Ancients we will cover: Egypt Greece Rome

Transcription

1 Ancients we will cover: Egypt Greece Rome Ancients we will not cover: The Dawn of Man ( cave men ) Crete / Minoan Mesopotamia Mycanae Etrusca Hittite Empire Assyria Babylonia

2 You re never going to find 2 Egyptologists who agree on this period. Nicholas Reeves The minute you begin to write about those people, you begin to write fiction. Barry Kemp

3 ancientegyptamania.com Maps of Ancient Egypt

4 The Old Kingdom history.howstuffworks.com The Nile River

5 tigtail.org

6 EGYPT 4000BCE - 31CE (date Roman armies conquered) 30 dynasties (little or no change until 18 th dynasty) Influential People Cleopatra Hatshepsut (considered the "Queen Elizabeth" of Egypt) Akhenaton and Nefertiti (1st to use the term Pharaoh) Tutankhamen (18th Dynasty) Ramses II BCE Numerous geographic advantages: Located where 2 rivers meet Nile very predictable good for planting (good black soil) Many ores metals, and stones in earth (more gold than any country on earth) Surrounded by desert (safety from intruders)

7 Events/ Dates BC--- Pre-dynastic period 3100BC--- Upper and Lower Egypt united BC--- Ancient Kingdom (I-X) BC--- Middle Kingdom (XI-XVII) BC--- New Empire (XVIII-XXX) Most Representative Statements of Period Most consistent culture in history One of the cleanest (hygiene) cultures in history

8 Discoveries/ Inventions Hieroglyphics Writing Material (Papyrus) 365-day Calendar Art and Literature Surgery Embalming/ Mummification Beer (most popular beverage) The Ramp and the Lever Contraceptives Geometry More precious ores than any other country Farming major form of employment Everyday Life/ Society Family unit important Women had options Upper Classes Royalty and Nobles Artisans, Craftsman, and Merchants Lower Classes Workers Slaves Other Priests Army

9 Philosophy Religion & gods took part in every human activity from birth to death King was god Extremely interested in the quality of life and death: Pyramids to ensure comfort on the other side Recorded everyday habits on walls of tombs Extremely advanced embalming techniques Egyptian Codes and mysteries Left messages behind Symbolism and deeper meaning behind many things

10 VISUAL STYLE Architecture Pyramids and Temples Cheaops c.2500bc Giza c.2560bc Luxor c.1375bc Colors White Gold Natural ores: lapis lazuli, turquoise, coral, onyx, sardonyx disliked red Motifs Lotus Papyrus Animals

11 Architecture The Great Sphinx Giza Plateau, Egypt

12 Pyramids

13 Pyramids at Giza

14 Sphinx and Pyramid

15 Step Pyramid

16 Pyramids

17 Luxor Temple Luxor, Egypt

18 The Great Hypostyle Hall of Karnak Temple

19 Temple of Ramses II Located in Abu Simbel

20 Temple of Ramses II

21 Capitals from Vivant Denon

22 Relief from Menena s tomb ca B.C.E. Found in Thebes, Egypt

23 Colors, Motifs

24 Tutankhamun s burial mask Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt Tutankhamun on a Lotus, ca BC. The Tutankhamun Collection

25 Howard Carter s Expedition and discovery and excavation of Tut s tomb 1924

26 Howard Carter s discovery and excavation of Tut s tomb 1924

27 1977: Lines waiting out side of the City of New Orleans Museum for the Treasures of Tutankhamen Exhibit French fashion plate from 1922 showing the influence of the Carter discovery on aesthetics

28 Scarab (Beetle) A Common Motif Scarab Bracelet The Tutankhamun Exhibit Pectoral of Kheper Scarab The Tutankhamun Exhibit

29 Ankh Shaped Mirror Box The Tutankhamun Exhibit

30 Amenemipet s openwork pectoral of Isis and Nephtys with a scarab Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Stierlin, Henri. The Gold of the Pharaohs. Bayard Presse

