Exploration and Expansion

Transcription

1 Exploration and Expansion

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3 Guiding Questions 1. What were the major causes and effects of the European exploration? 2. Explain the significance of transportation technologies in European exploration.

4 Encouraging Exploration Prior to the Crusades (1100) and Marco Polo (1275), Europeans neither had the ability nor the interest in exploring the East Profit is the main motive for European exploration in the 1400s Europeans also hope to spread Christianity to other lands Technological advances make long-distance voyages possible

5 Profit as Motive Trade in spices and luxury goods from East Asia was profitable in Europe (Crusades) Nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, pepper The goal was to make this trade more profitable for European merchants and traders Muslims and Italians controlled all goods East to West England, Spain, Portugal, and France wanted to bypass the Italians through a sea route

6 "The Mullus" Harvesting pepper. Illustration from a French edition of The Travels of Marco Polo

7 Spreading Christianity to serve God and his majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do. Bartolomeu Dias Crusades left Europe with a taste for spices and hostility toward Muslims Belief in the sacred duty of converting non- Christians throughout the world famous-explorers.com

8 Technological Advances Why did Europeans not sail to the East earlier? In the 1200s, European ships could not sail against the wind The caravel (1400s) Astrolabe from Muslims Compass from the Chinese (Song 1100)

9 Tools of Exploration Explain the significance of each piece of technology. Use page 465 as a reference. Compass Sextant Caravel rudder

10 Order of Christ Portuguese heritage of the Knight s Templar Pope reinstituted the Templars of Tomar as the Order of Christ Mostly because of their during the reqconquista and to keep the king from gaining the Templar assets

11 Portugal Leads the Way Prince Henry pushes for voyages of exploration Portuguese sailors establish a direct sea route to Asia Columbus s voyage west across the Atlantic intensifies the rivalry between Spain and Portugal

12 Prince Henry Founded a navigation school where, map makers, instrument makers, shipbuilders, scientists, and sea captains studied Dreams began when he conquered the city of Ceuta in North Africa Received funding from the Order of Christ Set up out posts in Africa

13 Direct Sea Route to Asia 1488 Bartolomeu Dias sails around the southern tip of Africa 1498 Vasco da Gama reached the port of Calicut Portugal finally has a route to India

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15 Rivalry Between Spain and Portugal Columbus believed, for the rest of his life, that he was exploring the East This caused problems between Spain and Portugal because Portugal had already claimed parts of the East 1493 Pope Alexander VI suggests an imaginary line that separates the Spanish and Portuguese claims Portugal complains that Spain has more, the line is moved and final in the Treaty of Tordesillas

16 Treaty of Tordesillas

17 Making Inferences What did the Treaty of Tordesillas reveal about European attitudes toward non-european lands and people?

18 Trading Empires Portugal builds a trading empire that reaches the east indies Other nations compete with Portugal for Indian Ocean trade The Dutch East India Company becomes dominant in the region

19 Portugal s Trading Empire Portugal defeats a Muslim fleet off the coast of India Built a fort at Hormuz, controlling the Straights of Hormuz which connects the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea Established port cities in India and Malay Peninsula control over the spice islands Portuguese merchants could bring goods back to Europe for about a 5 th of what it used to cost

20 The Competition 1600s the English and Dutch begin to challenge Portugal s hold on trade in the Indian Ocean Dutch owned 20,000 vessels the largest fleet in the world English and Dutch beat Portugal before turning on each other Dutch East India Company eventually drove out the British East India Company

21 European Trade Outposts By 1700, the Dutch ruled much of Indonesia The Dutch also controlled the Cape of Good Hope England focuses on outposts in India, but never showed a strong profit Western culture was often not spread into the interiors of Asian countries China and Japan are especially unaffected culturally by the West