Ecological Footprint. Renewable resources. Ecological Footprint. Ecological Footprint. Why are they overused? Announcements
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1 Renewable resources Ecological Footprint Why are they overused? Announcements Exam 2 next Tuesday Review for exam on Thursday Study guide posted bring on Thursday Responses Avg = 4.4 planets Ecological footprint assignment Number of planets Ecological Footprint Responses Ecological Footprint 16 Avg = 19 acres Results of the experiment where you edited your footprint. Which resources had the largest effect on your ecological footprint? Acres of land to feed you 1
2 Ecological Footprint Which resource would be easiest to change? Living Natural Resources What is common to the greatest number gets the least amount of care. - Aristotle Topics Public goods and the Tragedy of the Commons Solutions to the problem of public goods Example Fisheries management and max. sustainable yield By the end of class today Understand the logic behind The tragedy of the commons Recognize how this logic relates to the overuse of public resources Consider possible solutions to the problem Understand how to manage renewable resources to maximize sustainable yield and economic yield Hardin s Tragedy of the Commons What is the Tragedy of the Commons? Other Commons metaphors? Is a good conscience really self eliminating? How can coercion be good? 2
3 Solutions to the tragedy of the commons? Regulate access to the resource Privatize the resource Goal: Internalize environmental externality Annual catch records for fisheries Example: Fisheries 19 Year Source: State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 212. UN FAO Aquaculture impacts on wild catch Maximum Sustainable Yield MSY of ocean: MT per y Current usage: ~13 MT per y Problems: Very close to (or exceeding) MSY Effort focused on few species Ten groups represent > 95% of catch ~3% of world fisheries collapsed Estimated value of global fisheries: > $1 trillion Source: State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 212. UN FAO From Garrison, Oceanography 3
4 > 85% of stocks fully or over exploited Declines in large predatory fish Maximum sustainable yield Population Size (N) r Logistic growth model Carrying capacity Maximum rate of population growth Optimum size for harvest From Myers and Worm 23, Nature Time Population growth rate = harvest rate 4
5 Northern Shrimp MT (thousands) Pandalus borealis Northern Shrimp ME NH MA Total Gulf of Maine northern shrimp landings by fishing season (December to May). Data from MA Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Data from MA Dept. of Fish and Wildlife Northern Shrimp MSY Maximum sustainable yield versus maximum economic yield Which would be lower (more conservative) Maximum sustainable yield of a public resource? Maximum economic yield of a private resource? Maximum economic yield! MEY is lower than MSY due to Reduced costs and capital Higher fish value MA Dept. of Fish and Wildlife (22) 5
6 Max. sust. yield vs. max. economic yield Privatization vs. Regulation Yield in $ tons Biomass Maximum Economic Yield Maximum Sustainable Yield Long-term maximum profit End of Profit Zone (Optimal effort in the short term) Cost of Effort Ways to regulate a fishery Limited entry into fishery Gear limitation Limited catch per fisher Limited fishing season Limited total allowable catch Private ownership: Fishers regulate Example: Individual transferable quotas Advantages of the different strategies? Fishing effort Changes in cod-fishing gear in New England 6
7 Trawling tracks Trawling tracks recorded by NMFS in G. of ME. 65, km 2 dragged annually in the Gulf of Maine. 41, km 2 dragged on Georges Bank On average, every cm 2 dragged 3 x per y 1994: Ground fishery closed due to over fishing and habitat destruction Alaskan deep-water corals Diverse deep water coral communities are diverse and provide essential fish habitat. Which is more important, preserving benthic habitats or fishers livelihoods? Film (on DVD) Photos: Seattle Times 7
8 Alaska Trawling Ban Regulating fisheries Keys to sustainability Eliminate gear that destroys fish habitat (Bottom trawls, dynamite, cyanide) Limit access to sensitive fisheries and habitats Reduce bycatch Maximize economic value of catch Address conflicts of interest Internalize externalities Analysis of catch data supports the use of individual transferable quotas Note Y-axis is upside down No ITQ By 23, 27% of fisheries had collapsed (dropped 9%) With ITQ Number of ITQ fisheries Science 28 8
9 Pros and cons of ITQs Clear-cutting the seafloor Pros Incentive to fish near maximum economic yield Reduced capitalization Longer fishing seasons with higher-value catch Cons Consolidation (ITQs purchased by large firms) Can still be mismanaged leading to overfishing Difficult to allocate ITQs catch history, politics Avoiding the tragedy of the commons? Regulation or privatization? Internalizing externalities 9
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