characteristics Issued May 2005 P20-554 This report highlights school enrollment trends of the population aged
More informationMorbidity of Vietnam veterans. Suicide in Vietnam veterans children Supplementary report no. 1
Morbidity of Vietnam veterans Suicide in Vietnam veterans children Supplementary report no. 1 The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare is Australia s national health and welfare statistics and information
More informationI. DEMOGRAPHIC DETERMINANTS OF POPULATION AGEING
World Population Ageing 9- I. DEMOGRAPHIC DETERMINANTS OF POPULATION AGEING Underlying global population ageing is a process known as the demographic transition in which mortality and then fertility decline
More informationAn analysis of smoking prevalence in Australia Final
An analysis of smoking prevalence in Australia Final November 2013 About is one of Europe's leading specialist economics and policy consultancies and has its head office in London. We are a leading economics
More informationU.S. Teenage Pregnancy Statistics Overall Trends, Trends by Race and Ethnicity And State-by-State Information
U.S. Teenage Pregnancy Statistics Overall Trends, Trends by Race and Ethnicity And State-by-State Information The Alan Guttmacher Institute 120 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005 www.guttmacher.org Updated
More informationClosing the Gap Life Expectancy
14 April 2010 This Q & A factsheet is part of a series Reconciliation Australia is producing aimed at informing the community and stimulating conversations about the issues that affect us all. Closing
More informationYour Future by Design
Retirement Research Series Your Future by Design Health, money, retirement: The different needs of men and women This research report is one of several reports in the Your Future by Design Retirement Research
More informationB.C. Immigration Trends 2010 Highlights
B.C. Immigration Trends 2010 Highlights Overview: Immigration to British Columbia* Since 2006, B.C. has welcomed on average 42,000 new immigrants (Permanent Residents) each year. In 2010, B.C. welcomed
More informationIssues from the Phase II Report
E--002646 E-002646 Issues from the Phase II Report E--002647 E-002647 CALFED BAY-DELTA PROGRAM,,,0 S,r o,. su,** 1155 (916}657-2666 Sacramento, California 95814 FAX (916} 654-9780 Memorandum Agenda Item
More informationResearch Advice on the Proposed Shark Mitigation Strategy using drum lines for January to April 2014. Research Division - January 2014
Research Advice on the Proposed Shark Mitigation Strategy using drum lines for January to April 2014 File No 2475/13 Background Research Division - January 2014 In direct response to the unprecedented
More informationHM REVENUE & CUSTOMS. Child and Working Tax Credits. Error and fraud statistics 2008-09
HM REVENUE & CUSTOMS Child and Working Tax Credits Error and fraud statistics 2008-09 Crown Copyright 2010 Estimates of error and fraud in Tax Credits 2008-09 Introduction 1. Child Tax Credit (CTC) and
More informationREVIEW UNIT 10: ECOLOGY SAMPLE QUESTIONS
Period Date REVIEW UNIT 10: ECOLOGY SAMPLE QUESTIONS A. Sample Multiple Choice Questions Complete the multiple choice questions to review this unit. 1. All of the following are density-dependent factors
More informationCredits to Graduation:
Credits to Graduation: A comparison of the number of credits undertaken toward degree completion by students admitted on the basis of BC secondary school and those admitted as BC transfer students to British
More informationNew South Wales State and Regional Population Projections 2001-2051. 2004 Release TRANSPORT AND POPULATION DATA CENTRE
New South Wales State and Regional Population Projections 21-251 251 24 Release TRANSPORT AND POPULATION DATA CENTRE THE TRANSPORT AND POPULATION DATA CENTRE (TPDC) The TPDC is located in the NSW Department
More informationMallee emu-wren Stipiturus mallee
COMPLETE CASE STUDY 4.3 - TRENDS IN SIGNIFICANT SPECIES AND COMMUNITIES - SOUTH AUSTRALIA Mallee emu-wren Stipiturus mallee Description The mallee emu-wren is one of Australia s smallest birds, weighing
More informationPopulation Aging in Developed Countries: Emerging Trends and Dynamics Wan He, Ph.D. Population Division U.S. Census Bureau
Population Aging in Developed Countries: Emerging Trends and Dynamics Wan He, Ph.D. Population Division U.S. Census Bureau This presentation is released to inform interested parties of population aging
More information