CONTENTS. Preface Walkthrough. Part I Quality Assurance

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1 CONTENTS Preface Walkthrough v xvii Part I Quality Assurance 1. Introduction to Quality Introduction Historical Perspective of Quality What is Quality? (Is it a fact or perception?) Definitions of Quality Core Components of Quality Quality View Financial Aspect of Quality Definition of Quality Customers, Suppliers and Processes Total Quality Management (TQM) Quality Principles of Total Quality Management Quality Management Through Statistical Process Control Quality Management Through Cultural Changes Continual (Continuous) Improvement Cycle Quality in Different Areas Benchmarking and Metrics Problem Solving Techniques Problem Solving Software Tools Software Quality Introduction Constraints of Software Product Quality Assessment Customer is a King 31

2 x SOFTWARE TESTING: Principles, Techniques and Tools 2.4 Quality and Productivity Relationship Requirements of a Product Organisation Culture Characteristics of Software Software Development Process Types of Products Some Other Schemes of Criticality Definitions Problematic Areas of Software Development Life Cycle Software Quality Management Why Software Has Defects? Processes Related to Software Quality Quality Management System Structure Pillars of Quality Management System Important Aspects of Quality Management 54 Part II Basic Concepts of Software Testing 3. Fundamentals of Software Testing Introduction Historical Perspective of Testing Definition of Testing Approaches to Testing Popular Definitions of Testing Testing During Development Life Cycle Requirement Traceability Matrix Essentials of Software Testing Workbench Important Features of Testing Process Misconceptions About Testing Principles of Software Testing Salient Features of Good Testing Test Policy Test Strategy or Test Approach Test Planning Testing Process and Number of Defects Found in Testing Test Team Efficiency Mutation Testing Challenges in Testing Test Team Approach Process Problems Faced by Testing Cost Aspect of Testing Establishing Testing Policy Methods Structured Approach to Testing Categories of Defect Defect, Error, or Mistake in Software 101

3 Contents xi 3.29 Developing Test Strategy Developing Testing Methodologies (Test Plan) Testing Process Attitude Towards Testing (Common People Issues) Test Methodologies/Approaches People Challenges in Software Testing Raising Management Awareness for Testing Skills Required by Tester Configuration Management Introduction Configuration Management Cycle of Configuration Management Configuration Management Process Auditing Configuration Library Configurable Item Baselining Few More Concepts About Configuration Library Storage of Configurable Items in Library Using Automated Configuration Tools Configuration Management Planning Risk Analysis Introduction Advantages of Automated System Disadvantages of Automated System Risk Constraints (Caveats) Project Risks (Project Management Risks) Product Risks Risks Faced Due to Software Systems Software Implementation Risks Identification of Risks Types of Software Risks Handling of Risks in Testing Types of Actions for Risk Control Management Risks and Testing Assumptions in Testing Testing as a Risk Reduction Program (Prioritisation in Testing) Risks of Testing Software Verification and Validation Introduction Verification Verification Work Bench Methods of Verification Types of Review on the Basis of Stage/Phase 171

4 xii SOFTWARE TESTING: Principles, Techniques and Tools 6.6 Examples of Entities Involved in Verification Reviews in Testing Lifecycle Coverage in Verification (Test Designing) Concerns of Verification Validation Validation Work Bench Levels of Validation Coverage in Validation (Prioritisation/Slice Based Testing) Acceptance Testing Management of Verification and Validation (V & V) Software Development Verification and Validation Activities V-Test M odel Introduction V Model For Software Testing During Proposal Stage Testing During Requirement Stage Testing During Test-Planning Phase Testing During Design Phase Testing During Coding VV Model Critical Roles and Responsibilities Defect M anagement Introduction Defect Classification Defect Management Process (Approach) Defect Life Cycle Defect Template Defect Management Process (Fixing and Root Cause of Defect) Estimate Expected Impact of a Defect Why Defect Management Needs a Risk Discussion? Techniques for Finding Defects Reporting a Defect 216 Part III TestingTechniques and Tools 9. Levels of Testing Introduction Proposal Testing Requirement Testing Design Testing Code Review Unit Testing Module Testing Integration Testing Big-Bang Testing 230

