FURTHER CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF LICHENS AND LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI OF THE AZORES

Transcription

1 FURTHER CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FLORA OF LICHENS AND LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI OF THE AZORES FRANZ BERGER & ANDRÉ APTROOT BERGER, F. & A. APTROOT Further contributions to the flora of lichens and lichenicolous fungi of the Azores. Arquipélago. Life and Marine Sciences 19A: Several lichens are reported new to the flora of the Azores. Mycoporum sparsellum, and the lichenicolous coelomycete Laeviomyces fallaciosus are reported for the first time in Europe. Arthothelium crozalsianum, Bacidia friesiana, Belonia incarnata, Julella sericea, Micarea assimilata, Mycomicrothelia confusa and Roselliniopsis ventosa are recorded for the first time in Laurimacaronesia. New for the Azores are Acarospora umbilicata, Buellia aethalea, B. subdisciformis, Byssoloma marginatum, Canoparmelia texana, Catillaria atomarioides, Chaenotheca furfuracea, Chromatochlamys muscorum, Cladonia cyathomorpha, C. pocillum, C. rangiformis var. gracillima, Cliostomom griffithii, Endocarpon pusillum, Hypotrachyna taylorensis, Opegrapha ochrocheila, O. vermicellifera, O. vulgata, Parmotrema mellissii, Peltula euploca, Pertusaria hymenea, Phaeophyscia hispidula, Porina aenea, P. borreri, Pyrenula acutispora, Ramalina lacera, R. subpusilla, Rinodina anomala, R. intermedia, Scoliciosporum umbrinum, Strigula taylorii, Toninia mesoidea, Xanthoria candelaria and X. fallax. Fourteen additional lichenicolous fungi double the list of species from the Azores. Franz Berger ( A-4794 Kopfing 130, Austria; André Aptroot, Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O. Box 85167, NL-3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands. INTRODUCTION The Azores is a group of nine geologically young volcanic Atlantic islands one third of the way from Europe to North America. Only parts of their extraordinary lichen flora have been recorded (e.g. DEGELIUS 1941, ARVIDSSON & WALL 1985, ARVIDSSON 1990, APTROOT 1989, PURVIS & JAMES 1993, PURVIS et al. 1994, 1995) perhaps due to their remoteness, a rather scanty list in comparison to the other island groups of Laurimacaronesia. A comprehensive list of references is (PURVIS & JAMES 1993) preceded the checklist by HAFELLNER (1999) to which he added some additional records. Because of the isolation of these relatively young islands the relative number of endemic species is high (PURVIS et al. 1994). Influenced by the Gulf Stream the oceanic, moist climate with well-balanced precipitation and temperature (SJÖGREN 1984) results in very favourable conditions for lichens. The mountain peaks are shrouded in cloud almost daily. The annual precipitation at sea-level is 1000 mm, increasing about 25% for every 100 m, and exceeds 3000 mm at 500 m (HAGGAR 1988). The Azorean lichen flora (HAFELLNER 1995a, 1999), in comparison to mainland Portugal and also the rest of Laurimacaronesia, contains a considerable number of sub-/neotropical foliose lichens not found elsewhere in Europe. There are close relationships to the lichen flora of tropical America. The flora (HAFELLNER 1995a, 1999) with approximately 440 species [506 according to SMITH (2002), including additional still unpublished records (Smith pers. com.)] contains about 20%, and therefore only a minor part, of the Laurimacaronesian species. This may be partly due to under-collecting of important ecological niches, as no local botanist has worked on lichens. Astonishing gaps of lichens, widespread elsewhere, are obvious. No Alectoria, Bryoria, 1

2 yellow Rhizocarpon, Umbilicaria, or Lasallia sp. have been recorded. The littoral, amphibious fresh water and terricolous lichen communities are comparably poor in species. In contrast to the southern shores of Madeira and Canary Islands the Azores lack a xerothermic belt (piso infrocanaria) with its characteristic species. Important ecological niches have not been investigated yet because of difficulty in access. In addition vast areas of the indigenous laurisilva and bush-vegetation have been transformed into pastures for cattle grazing and are lost for lichen colonisation. These areas, if abandoned, are dominated mostly by Hedychium gardnerianum, Crocosmia sp., Rubus sp., Hydrangium macrophyllum, Pteridium aquilinum and others, all inhibiting recolonization by indigenous plants. Similar under-sampling of lichenicolous fungi is thought to explain why only 14 species have been recorded. Much more collecting has to be done to get a better impression of the true spectrum of species. During a recent