Sicurezza Alimentare. Concetti e misurazioni. Cecilia Tinonin PhD student in Agriculturall Economics and Statistics Unibo

Transcription

1 Sicurezza Alimentare Concetti e misurazioni Cecilia Tinonin PhD student in Agriculturall Economics and Statistics Unibo

2 Componenti 1) Food Availability: enough food is available, (items); 2) Food Access: individual have adequate physical and economic access to food, (means); 3) Food Utilization: food is properly used, proper food processing and storage techniques are employed, adequate knowledge of nutrition and child care techniques exist and is applied, and adequate health and sanitation serves exists, (know-how);

3 Definizioni 1) World Food Summit (1996) Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for a healthy and active life 2) World Food Summit Target: to reduce the number of undernourished by half between and 201 (no more than 420 million by 2015)

4 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; 2) Achieve universal primary education; 3) Promote gender equality and empower women; 4) Reduce child mortality; 5) Improve maternal health; 6) Combat HIV, Malaria and other diseases; 7) Ensure environmental sustainability; 8) Develop a global partnership for development.

5 MDG1, Target 1.C: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger Indicator 1.8: Prevalence of underweight children under-five years of age; Indicator 1.9: Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption;

6 FAO (1999) Undernourishment (Indicator 1.9) is when caloric intake is below the minimum dietary energy requirement; Undernutrition (Indicator 1.8) is the result or outcome of undernourishment, poor absorption and/or poor biological use of nutrients consumed.

7 FAO s Methodology for Undernourishment Indicator 1.9 The prevalence of undernourished in a given population is estimated on the basis of Dietary Energy Consumption (DEC) and Dietary Energy Requirement (DER) ( kgcal) Argomentazione: consumo di cibo sufficiente per il proprio fabbisogno energetico

8 FAO s methodology

9 Sources of DATA 1) Food Balance Sheet; 2) Household Dietary Surveys; 3) Household Expenditures Surveys;

10 1) Food Balance Sheets - Compiled annually by FAO on the basis of data on the production and trade of food commodities. Supply/utilization account. - Dietary Energy Supply (DES): energy available for human consumption during a time frame and expressed in Kcal per person.

11 a) Issues with DES Concept of food security: It refers to food acquired by (or available to) the households rather than the actual food intake of the individual household members. The resulting estimate refers to food availability rather than food intake;

12 b) Issues with DES Unit of analysis: is the household per capita average rather than the individual within the household. This means that any inequity that may exist in the intra-household access to food is ignored so that, conceptually speaking, the measure of undernourishment refers to the proportion of households in the population whose food availability is below requirement.

13 2) Household Dietary Surveys - Measure: Household Dietary Food Intake (DEI) Quantities of food consumed by the household converted into nutritional values. - Survey Tools: 1. Precise weighting dietary survey; 2. Weighted Dietary Records; 3. Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ); hours recall;

14 Issues with DEI Very high transaction costs (data collection is complicated:i.e. weighting), surveys are not available for all countries; Measurement error when dealing with illiterate population; Food eaten away from home usually not present.

15 3) Household expenditure survey

16 Issues with Food Expenditures Differences between food consumed and food acquires (food to feed pets, waste); Quantities are needed for conversion into nutritional values; Unequal distribution of resources;

17 Conceptual Framework for Nutritional Security

18 Nutritional Security Malnutrition: it refers to deficiency or imbalances in intake of energy, protein, and/or other nutrients. Undernutrition: it is the result of food intake which is continusly insufficient to meet dietary energy requirement, poor absorption/biological use of nutrients consumed.

19 Data for Nutritional Security In children (0-5): WHO Growth Standards Adults: Body Mass Index (BMI) Issues: Adolescent and Elderly;

20 WHO Child Growth Standards In 1997, the WHO started a Multidisciplinary Study Group to construct an international reference line to assess child nutritional status. The WHO Multi-centre Growth Reference Study collected data for estimating the reference line was based on a sample of 8,840 children in Brazil, Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and the United States. As result, the Child Growth Standards was launched on the 27 th April The WHO Child Growth Reference line prescribes how a child (age 0-5) should grow. The reference is a range of weight and height prescribing how an average child should grow. Growth measurements reported during data collection are assessed against a standard optimum value.

21 In Children (0-5) Anthropometrics 1. Weight for age: underweight; 2. Height for age:chronic undernutrition/illness; 3. Weight for age:current nutritional status;

22 Food Security Nutritional Security 1) Undernourishment (food deprivation) 1) Undernutrition (antropometrics) 2) Unit: Household 3) Indicator 1.9 FAO Food deprivation and hunger 2) Unit: Individual 3) Indicator 1.8 WHO Broader concept of malnutrition

23 Results for SOFI 2009

24 1) World hunger is increasing

25 2) South Asia Dilemma

26 3) Estimates for 2009

27 4) Sharp increase

28 MDGs Report 2009: Nutritional Security