31 Gold Cloisonne Earrings The Tutankhamun Exhibit

32 Recovered stolen Tut artifact A lapis lazuli sphinx bracelet inlay

33 AESTHETICS Admired clean pure refined lines. Believed compatibility necessary within all forms. including art, architecture, furniture, clothing etc. Nakedness considered beautiful. White, which was then combined with the natural earth colors of ore, turquoise, coral, lapis lazuli and gold etc, was the unified color system (more gold than any other country in the world). Importance of maintaining the line of the human body (only foreigners depicted as fat)--although idealized in art, the Egyptian figure was quite slender and most Egyptians were in good shape. Mummies have been found padded with sawdust to insure life after death with a good figure.

34 Indications of the ideal body proportions in Egyptian art In both art and architecture the ancient Egyptians favored the rectilinear geometric outline touregypt.net

35 Relief depicting the rulers of Punt in the Temple of Hatshepsut Foreigners were often depicted as fat or at least Very different from the Egyptian ideal

36 FABRICS Linen most commonly used fiber Made from flax, difficult to grow Could weave extremely fine and sheer Generally a plain weave Eventually crimped fibers Some wool worn as outer wear Garments were layered, and often had more sheer layers over

37 Flax Painting on stucco in tomb of Sennedjem Deir el Medina, West Thebes, 19 th Dynasty. Shows Sennedjem and his wife Iynefert ploughing and reaping flax and wheat in the mythical fields of Inru.

38 Flax

39 The world s oldest extant dress from Tarkhan. First Dynasty. Hall Egyptian Textiles

40 02_02/col01/ tis01/ima.gif This rare linen tunic is from the Middle Empire c BC. It is in 3 pieces, pleated, and probably never worn. No representations of this kind of tunic have been found in extant Egyptian art. This item is in the collection at Lyon, an identical tunic is exhibited at the Louvre. Condensed from text on website of Musees des Tissus in Lyon

41 Fish Tapestry Antinoe Middle Egypt 2d-3d century AD This is a well-preserved and incomplete example of a textile that is exceptional because it is such a huge fragment. (Another fragment is in the Louvre) Condensed from the text on the website Musees des Tissus at Lyon

42 Textile Fragments In the collection of extant fabric (all CE) From Musees des Tissus et des Arts Decoratifs de Lyon

43 Note the Layering in varying degrees of sheerness touregypt.net

44 On a side note.. New Discovery 2009 Four thousand years ago Egyptians had mastered the process of making madder, a red dye, according to a researcher who uncovered the earliest known example of the color still used today. Refining a technique that allows the study of microscopic bits of pigment, Marco Leona of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York was able to analyze the color of a fragment of leather from an ancient Egyptian quiver. The discovery that the color was madder is the earliest evidence for the complex chemical knowledge needed to extract the dye from a plant and turn it into a pigment, Leona reports in Tuesday's edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. ***The find is some 700 years earlier than any previously known use of madder. By Randolph E. Schmid for AP

45 WIGS Commonly worn by men and women. Often worn over shaved head. Generally blunt cut and pyramidal in shape. Generally had bangs Could be very elaborate Cakes of fragrant oil often set on top Pharaohs wore false beard known a POSTICHE (Hatshepsut reported to have worn, also) Men grew beards only in mourning.

46 14 th century BCE

47 The canopic jars of Pharaoh Tutankhamun The Tutankhamun Exhibit The Sphinx Note the thickness Of the wig shape

48 Statuette of the Late New Kingdom Large Crimped Wigs touregypt.net

49 Limestone relief of nobleman Ca B.C.E. Perhaps from Saqqara, Egypt touregypt.net

50 Portrait of Lady Tjepu ca B.C.E. Nebamun s Tomb; Thebes, Egypt Crimped hair

51 Earrings and Headdress in gold, turquoises, faience and carnelians, from the tomb of the Three Ladies Thebes, 18th dynasty. The Huntley Bequest, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Gregorietti, Guido. Jewelry Through the Ages. Crescent Books