trip, the lichen flora on the northern slopes of São Jorge turned out to be of special interest. To our knowledge the lichen flora of this region has not previously recorded. In the fog-enshrouded belt between 300 and 650 m E of Norte Grande a bush vegetation dominated by Juniperus brevifolia and Erica scoparia ssp. azorica (= E. azorica) is thriving, interrupted partly by pastures. The old gnarled stems are covered with foliose macrolichens such as Pseudocyphellaria, Sticta, Nephroma, Lobaria, Parmotrema, Hypotrachyna, Rimelia and Usnea. Vividly red crowned podetia of Cladonia didyma are abundant on rotten wood of Erica azorica. The lichen flora is similar to that on the floor of the Caldeira do Faial, as reported by PURVIS & JAMES (1993). MATERIALS AND METHODS Most specimens mentioned below were collected by the first author during a two-weeks hiking tour on São Miguel, São Jorge, Faial and Pico. Intensive collecting was possible only at a few sites on São Jorge. More interesting sites have been noted for future visits. The material has been examined using an Olympus stereoscope and an Olympus BH-2 microscope with a measuring eyepiece. Sections were cut by hand using a razor blade. Spot tests were carried out in the usual manner. Many specialists kindly provided assistance. All material is deposited in the private herbarium of the first author with duplicates in public herbaria as indicated in the species list. * indicates new records for the Azores, ** new for Laurimacaronesia, *** new for Europe. SPECIES LIST *Acarospora umbilicata Bagl. The very small, scattered areoles on the rough basaltic lava are inconspicuous and therefore easily overlooked. The thallus surface is more glossy than that of Central European specimens. Loc.: São Jorge, Velas, supralittoral basalt-cliffs below Hotel São Jorge, 38 40,8 N, 28 12,7 W; alt. 10 m, on sun-exposed rocks, 2.viii.2001, B ** Arthothelium crozalsianum (de Lesd.) de Lesd. Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa das Furnas, road along northern shore, N, W; alt. 285 m, on smooth bark of unknown tree, 31.vii.2001, B São Jorge, Loural I, garden hedge, alt. 550 m, on Buxus sempervivens, 4.viii.2001, B ** Bacidia friesiana (Hepp) Koerb. Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa das Furnas, wayside trees along northern shore, N, W; alt. 285 m, Laurus azorica, 31.vii.2001, B ** Belonia incarnata (Th. Fr.) Graeve ex Th. Fr. The Azorean area exceeding 2000 m is small and limited to the summit of the volcano of Pico. In comparison with the other regions of Laurimacaronesia of similar altitude (Cañadas on Teide, Tenerife; peaks surrounding the Caldeira de Taburiente, La Palma) the flora of the upper part of Pico is very poor (PURVIS et al. 1994). 2

3 Isolated and situated above the main cloud layer, the local climate of the summit (2351 m) is harsh, cold, windswept, exposed to the sun and very dry (TUTIN 1953). Ecological habitats are rather uniform. Virtually no lichens can be observed on the summit itself. Interesting sites are concentrated at the old crater rim at 2200 m. The rocks on the outside are covered with species similar to acid mine spoil heaps (Placopsis gelida, Porpidia platycarpoides, P. crustulata, Amygdalaria pelobotryon, Lecanora polytropa, Stereocaulon macaronesicum, S. azoreum). The surface of the main-winds protected NE to SE exposed inner side, a sickle-shaped, steep, 10 to 40 m high brittle wall of pumice and lava debris is richly structured with small caves and niches. A carpet of mosses, predominantly Racomitrium lanuginosum (Hedw.) Brid. covers the loose ground. On its decaying tufts, on small earth accumulations and roughly structured rocks PURVIS et al. (1994) have already encountered the only site of artic-alpine lichens on the Azores. Belonia incarnata and Micarea assimilata are additions to their species list of this location. Loc.: Pico, Pico mountain, inner side of west crater rim, alt m, 7.viii.2001, on detritus of Racomitrium lanuginosum, B * Buellia aethalea (Ach.) Th. Fr. Loc.: São Jorge, Velas, supralittoral basalt-cliffs below Hotel São Jorge, 38 40,8 N, 28 12,7 W; alt. 10 m, on sun-exposed rocks, 2.viii.2001, B 15724, on basalt. * Buellia subdisciformis (Leight.) Vain. On sun-exposed supralittoral basalt in association with Acarospora umbilicata, Buellia aethalea, Lecanora gangaleoides, Pyxine cocoes, Phaeophyscia hirsuta, Pterygiopsis sp., Xanthoria parietina incl. var. ectanea, Caloplaca sp., Catillaria atomarioides, Ramalina lacera, Toninia mesoidea and some others. Already known from some fog touched, coastal-near lava outcrops around 500 m alt. on the Canary Islands (Tenerife [Topham & Walker 1982], and from La Gomera [ETAYO & BERGER, in prep.]). Loc.: São Jorge, Velhas, supralittoral basalt-cliffs below hotel São Jorge, 38 40,8 N, 28 12,7 W; alt. 10 m, on sun-exposed rocks, 2.viii.2001, B * Byssoloma marginatum (Arnold) Sérusiaux Reported from the Canary Islands by Purvis et al. (1992) and from Madeira by KALB & HAFELLNER (1992). Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa das Furnas, road along northern shore, N, W; alt. 285 m, on basal trunk of unknown tree, 31.vii.2001, B 15733, det. E. Sérusiaux, with B. leucoblepharum (Nyl.) Vainio. Calicium hyperelloides Nyl. The spectrum of calicioid lichens on the Azores is extremely small. The warm and very moist climate causes a rapid destruction of decorticated wood and favours the overgrowing of all fitting substrata by bryophytes. This is the only Calicium on the Azores, as has been previously mentioned by TIBELL (1981) and ARVIDSSON (1990). C. hyperelloides is a widely distributed subpantropical species and the only one with the combination of an excipulum with faint white pruina and a KC + orange thallus. Loc.: São Miguel, Sete Cidades, avenue to church, 37 51,8 N, W; alt. 255 m, on Cupressus sp., 29.vii.2001, B * Canoparmelia texana (Tuck.) Elix & Hale Beside C. caroliniana (Nyl.) Elix & Hale, recorded by TAVARES (1952), this is the second species of Canoparmelia in the Azores. C. texana has been reported from the Canary Islands by ØSTHAGEN & KROG (1976). Loc.: São Miguel, Ponta Delgada, Parque José do Canto, alt. 80 m, on Camellia sinensis, 29.vii.2001, B 15794, det. H. Sipman. 3

4 * Catillaria atomarioides (Müller Arg.) Kilias Reported from various locations in Madeira (KALB & HAFELLNER 1992), nearly all above 1000 m alt. Loc.: São Jorge, Velas, supralittoral basalt-cliffs below Hotel São Jorge, 38 40,8 N, 28 12,7 W; alt. 10 m, on sun-exposed rocks, 2.viii.2001, B 15739, Cetraria aculeata (Schreber) Fr. A very scanty specimen, growing not in speciestypical tufts, but intermingled with Cladonia diversa, Asperges and therefore collected by incident. Previously reported from the same and only Azorean location by APTROOT (1989). Loc.: Pico, Pico mountain, inner side of west crater rim, alt m, 7.viii.2001, on decaying Racomitrium lanuginosum, B Loc.: São Jorge, Velhas, E slope of Morro Grande, 38 40,8 N, 28 12,8 W; alt. 80 m, over bryophytes on compressed, full sun-exposed volcanic sediments, 1.viii.2001, B 15754, dupl. H, det. T. Ahti. (KOH+ reddish, C-, KC+ reddish, UV-). Cladonia didyma (Fée) Vainio A widespread South, Central and - to a much lesser extent - North American species with various chemotypes, known also from East Asia, Australia and South Africa. Already reported as C. vulcanica Zollinger by APTROOT (1989). New island record. The small, hardly 5 mm tall, densely arranged mats of podetia are very conspicuous because of their attractive vividly red coloured apothecia. On São Jorge it has been observed only in the fogswept bush vegetation of the northern slope between 300 and 550 m. This specimen contains thamnolic acid (= var. vulcanica (Zoll. & Moritzi) Vain.). * Chaenotheca furfuracea (L.) Tibell Loc.: São Jorge, Fajã do Alem, alt. 250 m, on Fajã do Cubre, N, 27 5,3 W; alt. 350 m, on shaded rotting roots of Hedychium gardnerianum, rotten wood of Erica azorica, 3.viii.2001, B 4.viii.2001, B , dupl. H, det. T. Ahti. * Chromatochlamys muscorum (Fr.) H. Mayrh. & Poelt Reported from the Canary Islands by Tavares (1952), and known from La Palma & Tenerife (HERNÁNDEZ-PADRÓN 2001). Fajã do Cubre, N, 27 5,3 W; alt. 350 m, on base of Erica azorica, 3.viii.2001, B * Cladonia cyathomorpha Stirt. ex W. Watson Morphologically similar to C. pyxidata (L.) Hoffm., but of bluish grey-brown colour and in all much smaller (diameter of dry cups only 3 mm). According to Ahti (in lit.) a member of the C. humilis complex. Recorded in HERNÁNDEZ- PADRÓN (2001) from the Canary Islands without locality. Cladonia floerkeana (Fr.) Flörke Contains thamnolic acid and corresponds well with material from mainland Portugal (Ahti pers. com.), while the barbatic and didymic acid strain is much more common in other European countries. Known already from the Azores (TAVARES 1952), but not from other Laurimacaronesian groups. Fajã do Cubre, N, 27 5,3 W; alt. 350 m, on Erica azorica, 3.viii.2001, B 15762, det. T. Ahti. Cladonia nana Vain. This sterile specimen is similar to a Leproloma sp. It is composed of an inconspicuous primary thallus on a closed cottony basal layer. Previously reported by APTROOT (1989) and ARVIDSSON (1990). The Azores is the only area in Europe 4

