Contents. Chapter 1 Overview... 1

Transcription

1 Contents Chapter 1 Overview Scope and general information Industrial plants Industry Applications Society (IAS) Professional registration Professional liability Codes and standards Handbooks Periodicals ManufacturersÕ Data Safety Maintenance Design considerations Estimating Contracts Access and loading Contractor performance Environmental considerations Technical files Electronic systems Programmable logic controller Bibliography Chapter 2 System planning Introduction Definitions Basic design considerations Planning guide for the supply and distribution system Power system modernization and evaluation studies/programs References Bibliography Chapter 3 Voltage considerations General Voltage control in electric power systems Voltage selection Voltage ratings for low-voltage utilization equipment xi

2 Std CONTENTS 3.5 Effect of voltage variations on low-voltage and medium-voltage utilization equipment Voltage drop considerations in locating the low-voltage secondary distribution system power source Improvement of voltage conditions Phase-voltage unbalance in three-phase systems Voltage sags and flicker Harmonics Calculation of voltage drops References Bibliography Chapter 4 Short-circuit current calculations Introduction Sources of fault current Fundamentals of short-circuit current calculations Restraints of simplified calculations Detailed procedure Example of short-circuit current calculation for a power system with several voltage levels Example of short-circuit current calculation for a low-voltage system (under 1000 V) Calculation of short-circuit currents for dc systems References Bibliography Annex 4A Typical impedance data for short-circuit studies Chapter 5 Application and coordination of protective devices Purpose Analysis of system behavior and protection needs Protective devices and their applications Performance limitations Principles of protective relay application [38], [40], [50] Protection requirements Use and interpretation of time-current coordination curves Specific examplesñapplying the fundamentals Acceptance testing (commissioning), maintenance, and field testing Bibliography xii

3 CONTENTS Std Chapter 6 Surge voltage protection Nature of the problem Traveling-wave behavior Insulation voltage withstand characteristics Arrester characteristics and ratings Arrester selection Selection of arrester class Application concepts References Bibliography Chapter 7 Grounding Introduction System grounding Equipment grounding Static and lightning protection grounding Connection to earth Ground resistance measurement References Bibliography Chapter 8 Power factor and related considerations General scope Current and power flow fundamentals Benefits of power-factor improvement Typical plant power factor Instruments and measurements for power-factor studies Techniques to improve the power factor Calculation methods for improving power factor Location of reactive power supply Capacitors with induction motors Capacitor standards and operating characteristics Controls for switched capacitors Transients and capacitor switching Protection of capacitors and capacitor banks Resonance and harmonics Inspection and field testing of power capacitors References Bibliography xiii

4 Std CONTENTS Chapter 9 Harmonics in power systems Introduction Importance of understanding effects of harmonics History of harmonic problems and solutions Definition and sources of harmonic currents and voltages Characteristics of harmonics Static power converter theory System response characteristics Effects of harmonics Harmonic analysis Mitigation techniques Industry standards Bibliography Chapter 10 Power switching, transformation, and motor control apparatus Introduction Switching apparatus for power circuits Switchgear Transformers Unit substations Motor control equipment Adjustable speed drives Bibliography Chapter 11 Instruments and meters Introduction Basic objectives Switchboard and panel instruments Portable instruments Recording instruments Miscellaneous instruments Meters Auxiliary devices Typical installations Bibliography Chapter 12 Cable systems Introduction xiv

5 CONTENTS Std Cable construction Cable outer finishes Cable ratings Installation Connectors Terminations Splicing devices and techniques Grounding of cable systems Protection from transient overvoltage Testing Locating cable faults Cable specification References Bibliography Chapter 13 Busways Origin Busway construction Feeder busway Plug-in busway Lighting busway Trolley busway Standards Selection and application of busways Layout Installation Field testing Busways over 600 V (metal-enclosed bus) References Chapter 14 Electrical conservation through energy management Introduction Finding energy conservation opportunities The energy management process Calculating energy savings Load management Efficiencies of electrical equipment Metering Lighting Cogeneration Peak shaving Summary Bibliography xv

6 Std CONTENTS Chapter 15 Industrial substations: plant-utility interface considerations Introduction Planning stage Design stage Construction stage Operating stage Bibliography Chapter 16 Cost estimating of industrial power systems Introduction Information required Factors to be considered Preparing the cost estimate Classes of estimates Equipment and material costs installation costs Other costs Example Bibliography Annex 16A Selected sources for cost-estimating information Annex A Power system device function numbers INDEX xvi