Nationalism, Sectionalism & Expansion. 1820s-1850

Transcription

1 Nationalism, Sectionalism & Expansion 1820s-1850

2 Nationalism v Sectionalism A new feeling in America that the interests of the US is more important than the world interests We have more pride One region, section, or state is better than the whole country North (Industrial) South (Agricultural) West (Minerals/Ranching/ Agriculture)

3 McCulloch v Maryland 1819 After the War of 1812, Madison created the Bank of the US for the entire nation Private banks in states did not like this 1818 Maryland placed a tax on the Baltimore National Bank and James McCulloch the bank officer refused to pay it. Supreme Court ruled that Maryland s tax on a US Bank was unconstitutional and the US Government was Supreme

4 Gibbons v Ogden 1824 Two steamboat companies were rivals in New York Aaron Ogden received his permission from New York Thomas Gibbons received his permission and license from the National Government Supreme Court ruled that National law was superior to state law The National Government had the power to regulate Commerce and trade between states

5 James Monroe Monroe was elected as president Democrat-Republican Era of Good Feelings & Nationalism 1818 Rush-Bagot Treaty with Britain created border between Canada and US at 49 th Parallel 1819 Adams-Onis Treaty with Spain: US acquired Florida and firm boundary between Louisiana Purchas land and Spain out West

6 Monroe Doctrine Foreign Policy: American wanted future land areas protected (Pacific Northwest) President Monroe and John Quincy Adams declared Americas or Western Hemisphere (North, South and Central) off-limits to Europeans America would stay away from European Affairs

7 Missouri Compromise More settlers traveled West to Missouri (mainly Southerners) 1/6 were African Americans 22 states in the Union; half were free and half supported slavery Agreement: Missouri admitted as a slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state Sectionalism on the rise between North & South

8 Missouri Compromise 1820

9 Corrupt Deal 1824 Election Andrew Jackson Democrat-Republics ran against John Quincy Adams and lost Jackson won popular vote and no majority vote in electoral college. House of Reps voted Adams received Henry Clay s vote, won and named Clay as Secretary of State Jackson thought that was corrupt

10 Age of Jackson President Democrat Party Fought in Am. Revolution and was a hero in War of s requirements for voting better (less states had property requirement to vote More poor could vote Spoils System-reward supporters with jobs in new administration

11 Indian Removal Act 1830 Five Civilized Tribes: Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole and Creek were still settled East of Mississippi White settlers needed more land and Indians were in the way

12 Sequoyah 1821 Created a writing system (help unite people) Cherokee Civilized and adopted many European white aspects Built towns & wrote a Constitution

13 Jackson s Trail of Tears Congress passed and Jackson signed new law to remove Indians from the Southeast Relocate the Five Nations to Indian Territory Oklahoma US Army supervised and moved Indians West Seminole fought back and lost but never completely left Cherokee sued the government and lost. Marshall declared that they were not citizens nor a foreign country

14 Trail of Tears

15 Worcester v Georgia 1832 Austin Worcester was a friend of Cherokee Georgia was carrying out Indian Removal Act and ordered Worcester to leave Cherokee land Justice Marshall ruled against Georgia denying them the right to take Cherokee land Only Federal government can make treaties with Indians Jackson was outraged and told Marshall to enforce that decision Government officials signed treaty with Indians to relocate Trail of Tears US Army moved the Cherokee on a forced march which killed over 25% of the Cherokee

16 The Second National Bank of the US Problems 1832 Election Issue Congress established the Second Bank of the US in 1816 with a 20 year charter Purpose: Regulate state banks Jackson was opposed to this because he didn t think the US Constitution granted this and the bank helped the rich Northern Industrial Americans

17 Second Bank of US and Jackson Jackson believed that the 2 ND US Bank would not support the workers and farmers in the South and West who needed the loans 1832 Henry Clay and Daniel Webster were Republican Congressmen who challenged Jackson s reelection Jackson won! Jackson pulled the money out of the 2 ND US Bank and placed the money in state banks called pet banks Another state s rights issue (north v south perspective)

18 Tariff Controversy Congress placed a tariff on British manufactured goods Raised the tariff twice 1824 & 1828 Tariff welcomed by northern industrialists because it helped Americans buy Americanmade goods (cheaper priced) Southerners opposed this tax because it forced them to buy from the north and hurt their main customer of cotton (Britain)

19 John C. Calhoun Vice President to Jackson and Southerner States could nullify or reject laws passed by Congress if the laws violated the Constitution Issue helped further divide North & South

20 1830 Senate: The Hayne-Webster Debate Nullification of federal laws and states rights Senator Robert Hayne of South Carolina Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts Hayne: The federal government is a compact or agreement among the states. Nullify was a legal process to cancel a law Webster: The US was one nation Liberty and Union

21 The Nullification Crisis 1832 Congress passed another tariff South Carolina declared null and void and threatened to secede Calhoun resigned as Vice President and became a Senator in SC President Jackson received approval from Congress to use military force if needed Henry Clay resolved the issue and worked out a compromise; lower tariff over ten years

22 Mexican War for Independence Treaty of Cordoba-Spain lost its colonial holdings in North America August 24, 1821 Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (Hero) Mexico was now an independent country