5 where this American species, known from Paraguay to Florida (AHTI 2000), has been encountered. Loc.: São Miguel, Sete Cidades, N, W, alt. 250 m, in earthy crevice on a roadside wall, 29.vii.2001, B 15758, dupl. H, det. T. Ahti. * Cladonia pocillum (Ach.) Grogn. Cosmopolitan on xeric basic soils, but evidently very rare on the Azores. Loc.: Pico, Pico mountain, inner side of crater rim, alt m, on soil and over Racomitrium lanuginosum, 7.viii.2001, B * Cladonia rangiformis Hoffm. var gracillima (Mont.) Ahti This is a distinct variation with round-shaped, dense, max. 1-2 cm high, round tufts of very delicate, brittle podetia on xeric, hard compressed volcanic ash. Growing also as a decumbent primary thallus with few podetia. Loc.: São Miguel, main road crossing the western crater rim W of Sete Cidades, alt. 400 m, richly abundant on SE exposed road embankment, 29.vii.2001, B 15750, dupl. H, det. T. Ahti; with Stereocaulon azoricum, Porpidia platycarpoides, Bacidia scopulicola and Trapelia coarctata. * Cliostomom griffithii (Sm.) Coppins Richly fertile material. Loc.: São Miguel, Sete Cidades, avenue to church, 37 51,8 N, W; alt. 255 m, on overhanging wood of Ilex sp., 29.vii.2001, B * Endocarpon pusillum Hedwig Unlike the lichen floras of Madeira and the Canary Islands, xeric terrestrial lichen communities ( Bunte Erdflechtengesellschaft ) with cyanobacterial photobionts are rather scarce in the Azores. No species of Peltula, Heppia, Endocarpon or Catapyrenium have been recorded previouslys. Loc.: São Jorge, Velas, supralittoral basalt-cliffs below Hotel São Jorge, 38 40,8 N, 28 12,7 W; alt. 10 m, on sun-exposed rocks, 2.viii.2001, B 15862; - Path from Loural to Fajã do Alem, alt. 350 m, on sun-exposed rhyolite with Peltula euploca and Phaeophyscia hirsuta, 4.viii.2001, det. O. Breuss, B 15739, * Hypotrachyna taylorensis (M. E. Mitch.) Hale Fajã do Cubre, N, 27 5,3 W; alt. 350 m, 3.viii.2001, B 15836, det. H. Sipman. ** Julella sericea (A. Massal.) Coppins Loc.: São Jorge, Fajã de São João, N, W; alt. 20 m, on Dracaena draco near the church, 4.viii.2001, B 15822; det. A. Aptroot; with Pyrenula acutalis and Mycomicrothelia confusa. ** Micarea assimilata (Nyl.) Coppins Loc.: Pico, Pico mountain, inner side of west crater rim, alt m, on decaying Racomitrium lanuginosum in sheltered niche, 7.viii.2001, B ** Mycomicrothelia confusa D. Hawksw. Loc.: São Jorge, Fajã de S. João, N, W; alt. 20 m, on Dracaena draco near the church, 4.viii.2001, B São Miguel, Lagoa do Fogo, laurel relict forest 2 km S along path descending to Praia, alt. 320 m, on bark of Ocotea foetens, 30.vii.2001, B 15887, B 15979; with Pyrenula laevigata, det. A. Aptroot. Mycoporum antecellens (Nyl.) R.C. Harris in Harris Reported by PURVIS & JAMES (1993) from Caldeira do Faial. Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa das Furnas, road along northern shore, N, W; alt. 285 m, on 5

6 bark of unknown tree, 31.vii.2001, B *** Mycoporum sparsellum Nyl. A neotropic-subtropical lichen (Florida, Colombia) with a white spotted thallus and 2- celled, brownish spores, at first glance similar to Melaspilea sp. Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa do Fogo, relict laurisilva along path to Praia, 37 45,6 N, W; alt m, on smooth bark of Laurus azorica, 30.vii.2001; B 15717, det. J. Etayo, (with Pyrenula spp.). Nephroma hensseniae P. James & F.J. White This endemic species was described from Pico and Terceira (JAMES & WHITE 1987) and also found in Faial (PURVIS & JAMES 1993). All locations are situated in the central group of the Azorean islands. New island record. Fajã do Cubre, N, 27 5,3 W; alt. 350 m, on Erica azorica, 3.viii.2001, B * Opegrapha ochrocheila Nyl. Loc.: São Miguel, tourist path 1 km N of Sete Cidades, alt. 350 m, on Hydrangea macrophylla, 29.vii.2001, B * Opegrapha vermicellifera (Kunze) Laundon Loc.: São Miguel, Sete Cidades, avenue to church, 37 51,8 N, W; alt. 255 m, on decorticated trunc of Ilex sp., 29.vii.2001, B 15769, road cut on the way from Praia to Lagoa do Fogo, alt. 100 m, on dead stems of Hydrangea macrophylla, 30.viii.2001; B * Opegrapha vulgata Ach. Loc.: São Jorge, Manadas, churchyard of S. Barbara, alt. 20 m, on stubs of palm-fronds, 3.viii.2001, B Parmelinopsis minarum (Vain.) Hale & Elix Formally reported for Laurimacaronesia by PURVIS et al. (1992) without giving further details as to the location. ETAYO (1998) recorded it from La Gomera. New island record. Fajã do Cubre, below the bridge crossing the creek, 38 36,7 N, 27 55,35 W, alt m, on north-facing basalt below trees, 3.viii.2001, B Parmotrema mellisii (C.W. Dodge) Hale Loc.: São Jorge, 1 km E of Pico de Esperança, 38 39`N, W, open scrub-vegetation with Erica azorica and Juniperus brevifolia, alt. 650 m, 2.viii.2001, B * Peltula euploca (Ach.) Poelt