5 Contents xiii 9.10 Sandwich Testing Critical Path First Subsystem Testing System Testing Testing Stages Acceptance Testing Introduction Acceptance Testing Criteria Importance of Acceptance Criteria Some Famous Acceptance Criteria Alpha Testing Beta Testing Gamma Testing Acceptance Testing During Each Phase of Software Development Consideration of Alpha and Beta Acceptance Testing Process What Does Software Acceptance Enable? Customer s Responsibilities in Acceptance Testing Fits for Acceptance Testing Define Acceptance Criteria Criticality of Requirements Factors Affecting Criticality of the Requirements Developing Acceptance Test Plan Software Acceptance Plan User Responsibilities in Acceptance Test plan Executing Acceptance Plan Special Tests (Part I) Introduction Complexity Testing Graphical User Interface Testing Compatibility Testing Security Testing Performance Testing, Volume Testing and Stress Testing Recovery Testing Installation Testing Requirement Testing (Specification Testing) Regression Testing Error Handling Testing Manual Support Testing Intersystem Testing Control Testing Smoke Testing Sanity Testing Adhoc Testing (Monkey Testing, Exploratory Testing, Random Testing) Parallel Testing 280

6 xiv SOFTWARE TESTING: Principles, Techniques and Tools Execution Testing Operations Testing Compliance Testing Usability Testing Decision Table Testing (Axiom Testing) Documentation Testing Training Testing Rapid Testing Control Flow Graph Generating Tests on the Basis of Combinatorial Designs State Graph Special Tests (Part II) Introduction Risk Associated With New Technologies Process Maturity Level of Technology Testing Adequacy of Control in New Technology Usage Object-Oriented Application Testing Testing of Internal Controls COTS Testing Client-Server Testing Web Application Testing Mobile Application Testing (PDA Devices) ebusiness/ecommerce Testing Agile Development Testing Data Warehousing Testing TestingTools Introduction Features of Test Tool Guidelines for Selecting a Tool Tools and Skills of Tester Static Testing Tools Dynamic Testing Tool Advantages of Using Tools Disadvantages of Using Tools When to Use Automated Test Tools Testing Using Automated Tools Difficulties While Introducing New Tools Process of Procurement of COTS (Readily Available Tool from Market) Procurement of Tools from Contractor Advantages of Tools Developed By External Organisations Contracting a Software Process of Procurement of Tools from Contractor 328

7 Contents xv Part IV TestingProcess 14. Test Planning Introduction Test Policy Content of Test Policy in General Test Strategy Content of Test Strategy in General Test Planning Test Plan Quality Plan and Test Plan Quality Plan Template Test Plan Template (System Testing) Guidelines for Developing the Test Plan Test Administration Definition Test Estimation Test Standards Building Test Data and Test Cases Test Scenario Test Cases Essential Activities in Testing Template for Test Cases Test Scripts Test Management Software Test Log Document Effective Test Cases Test File Building Test Data Generation of Test Data Tools Used to Build Test Data Roles and Responsibilities in Testing Life Cycle Test Progress Monitoring Test M etrics and Test Reports Introduction Testing Related Data Defect Data Efficiency/Productivity Data Categories of the Product/Project Test Metrics Estimated, Budgeted, Approved and Actual Resources Consumed in Testing Effectiveness of Testing Defect Density Defect Leakage Ratio (Defect Life) Residual Defect Density (RDD) Test Team Efficiency 397

8 xvi SOFTWARE TESTING: Principles, Techniques and Tools Test Case Efficiency Rework MTTF/MTTR Implementing Measurement Reporting System in an Organisation Test Reports Project Test Status Report Test Reports Integration Test Report System Test Report Acceptance Test Report Guidelines for Writing and Using Report Final Test Reporting Test Status Report Benchmarking Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis Introduction Types of Data Qualitative and Quantitative Data Types of Qualitative Data Types of Quantitative Data Quality Tools Non-Statistical Tools Statistical Tool Background Statistical Tools 441 Part V Test Process M anagement 17. Test Process Improvement Introduction Change in Perception About Testing Problems Concerning Testing Process The Need for Test Process Improvement Test Process Maturity Test Process Improvement Model Test Process Improvement Model Stages Graphical Representation of Improvements 461 Appendix 463 FrequentlyAskedQuestions 489 Glossary 503 List of Abbreviations 514 References 517 Index 518

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