23 Mexican-American Conflict American settlers headed west and were under Mexican government s rules and protection Tejanos or Texicans were Americans who settled and mixed with Native and Spanish descendants in the Mexico-Texas areas Mestizos-Spaniards who wanted independence from Spain and born in Mexico

24 Texas War for Independence In 1836, Santa Anna took an army to San Antonio to take a fort called the Alamo. Fewer than 200 Texans and Tejanos met him. Most of them died in battle. The few survivors who gave up were executed as traitors of Mexico. Texans declared independence and formed the Republic of Texas. Sam Houston led their army in a surprise attack at San Jacinto Texans won, and captured Santa Anna. For his freedom, Santa Anna gave Texas its independence. The Lone Star State

25 1836 Battle of the Alamo San Antonio, TX

26 Texas Annexation Texans elected Sam Houston as president and voted to join the United States. Texas made slavery legal. President Van Buren was against annexation. Mexico wanted to keep Texas, and Van Buren feared it would cause war. He also didn t want to add a new state to the Union that allowed slavery. People who wanted to annex Texas said it was the manifest destiny of the United States to spread from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. In 1845, James Polk became President. Congress voted to annex Texas.

27 War with Mexico The United States and Mexico disagreed on the border between Texas and Mexico. U.S. Congress declared war in Soldiers fought on three fronts. Americans captured Mexico City in , Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Mexico agreed to the annexation of Texas and the Rio Grande as the border between Texas and Mexico. Mexico also gave a large area of land, the Mexican Cession, to the United States.

28 Wilmot Provision Goal was to banned slavery in territory gained from Mexico Congressman David Wilmot Failed to pass many times in Senate Tried one last time to add to 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ending Mexican- American War and failed Sectionalism attitudes

29 1854 Gadsden Purchase 29,670 sq. miles James Gadsden ambassador to Mexico President Franklin Pierce agreed $10 Million Need for flat land to build Southern transcontinental railroad access for commerce

30 Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842 Britain and the US finally solved the Canada-US border disputes Reaffirmed the 1783 US/Canada border at the 49 th parallel up to the Rocky Mountains Called for the end of the slave trade on the ocean as Britain abolished slavery in colonies in 1834 Share the Great Lakes

31 Oregon Trail over 400,000 American settlers, ranchers, businessmen, farmers, miners and others traveled West using the Conestoga Wagons Missouri to Oregon City (Pacific Northwest) Future states covered: Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho and Oregon (Hwy 80) System of roads, bridges and ferries used to move wagons Westward

32 Oregon Trail

33 Santa Fe Trail International highway used by American and Mexican traders 1846 Mexican-American War Commercial and military transportation route to the American Southwest s Gold/Silver, fur trappers, and stagecoach lines Land route from Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas, Coloradoand New Mexico 1880 Railroad reached Santa Fe, NM

34 54 40 or Fight 1844 American expansion/manifest Destiny attitude helped shape another land dispute US claimed entire Oregon Territory which included Oregon, Washington area up to Russian Alaska Britain was ready for a third war with America 1846 Oregon Treaty created current boundary of 49 th Parallel

35 Election of 1844 Democrat James Knox Polk beat Whig Henry Clay Last election held on different dates (Nov.- Dec) Foreign policy was the key issue and Polk wanted expansion Texas Annexation priority Manifest Destiny:

36 1845 Manifest Destiny John O Sullivan wrote Like the Massachusetts Puritans who hoped to build a "city upon a hill, "courageous pioneers believed that America had a divine obligation to stretch the boundaries of their noble republic to the Pacific Ocean. The religious fervor spawned by the Second Great Awakening created another incentive for the drive west.

37 Manifest Destiny 1845 A symbol of Manifest Destiny, the figure "Columbia" moves across the land in advance of settlers, replacing darkness with light and ignorance with civilization.

38 American Economic Motives Economic motives were paramount for others. The fur trade had been dominated by European trading companies since colonial times. German immigrant John Jacob Astor was one of the first American entrepreneurs to challenge the Europeans. He became a millionaire in the process. The desire for more land brought aspiring homesteaders to the frontier. When gold was discovered in California in 1848, the number of migrants increased even more.

39 American Superiority Attitudes At the heart of manifest destiny was the pervasive belief in American cultural and racial superiority. Native Americans had long been perceived as inferior, and efforts to "civilize" them had been widespread since the days of John Smith andmiles STANDISH. The Hispanics who ruled Texas and the lucrative ports of California were also seen as "backward."

40 California 49ers Gold nuggets found in the Sacramento Valley 1948 January 24, 1848 James Marshall found gold flakes while working at Sutter s Mill Days later, Mexican-American War over and California became US property News spread and many prospective gold miners traveled to California 1849 Over 100,000 immigrants came by land and sea Over $2 Billion in gold and silver was extracted Gold Rush Peaked by 1852

41 California Admitted as 34 th state 1850 Throughout 1849, people around the United States (mostly men) borrowed money, mortgaged their property or spent their life savings to make the arduous journey to California. In pursuit of the kind of wealth they had never dreamed of, they left their families and hometowns

42 Horace Greeley 1865 Washington is not a place to live in. The rents are high, the food is bad, the dust is disgusting and the morals are deplorable. Go West, young man, go West and grow up with the country. Emmanuel Leutze, Westward the Course of Empire (1861)

43 10 Years of Growth America by 1850