Loc.: São Jorge, path from Loural to Fajã do Alem, alt. 350 m, on sun-exposed rhyolithe, 4.viii.2001, B 15856, with Endocarpon pusillum and Phaeophyscia hirsuta. * Pertusaria hymenea (Ach.) Schaerer In contrast to the frequent abundance of this lichen on the western group of the Canary Islands this species has not been reported before from the Azores. Loc.: São Jorge, Manadas, churchyard of Santa Barbara, alt. 20 m, on Salix sp., 3.viii.2001, B * Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.) Moberg Fajã do Cubre, bridge crossing the creek, 38 36,7 N, 27 55,35 W, alt. 180 m, on soilencrusted basalt, 3.viii.2001, B 15864; with Phaeophyscia endococcina and Heterodermia japonica. - São Miguel, Lagoa do Fogo, path to Praia, alt. 380 m, inside a levada on concrete above waterlevel, , B 15866, 15867, all specimens det. R. Moberg. 6

7 Physcia tribacioides Nyl. Reported from the Azores by APTROOT (1989) and from Madeira by ARVIDSSON & WALL (1985). New island record. Loc.: São Miguel, western rim of Caldeira de Sete Cidades, NW of Vista do Rei, 37 50,3 N, 25 47,7 W; alt. 400 m, on wood of Cryptomeria japonica, 29.vii.2001, B 15839, det. H. Sipman. - São Jorge, Ribeira do Cedro, N, W; alt. 500 m, on Hydrangea macrophylla in gardenhedge, 4.viii.2001, B 15880, * Porina aenea (Wallr.) Zahlb. Frequent on shaded roots in road-cuts near the coast. Loc.: São Miguel, tourist path 1 km N of Sete Cidades, alt m, on dead stems of Hydrangea macrophylla and roots of Laurus azorica, 29.vii.2001, B 15719, * Porina borreri (Trevisan) D. Hawksw. Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa das Furnas, road along northern shore, N, W; alt. 285 m, on bark, 31.vii.2001, B 15879, - ibidem, on Alnus glutinosa, B 15974, with Phaeographis dendritica. * Porina chlorotica (Ach.) Müller Arg. Loc.: São Jorge, Velas, basalt-cliffs below Hotel São Jorge, 38 40,8 N, 28 12,7 W; alt. 10 m, supralittoral on basalt, 2.viii.2001, B Pseudopyrenula diluta (Fée) Müller Arg. TAVARES (1952) reported this species from the Azores without giving further information. Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa do Fogo, relict laurel forest 2 km S on descendent path to Praia, alt. 330 m, on smooth bark of Laurus azorica, 30.vii.2001, B 15889, det. A. Aptroot; with Graphis insidiosa and Thelotrema lepadinum. * Pyrenula acutispora Kalb & Hafellner The most frequent Pyrenula sp. on smooth bark of various trees. Loc.: São Jorge, path from Ribeira do Cedro to Loural, alt. 550 m, on Buxus sempervivens in a garden hedge, B Fajã de S. João, N, W; alt. 20 m, on Dracaena draco near the church, 4.viii.2001, B São Miguel, Lagoa Sete Cidades, along the road on the northwest crater rim, alt. 450 m, 29.vii.2001, B Lagoa das Furnas, road along northern shore, N, W; alt. 285 m, on Alnus glutinosa, 31.vii.2001, B 15891, 15974, det. A. Aptroot; with Porina borreri and Pertusaria hymenea. * Ramalina lacera (With.) J. Laundon Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa das Furnas, road along northern shore, N, W; alt. 285 m, on unknown bark, 31.vii.2001, B * Ramalina subpusilla (Nyl.) Krog & Swinscow Thriving along the south coast of São Jorge and Faial as mass-vegetation in closed Erica bushland on dusty needleless twigs. This distinct but undescribed lichen community has not been recognized before on the Azores and all the abundant species (Rinodina anomala, Scoliciosporum umbrinum, Opegrapha sp.) are new records. Loc.: São Jorge, Velas, E slope of Morro Grande, 38 40,8 N, 28 12,8 W; alt. 80 m, 1.viii.2001, B Faial, c. 500 m W of Varodouro, road along the south coast, alt. 20 m, 8.viii.2001, B * Rinodina anomala (Zahlb.) H. Mayrh. & Giralt A mediterranean-atlantic species growing with Ramalina subpusilla and Scoliciosporum umbrinum (see above). Known also from La Palma, Canary Islands (GIRALT & MAYRHOFER 1994). HAFELLNER s report (1995a) - linked to 7

8 TOPHAM & WALKER (1982) - correctly belongs to R. madeirensis, as the authors described a darkbrown hypothecium, whereas that of R. anomala is definitely colourless. Loc.: São Jorge, Velas, E slope of Morro Grande, 38 40,8 N, 28 12,8 W; alt. 80 m, on dusty twigs of Erica azorica, 1.viii.2001, B * Rinodina intermedia Bagl. A ground dwelling species with spores containing four deformed Physcia-type loculi. Previously mentioned in Laurimacaronesia by BERGER & ETAYO (1998) and MAYRHOFER et al. (2001) from the Canary Islands. A worldwide distribution map was published by the latter. Loc.: São Jorge, Velas, supralittoral basalt-cliffs below Hotel São Jorge, 38 40,8 N, 28 12,7 W; alt. 10 m, on sun-exposed rocks, 2.viii.2001, B * Scoliciosporum umbrinum (Ach.) Arn. This newly recorded species is