52 homepage.powerup.com.au touregypt.net Perfumed cones on wigs

53 Wigs Ankhesenamun Tutankhamen

54 Postiche Akhnaton from a pillar statue in the Temple of Aten. c B.C. Egyptian Museum, Cairo

55 Postiche Tutankhamun s burial mask touregypt.net Tutankhamen

56 MAKEUP Commonly worn by men and women Full body makeup common (earth colored) Elongated eye achieved through KOHL Women sometimes painted nipples gold Varicose veins considered beautiful - would darken the blue/green--especially on breasts

57 touregypt.net The Egyptian EYE

58 ACCESSORIES Jewelry worn extensively by both men and women. Jewelry was very elaborate and intricately crafted. Jewelry commonly worn at "edges. The 2 most common necklace shapes were the traditional rounded collar (USEKH) and the PECTORAL which was trapezoidal in shape and often depicted an event. Egyptians commonly went barefoot but some sandals were worn. Headdresses - were often elaborate, and depicted location. Khat - Scarf (pyramidal-shaped)

59 Bust of Nefertiti Now in Berlin nefeaturestories/ beauty6.jpg Limestone relief The Royal Tomb at Amarna

60 blog.daum.ne

61 on a side note World s Oldest Shoe Discovered Preserved in Sheep Dung The size 7-woman's leather lace-up moccasin, with straw padding, could have been worn by a farmer. THE GIST * A 5,500-year-old shoe was found in a cool, dry cave in Armenia. * The right-footed moccasin was buried in sheep dung, which likely helped preserve it. * The shoe is roughly the size of an American size 7 woman's shoe. Discovery.com

62 From Tut 18 th Dynasty Egyptian Museum Cairo Vulture Collar Gold uraeus of Senusert II 12th dynasty, Egypt

63 5 Gold Rings From Tut 18 th Dynasty

64 Gold necklace of Psusennes 21st dynasty, Egypt Necklace with Lunar Pectoral From Tut 18 th Dynasty

65 Pectoral with Solar and Lunar Emblems From Tut 18 th Dynasty

66 Openwork Gold Buckle From Tut 18 th Dynasty

67 Bracelet with Carnelian Udjat From Tut 18 th Dynasty

68 Gold earrings of Seti II 19th dynasty, Egypt

69 Vulture Pendant From Tut 18 th Dynasty

70 Ramses 11 Gold and Lapis Bracelets 19 th Dynasty, Egypt

71 Painting on Nefertari s tomb Ramses 11 as a child 19 th dynasty Louvre

72 CLOTHING In addition to the animal skins, jewelry, wigs, and shoes there were many fabric drape variations in Ancient Egypt. I have divided them into 3 distinct categories: SCHENTI PROCARDIUM KALASIRIS Wall painting in Tutankhamen s Tomb heritage-key.com

73 SCHENTI (Shendot) (also called loincloth and kilt)--a rectangular loincloth worn by men only. It was wrapped around and under the body similarly to a diaper. There was much variety in wrapping techniques, and the length and width varied greatly. These were generally girdled at the waist and some later ones had the triangular girdle end that could be stiffened and decorated. When these were worn, the man was generally naked above the waist save jewelry, etc. Distinctively, they tend to ride higher at the back waist and dip at the Center Front (you can really see this in a side view ).

74 Schenti Statues ofmetjetji ca B.C.E. Currently located at The Brooklyn Museum

75 Troops Egyptian Museum

76 Tut The Harpooner From Tut 18 th Dynasty Egyptian Museum Cairo

77 Wall painting showing Neb-Aman s gratitude for his wealth. XVII Dynasty Metropolitan Address Book

78 PROCARDIUM a long rectangular sheath which fit the wearer snugly worn by both men and women. It could vary in length and size and often had a strap, particularly when worn by women. This strap (or straps) provided tremendous variety, the single diagonal one is quite common. On women, the top of the garment often fell below the nipple line therefore exposing the breast. These could be worn in layers.

