Biodiversity and Evolution

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 4 Biodiversity and Evolution Core Case Study: Why Should We Care about the American Alligator? What has happened to the American Alligator population since 1930? Why should we care? 4-1: What Is Biodiversity and Why Is It Important? Biodiversity- Species Diversity- Ecosystem Diversity- Functional Diversity- Genetic Diversity- 4-2: Where Do Species Come From? How do we have so much biodiversity? Use the term natural selection in your answer. How does the fossil record prove organisms have changed over time? How does the genetic makeup of a population change over time? Explain how individuals that have a beneficial trait are able to survive to reproduce. Give 3 reasons why humans are such a powerful species. 4-3: How Do Geological Processes and Climate Change Affect Evolution? plates have drifted apart over time, which has 2 major effects on evolution: How have earthquakes and volcanoes affected evolution? How has climate change affected natural selection? 4-4: How Do Speciation, Extinction, and Human Activities Affect Biodiversity? Speciation- Common Mechanisms for Speciation: Geographic Isolation- Extinction- Endemic Species- Reproductive Isolation- Background Extinction- Mass Extinction-

2 4-5: What Is Species Diversity and Why Is It Important? Species Diversity (aka species )- Science Focus: Species Richness on Islands Why do large islands tend to have more species than small islands? Why are species-rich ecosystems sustainable? 4-6: What Roles Do Species Play in an Ecosystem? What happens if two species try to occupy the same niche? Generalist Species vs. Specialist Species Cockroaches are. How has this helped them to survive forever? Native Species vs. Invasive Species What are indicator species and why are they important? Give an example. Describe 3 reasons why amphibians are vanishing: What are keystone species and why are they important? Give an example. What are foundation species and why are they important? Give an example. CHAPTER 5 Biodiversity, Species Interactions, & Population Control Core Case Study: Southern Sea Otters: Are they back from the brink of extinction? Why did the sea otters become nearly extinct by the early 1900s? How has their population been able to recover since the 1930s?

3 Why should we care about sea otters? 5-1: How Do Species Interact? Species Interact in 5 Major Ways: Interaction Definition Example Interspecific Competition Predation Parasitism 4. Mutualism 5. Commensalism The most common interaction between species is for. Explain the Competitive Exclusion Principle. Predators may capture prey by: Walking Swimming Flying 4. Pursuit and - 5. Camouflage- 6. Warfare- Prey may avoid capture by: Camouflage- Chemical Warfare- Warning Coloration- 2 rules for evaluating possible danger of unknown organisms: 4. Mimicry- 5. Deceptive Looks- 6. Deceptive Behavior- Why are predators so important? Describe an example of coevolution. 5-2: How Can Natural Selection Reduce Competition between Species? Explain how the different types of warblers represent resource partitioning.

4 Why is it important that species 1 and 2 evolved, as shown in the graph below? 5-3: What Limits the Growth of Populations? Population dynamics is the study of. Populations are distributed usually in 3 general patterns: Why would populations want to clump together? Four variables that govern changes in population size 4. Population change= Age Structure- Pre-reproductive stage- Reproductive stage- Post-reproductive stage- The size of a population will increase if is made of individuals that are mostly in their. Growth pattern terms to know: Biotic Potential- Intrinsic Rate of Increase (r)- Environmental Resistance- 4. Carrying Capacity- 5. Logistic Growth- r-selected species vs. K-selected species

5 Label the following on the graph: Carrying Capacity K-selected species R-selected species Explain why the cockroach is selected. Explain why the hippo is selected. Factors that play a role in the loss of genetic diversity and the survival of small, isolated populations: Founder Effect- Demographic Bottleneck- Genetic Drift- 4. Inbreeding- Population Density- Density-dependent population controls: Density-independent population controls: Four Patterns of Variation in Population Size: Stable- Irruptive- Cyclic (Boom and Bust Cycles)- 4. Irregular- Explain the population cycles for the snowshoe hare and Canada lynx using the graph below. Describe 2 examples from history that have controlled human populations. 5-4: How Do Communities and Ecosystems Respond to Changing Environmental Conditions?

6 Ecological Succession- Primary Succession- Secondary Succession- Label the following diagrams of succession as primary or secondary AND explain why. What is a climax community?