especially frequent on dusty dead twigs of Erica azorica near the coast, but can also be found on moist, acid substrates from coast to peak. Loc.: São Jorge, Velas, supralittoral basalt-cliffs below Hotel São Jorge, 38 40,8 N, 28 12,7 W; alt. 10 m, on basalt, 2.viii.2001, B Velhas, E slope of Morro Grande, 38 40,8 N, 28 12,8 W; alt. 80 m, on dead twigs of Erica azorica, 1.viii.2001, B Faial, Cabeço Gordo, road 100 m N of the television transmitter, alt m, on road gravel, 5.viii.2001, B 15906, with Placopsis gelida, Stereocaulon sp. * Strigula taylorii (Carroll ex Nyl.) R.C. Harris The dimensions of spores, x 6-7 µm, are larger than given by PURVIS et al. (1992). Known also from the Canary Islands (ETAYO 1998). Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa das Furnas, trees along road on northern shore, N, W; alt. 285 m, on Alnus glutinosa, 31.vii.2001, Be 15877, with Graphis elegans. Thelotrema isidioides (Borrer) R. Sant. Previously reported by PURVIS & JAMES (1993) from Faial. New island record. Loc.: São Jorge, descending road from Pico de Esperança to Norte Grande, Erica azorica- Juniperus brevifolia belt, alt. 600 m, on decorticated twigs of Erica azorica, 2.viii.2001, B * Toninia mesoidea (Nyl.) Zahlb. A rare species on maritime rocks (TIMDAL 1991) previously reported by KALB & HAFELLNER (1992) from Madeira. Loc.: São Jorge, Velhas, supralittoral basalt-cliffs below hotel São Jorge, 38 40,8 N, 28 12,7 W; alt. 10 m, on sun-exposed basalt, 2.viii.2001, B * Xanthoria candelaria (L.) Th. Fr. Formerly reported by ARVIDSSON (1990) on rock from Madalena (Pico). This species was not listed by HAFELLNER (1995a, 1999). Loc.: São Jorge, Fajã do Alem, path from Ribeira Funda to Fajã de São João, Loural, 300 m, on the base of a basalt wall with the next and with Phaeophyscia orbicularis, 4.viii.2001, B * Xanthoria fallax (Hepp) Arnold Loc.: São Jorge, Fajã do Alem, path from Ribeira Funda to Fajã do S. João, Loural, 300 m, 300 m, 4.viii.2001, B LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI * Abrothallus parmotrematis Diederich ined. A. parmotrematis is known from Madeira (KALB & HAFELLNER 1992) and from the Canary Islands (CALATAYUD & BARRENO 1995). 8

9 Loc.: São Jorge, 1 km E of Pico de Esperança, 38 39`N, W, open scrub-vegetation with Erica azorica and Juniperus brevifolia, alt. 650 m, on Parmotrema mellisii, 2.viii.2001, B * Biatoropsis usnearum Räsänen DIEDERICH & CHRISTIANSEN (1994) did not record this common cosmopolitan heterobasidiomycete from the Azores. Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa das Furnas, wayside trees along northern shore, N, W; alt. alt. 285 m, 31.vii.2001, on Usnea sp., B *** Laeviomyces fallaciosus Haf. & Kalb It is with some hesitation that this very inconspicuous parasite is reported here, as it was described before only on Buellia multispora (KALB 1990) from Hawaii. Our specimen is congruent in all details. A second Laeviomyces, L. pertusariicola (Nyl.) D. Hawksw., reported by HAWKSWORTH (1981) on Hafellia disciformis, has conidia of almost the same size, but the conidiomata of the latter are much bigger (100 µm in diam.) against x µm in our specimen. Loc.: São Miguel, Ponta Delgada, Parque José do Canto, 80 m, on Buellia erubescens on dead twigs of Camellia sinensis, 29.vii.2001, B ** Lichenoconium lecanorae (Jaap) D. Hawksw. Loc.: São Miguel, Sete Cidades, avenue to church with predominately Cryptomeria japonica cult., 37 51,8 N, W; alt. 255 m, on Lecanora sp., 29.vii.2001, B * Lichenodiplis aff. lecanorae (Vouaux) Dyko & D. Hawksw. This lichenicolous coelomycete has been found on Madeira and the Canary Islands exclusively on Caloplaca sp. (HAFELLNER 1995a) whereas a wide spectrum of hosts is known from elsewhere. Infections of Lichenodiplis aff. lecanorae on Pertusaria sp. may encompass several still undescribed species, from which e.g. L. hawksworthii on Pertusaria pustulata has been segregated already (BERGER & DIEDERICH 1996). Loc.: São Jorge, São Jorge, Fajã de S. João, N, W; alt. 20 m, on Dracaena draco near the church, 4.viii.2001, on Pertusaria hymenea, B ** Opegrapha lamyi (O.J. Rich ex Nyl.) Triebel This specimen matches perfectly the features of the description, although the ascospores are somewhat shorter and the host is another species of a badly deformed Lecanora. Loc.: São Miguel, gravel road from Praia up to Lagoa do Fogo, alt. 300 m, on Lecanora sp. on bark of Eucalyptus globulus, 30.vii.2001, B (associated lichens: Graphis elegans, Opegrapha atra, Pertusaria pustulata, Arthonia sp.). * Opegrapha thelotrematis Coppins Known also from Madeira (KALB & HAFELLNER 1992) and the Canary Islands (HAFELLNER 1995b). Loc.: São Miguel, gravel road from Praia to Lagoa do Fogo, alt. 400 m, on Thelotrema lepadinum on Erica azorica, 30.vii.2001, B Plectocarpon macaronesiae Diederich, Etayo & Sèrus. New island record. Fajã do Cubre, alt. 600 m, on Lobaria pulmonaria, 3.viii.2001, B * Roselliniella cladoniae (Anzi) Matzer & Hafellner Previously known in Laurimacaronesia only from the Canary Islands (HAFELLNER 1996). Loc.: São Jorge, gravel road SE of Pico de Esperança, alt. 950 m, on Cladonia furcata on 9

