First Ten Hydrocarbons HYDROCARBONS
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1 YDROARBON YDROARBON A hydrocarbon is a compound consisting of only hydrogen and carbon. The carbon to carbon can be single, double, or triple bonds. The bonds are always nonpolar. Alkanes are hydrocarbons with only single bonds. Each successive compound differs from the one before it only by a As the number of arbons increase so does the MP/BP As the number of arbons increase so does structural isomers YDROARBON BONDING YDROARBON BONDING single (A) double (B) triple () (A) straight (B) branched () in a closed ring Each carbon atom has four dashes, which represent four bonding pairs of electrons, satisfying the octet rule. ALKANE n n+ Name Ethane Propane First Ten ydrocarbons Number of Molecular arbon Atoms Formula 8 0 ondensed tructural Formula LEARN IT, LOVE IT! Pentane exane eptane Octane Nonane Decane 0 0
2 # METANE 0 is Tetrahedral # ETANE Zumdahl, Zumdahl, Deoste, World of hemistry 00, page Zumdahl, Zumdahl, Deoste, World of hemistry 00, page # ETANE # PROPANE Zumdahl, Zumdahl, Deoste, World of hemistry 00, page
3 # PROPANE tructure of Propane Zumdahl, Zumdahl, Deoste, World of hemistry 00, page # BUTANE tructure of Zumdahl, Zumdahl, Deoste, World of hemistry 00, page # PENTANE ydrocarbons (alkanes) INGLE BOND
4 Name Ethane n-propane ALKANE PROPERTIE Number of Molecular Melting Boiling arbon AtomsFormula Point, o Point, o # of Isomers NAMING ALKANE. Find the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms in the molecule. tart numbering the chain at the carbon nearest the first branching point constituents have the lowest #s possible) n- n-pentane n-exane n-eptane n-octane Name and number the constituents ydrocarbon groups that are attached to the longest continuous chain and named using the parent name, changing the ane suffix to yl. n-nonane Write out the name of the molecule n-decane butane Isomers of Pentane 0 Isomers of methyl propane or isobutane Timberlake, hemistry 7 th Edition, page 8 Timberlake, hemistry 7 th Edition, page 8 tructural Isomers All have formula TRUTURAL IOMER NAMING ALKANE arbon can make covalent bonds There are more carbon-based compounds present on earth than the total of all compounds lacking carbon ompounds that have the same molecular formula, but different structures (arrangements of the atoms) are called isomers. Example: Isomers of 0 Identify the longest continuous chain. The locations or other groups of atoms attached to the longest chain are identified and numbered by counting from the end of the molecule which keeps the numbering system as low as possible. : Isobutane:
5 METYL GROUP (R)??R Methyl - R 0 Butyl -,, trimethyl ethyl octane, dimethyl hexane or Lowest sum of numbers is correct, dimethyl hexane, dimethyl,diethyl nonane ALKENE AND AKYNE Number of arbon Atoms Alkanes n n + ydrocarbons Alkenes n n Alkynes n n- Ethane Ethene Ethyne 8 Propane Propene Propyne 0 8 Butene Butyne Pentane 0 Pentene 8 Pentyne exane exene 0 exyne 7 7 eptane 7 eptene 7 eptyne Octane 8 8 Octene 8 Octyne 0 Nonane 8 Nonene Nonyne 0 0 Decane 0 0 Decene 0 8 Decyne
6 ALKENE AND ALKYNE ALKENE Alkenes and Alkynes Alkenes are hydrocarbons with at least one double carbon to carbon bond. To show the presence of the double bond, the ane suffix from the alkane name is changed to ene. The alkenes are unsaturated with respect to hydrogen This means it does not have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms as it would if it were an alkane (a saturated hydrocarbon). n n ALKYNE ( n n- )
7 0 -butene but()ene n-butene Butene Ethylene is the gas that ripens fruit, and a ripe fruit emits the gas, which will act on unripe fruit. A ripe tomato placed in a sealed bag with green tomatoes will help ripen them. -butene 8 7
8 DO YOU ARE DNA damage Guanine 8-ydroxyguanine + O The most highly mutagenic lesions identified O NAMING ALKENE/ ALKYNE Naming is similar to naming alkanes except: The longest continuous chain must contain the double bond. The base name now ends in ene. The carbons are numbered so as to keep the number for the double bond as low as possible. The base name is given a number which identifies the location of the double bond. An alkyne is a hydrocarbon with at least one carbon to carbon triple bond. Naming an alkyne is similar to the alkenes, except the base name ends in yne. FUNTIONAL GROUP ALOOL Alkenes can also add to each other in an addition reaction to form long chains of carbon compounds. this is called polymerization The atom or group of atoms that are added to the hydrocarbon are called functional groups. Functional groups usually have multiple bonds or lone pairs of electrons that make them very reactive. FREE RADIAL????? 8
9 Alcohols An alcohol has a hydrogen replaced by a hydroxyl (-O) group. The name of the hydrocarbon that was substituted determines the name of the alcohol. The alcohol is named using the hydrocarbon name and adding the suffix ol. If methane is substituted with an O group it becomes methanol If a pentane group is substituted with an O group it is pentanol. For alcohols with more than two carbon atoms we need the number the chain so as to keep the alcohol group as low as possible. Naming Functional Groups
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