79 Maid-servants attending to ladies at a banquet Tomb of Vizier Rekhmire

80 King Horemheb before the Goddess Hathor Wall painting in the Tomb of Horemheb c.a B.C.E.

81 Maidservant carrying vases. White sheath is covered with net, which probably was multi-colored cut leather. Batterberry

82 KALASIRIS a rectangle twice the length of the wearer with a slit for the head. It was generally fairly wide so when one put it on and girdled it, a natural sleeve was formed, and it could hang open at the side. This was primarily worn by women and could be worn in conjunction with either of the other two types of drapes.

83 Kalasiris

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85 Wall painting in Tutankhamen s Tomb heritage-key.com All 3 Basic shapes worn in one painting

86 Wall painting of the hired mourners c B.C.E. The Tomb of Ramose, Valley of the Nobles, Egypt

87 Prince Rahotep and Nofret Ca B.C.E. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Known as The Last Pharoah

88 Prince Rahotep and Nofret FORMER!!! Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Known as The Last Pharoah

89 Carved wood coated with gesso and gilded. The god is wrapped in a featherpatterned garment with details in bronze and gold. He weras a wide collar, and his skull cap is dark blue faience, the eyes and eyebrows are inlaid glass. He holds a scepter with both hands Statue of Ptah, god of artists and craftsmen (Tutankhamen Exhibit) Tutankhamun Shawabty Figure

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92 Gold Dagger From Tut 18 th Dynasty Egyptian Museum Cairo

93 A necklace of Ahhotep decorated with three gold flies Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Stierlin, Henri. The Gold of the Pharaohs. Bayard Presse

94 Necklace with a pendant depicting the symbol of the god Nekhbet, from Tutankhamen s treasure, Egyptian, 18th dynasty. Large collar with pectoral in gold, faience and cornelian, from Tutankhamen s treasure, Egyptian, 18th dynasty. Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Gregorietti, Guido Jewelry Through the Ages. Crescent Books

95 Egypt in pop culture

96 Ramses 11 s modern journey 19 th dynasty (approx 1400 BCE)..Ramses 11 is known as the Warrior King and ruled for 60 yrs. During this time, a statue is erected at approx 36 ft tall and weighing 82 tons.

97 in The 3,200 yr old statue was first discovered. Postcard from 1800 s

98 in 1955 The statue was placed in the square in Cairo Photograph from 1955 of statue being transported (was cut into 5 pieces!)

99 In August It was determined that pollution was causing the statue to deteriorate rapidly so it was moved to a new location in the desert on the Cairo- Alexandria road. A park giving the statue it s visual due is planned to open in Campbell logger story

100 A plan was hatched to move the statue to a new location in the desert on the Cairo-Alexandria road. It was to be at the location of a grand museum planned on the Giza Plateau that lines up with the pyramids. A park giving the statue it s visual due along with the (nearly 800 million dollar) GRAND EGYPTIAN MUSEUM is planned to open in 2012, oops-2013, oops- 2014, oops The adventure began before dawn

101 When Ramses moved to the square in 1955, the statue was cut into 8 sections. This time, they decided to leave him intact, so a large scaffolding was built around him. He was then loaded on to a specially designed flatbed truck. The journey of 35 kilometers took 10 hours. An atmosphere of celebration ensued, as thousands of citizens lined the streets to bid Ramses farewell as he paraded to his new location. More info at:

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103 All pictures from

104 Design for Grand Egyptian Museum (Scheduled to open 2013)

105 2011 Egyptian Revolution blog.cleveland.com

106 2011 Egyptian Revolution

107 A magnificent necklace belonging to Psusennes I Egyptian Museum, Cairo. Stierlin, Henri. The Gold of the Pharaohs. Bayard Presse

108 Rings of the great Ramessides Musée du Louvre, Paris. Stierlin, Henri. The Gold of the Pharaohs. Bayard Presse