10 exposed road embankment (with Stereocaulon azoricum), 2.viii.2001, B ** Roselliniopsis ventosa (Rostrup) Alstrup Well developed material with asci containing 8 aseptate spores, which are not stuck together. Despite this unique feature of Roselliniopsis, R. ventosa doubtlessly belongs to this genus. The perithecia are predominantly in the interstices but also emerge in groups of 3-8 perithecia through the otherwise unaltered areoles of the host. They vary from being fully immersed to fully exposed, conglutinated by a scarce subiculum. In addition to the comment of ALSTRUP et al. (1994) our specimen has rather uniform ascospores, which are generally slightly smaller, 10-10,5 µm diameter with a few up to 14x10,5 µm, and well visible germ-pores. The hamathecium consists of typically branched paraphysoides. The host lichen was found on sun-exposed basalt gravel on the fog-swept crest of volcanoes in the centre of São Jorge. The arctic-boreal host is widely abundant also on other islands of the Azores, but only above 900 m. Loc.: São Jorge, road SE of Pico de Esperança, alt. 900 m, on Placopsis gelida, 2.viii.2001, B ** Sphaerellothecium araneosum (Rehm ex Arnold) Zopf Loc.: São Jorge, gravel road SE of Pico de Esperança, alt. 900 m, on rocks in road embankment, on Stereocaulon macaronesicum, 2.viii.2001, B Sphinctrina tubiformis A. Massal. A cosmopolitian lichenicolous fungus on Pertusaria, here on P. hymenea, which to our knowledge is a new host. It has been reported previously from the Azores by APTROOT (1989). New island record. Loc.: São Miguel, Lagoa das Furnas, roadside trees along northern shore, N, W; alt. 285 m, on Alnus glutinosa, 31.vii.2001, B * Stigmidium epiramalinae (Vouaux) Hafellner Frequent in blackened parts of Ramalina sp. PITARD & HARMAND (1911) recorded this species from the Canary Islands. Loc.: Faial, W Varodouro, road along the cliffs, alt. 30 m, on Ramalina subpusilla on Erica azorica, 8.viii.2001, B São Jorge, Velhas, supralittoral basalt-cliffs below hotel São Jorge, 38 40,8 N, 28 12,7 W; alt. 10 m, on Ramalina requenii on north facing basalt, 2.viii.2001, B * Syzygospora bachmannii Diederich & M.S. Christ. Already known from the high oceanic NW slope of Madeira (DIEDERICH 1996). Loc.: São Miguel, Caldeira Lagoa Sete Cidades, westside, fog-swept rim, alt. 450 m, on Cladonia sp. in cushions of bryophytes on road embankment, 29.vii.2001, B ** Taeniolella punctata M.S. Christ. & D. Hawksw. The first record of this genus of lichenicolous hyphomycetes in Laurimacaronesia. Fajã do Cubre, N, 27 5,3 W; alt. 350 m, on Graphis sp., 3.viii.2001, B 15714, det. J. Etayo. * Tremella lobariacearum Diederich & M.S. Christ. This fungus on Lobaria pulmonaria is widespread and frequently accompanied by Plectocarpon macaronesicum. It has been reported from various locations on the Canary Islands and Madeira (DIEDERICH 1996). Fajã do Cubre, alt. 600 m, on Lobaria pulmonaria, 3.viii.2001, B

11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We warmly thank numerous specialists, without whose assistance this publication could not have been written. Always available with kind help and comment were T. Ahti, O. Breuss, J. Etayo, R. Moberg, E. Sérusiaux and H. Sipman. John Carter is thanked for linguistic corrections. Josef Plunser of the Alpinschule Innsbruck is appreciated for providing guidance on the hiking tour through the marvellous Azores, and for his interest in and patience with the oddities of a lichenologist. REFERENCES ALSTRUP, V., S.N. CHRISTENSEN, E.S. HANSEN, S. SVANE The lichens of the Faroes. Annales Societatis Scientiae Faeroensis 40: AHTI, T Cladoniaceae. Flora Neotropica Monograph 78: APTROOT, A Contribution to the Azores lichen flora. Lichenologist 21: ARVIDSSON, L Additions to the lichen flora of the Azores. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 38: ARVIDSSON, L. & S. WALL Contributions to the lichen flora of Madeira. Lichenologist 17: BERGER, F. & P. DIEDERICH Lichenodiplis hawksworthii spec. nov., a third lichenicolous species of Lichenodiplis (Coelomycetes). Herzogia 12: BERGER, F. & J. ETAYO Beiträge zur Flechtenflora der Kanarischen Inseln. V. Saxicole Arten von der Insel La Palma. Contribution a la flora liquénica de las Islas Canarias. V. Líquenes saxícolas y muscícolas de La Palma. Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde 7: CALATAYUD, V. & E. BARRENO Lichenicolous fungi from the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands II. Pp in F.J.A. DANIELS, M. SCHULZ & J. PEINE (Eds) Flechten Follmann. Contributions to lichenology in honour of Gerhard Follmann, Cologne. 580 pp. DEGELIUS, G Lichens from the Azores, mainly collected by Dr. H. Persson. Konglige Götheborgska wettenskaps handlingar, Wettenskaps afdelningen, Ser. B 1 (7): DIEDERICH, P The lichenicolous heterobasidiomycetes. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 61: DIEDERICH, P. &. M.S. CHRISTIANSEN Biatoropsis usnearum Räsänen, and other Heterobasidiomycetes on Usnea. Lichenologist 26: ETAYO, J Aportación a la flora liquénica de las Islas Canarias. IV. Líquenes epifitos de La Gomera (Islas Canarias). Tropical Bryology 14: ETAYO, J. & F. BERGER in prep. Contribución a la flora liquénica de las Islas Canarias. VII. Algunos líquenes y hongos liquenícolas. GIRALT, M. & H. MAYRHOFER The corticolous species of the genus Rinodina with biatorine or lecideine apothecia of southern Europe and Macaronesia. Lichenologist 26: HAFELLNER, J. 1995a. A new checklist of lichens and lichenicolous fungi of insular Laurimacaronesia including a lichenological bibliography for the area. Fritschiana 5: HAFELLNER, J. 1995b. Bemerkenswerte Funde von Flechten und lichenicolen Pilzen auf den makaronesischen Inseln II. Einige bisher übersehene arthoniale Arten. Herzogia 11: HAFELLNER, J Bemerkenswerte Funde von Flechten und flechtenbewohnenden Pilzen auf makaronesischen Inseln V: Über einige Neufunde und zwei neue Arten. Herzogia 12: HAFELLNER, J Additions and corrections to the checklist and bibliography of lichens and lichenicolous fungi of insular Laurimacaronesia. I. Fritschiana 17: HAGGAR, J.P The Structure, Composition and Status of the Cloud forest of Pico Island in the Azores. Biological Conservation 46: HAWKSWORTH, D.L The lichenicolous Coelomycetes. Bulletin of British Museum (Natarual History), Botany 9: HERNÁNDEZ-PADRÓN, C.E División Lichenes y Lichenicolous Fungi. Pp in: IZQUIERDO, I., J.L. MARTÍN, N. ZURITA & M. ARECHAVALETA (Eds) Lista de especies silvestres de Canarias (hongos, plantas y animales terrestres). Consejería de Política Territorial y Medio Ambiente Gobierno de Canarias. 437 pp. JAMES, P. & F.J. WHITE Studies on the genus Nephroma I. The European and Macaronesian species. Lichenologist 19: KALB, K Lichenes Neotropici ausgegeben von Klaus Kalb. Fascikel XI (Nos ). 12 pp. KALB, K. & J. HAFELLNER Bemerkenswerte Flechten und lichenicole Pilze von der Insel Madeira. Herzogia 9: MAYRHOFER, H., J.W. SHEARD, M.C. GRASSLER & J.A. ELIX Rinodina intermedia (Physciaceae, Lichenized Ascomycetes) A well-characterized 11

12 species with Submuriform Ascospores. Bryologist 104 (3): ØSTHAGEN, H. & H. KROG Contribution to the lichen flora of the Canary Islands. Norwegian Journal of Botany 23: PITARD, C.J. & J. HARMAND Contribution à l`étude de lichens des Îles Canaries. Mémoires de la Société Botanique de France 22: PURVIS O.W., B.J. COPPINS, D.L. HAWKSWORTH, P.W. JAMES & D.M. MOORE The lichen flora of Great Britain and Ireland. Natural History Museum. London. 710 pp. PURVIS, O.W. & P. JAMES Studies on the lichens of the Azores. Part 1. - Caldeira do Faial. Arquipélago. Life and Marine Sciences 11A: PURVIS, O.W., P.W. JAMES & C.W. SMITH Studies on the lichens of the Azores. Part 3. - Macrolichens of relict cloud forests. Boletim do Museo Municipal Funchal. Suplemento. 4: PURVIS, O.W., C.W. SMITH & P.W. JAMES Studies on the lichens of the Azores. Part 2. - Lichens of the upper slope of Pico mountain. a comparison between the lichen floras of the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands at high altitudes. Arquipélago. Life and Marine Sciences 12 A: SCHULZ & J. PEINE (Eds) Flechten Follmann. Contributions to lichenology in honour of Gerhard Follmann, Cologne. 580 pp. SJÖGREN, E Açores Flores. Direçcao Regional de Turismo, Horta, Faial. - Publ., Uppsala. SMITH, C Lichens of the Atlantic Islands. British Lichen Society Bulletin 90: 10. TAVARES, C.N Contribution to the lichen flora of Macaronesia I. Lichens from Madeira. Portugaliae Acta Biologica (B) 3(3): TIBELL, L Notes on Caliciales III. Some species from Africa. Lichenologist 13: TIMDAL, E A monograph of the genus Toninia (Lecideaceae, Ascomycetes). Opera Botanica 111: TOPHAM P.B. & F.J. WALKER Field meeting in Tenerife, Canary Islands. New and interesting records. Lichenologist 14: TUTIN T.G The vegetation of the Azores. Journal of Ecology 41: Accepted 3 December