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1 Name: 1) The photograph below shows actual crystal sizes in a light-colored igneous rock that contains several minerals, including potassium feldspar, quartz, and biotite mica. The rock should be identified as A) granite B) basalt C) rhyolite D) gabbro 2) Which two processes result in the formation of igneous rocks? A) compression and precipitation B) melting and solidification C) crystallization and cementation D) solidification and evaporation 3) Rocks can be classified as sedimentary, igneous, or metamorphic based primarily upon differences in their A) origin B) age 4) Limestone can form as a result of C) density D) color A) cooling of molten rock under the oceans B) metamorphosis of conglomerate rock C) radioactive decay of dolostone D) precipitation from evaporating water 5) Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are usually composed of A) intergrown crystals B) sediments C) fossils D) minerals 6) Which sequence of change in rock type occurs as shale is subjected to increasing heat and pressure? A) shale gneiss phyllite slate schist B) shale schist phyllite slate gneiss C) shale gneiss phyllite schist slate D) shale slate phyllite schist gneiss 8) Which sedimentary rock is most likely to be changed to slate during regional metamorphism? A) shale B) dolostone C) conglomerate D) breccia 9) Most metamorphic rocks are formed when A) magma cools slowly, deep underground B) flows of lava cool rapidly C) sediments are cemented and compacted D) rocks are subjected to heat and pressure 10) Which rocks would most likely be separated by a transition zone of altered rock (metamorphic rock)? A) conglomerate and siltstone B) sandstone and limestone C) shale and sandstone D) granite and limestone 11) Which rock was most likely formed from pebble-sized sediment deposited in shallow water at an ocean shoreline? A) shale B) conglomerate C) siltstone D) basalt 12) Where are the Earth's sedimentary rocks generally found? A) along the mid-ocean ridges B) deep within the Earth's crust C) in regions of recent volcanic activity D) as a thin layer covering much of the continents 13) Which rock is usually composed of several different minerals? A) quartzite B) rock gypsum C) gneiss D) chemical limestone Page 1 7) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which sedimentary rock most likely formed as an evaporite? A) siltstone B) gypsum C) conglomerate D) shale

2 14) The diagrams below represent magnifications of rocks. Which is most likely a diagram of a non-sedimentary rock? Page 2 18) The diagram below shows the mineral composition of an igneous rock drawn actual size. A) B) C) D) 15) Which rock type most often contains fossils? A) gabbro B) limestone C) quartzite D) metaconglomerate 16) Which process most likely formed a layer of the sedimentary rock, gypsum? A) folding of clay-sized particles B) melting of sand-sized particles C) solidification of magma D) precipitation from seawater 17) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which rock is formed directly by the evaporation of seawater? A) conglomerate B) gypsum C) marble D) obsidian According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, this igneous rock is A) rhyolite B) gabbro C) granite D) basalt 19) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, particles of which size could have formed shale? A) 0.02 cm B) 0.2 cm C) cm D) cm 20) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, some sedimentary rocks form as the direct result of the A) cementation of rock fragments B) melting of minerals C) solidification of molten magma D) recrystalization of material 21) Which characteristic is most common in sedimentary rocks? A) foliation B) layering C) intergrown crystals D) glassy texture 22) Most igneous rocks form by which processes? A) heat and pressure B) melting and solidification C) compaction and cementation D) erosion and deposition 23) Which statement is best supported by the information shown in the rock cycle diagram in the Earth Science Reference Tables? A) Sedimentary rocks are composed of intergrown crystals. B) Metamorphic rocks are formed by the complete melting of any other rock. C) Igneous rocks are formed from eroded sediments of metamorphic rocks. D) Rocks may be formed from other rocks by various processes.

3 24) Analysis of a granite pebble would probably show that the pebble consists mostly of the A) elements carbon and hydrogen B) minerals calcite and gypsum C) elements iron and magnesium D) minerals quartz and feldspar 25) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which is the best description of the properties of basalt? A) fine-grained and felsic B) coarse-grained and felsic C) fine-grained and mafic D) coarse-grained and mafic 26) Compared to felsic igneous rocks, mafic igneous rocks contain greater amounts of A) aluminum B) iron C) pink feldspar D) white quartz 27) Which characteristics are most useful for identifying the conditions under which a metamorphic rock was formed? A) composition and structure B) hardness and size C) shape and mass D) color and luster Questions 28 through 31 refer to the following: 31) The basalt was most likely formed by A) compaction and cementation B) heat and pressure C) melting and solidification D) erosion and deposition 32) The best evidence for determining the cooling rate of an igneous rock during its solidification is provided by A) index fossils B) the disintegration of radioactive substances C) faults in the rock D) the crystal size of its minerals Page 3 33) Magnified views of the pictures of four rocks below are shown in the circles. The diagrams below represent five rock samples. Which rock is metamorphic and shows evidence of foliation? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 28) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, if granite were subjected to intense heat and pressure, it would most likely change to A) sandstone B) conglomerate C) gneiss D) basalt 29) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which sample is igneous and has a coarse texture? A) basalt B) sandstone C) granite D) conglomerate 30) Which sample is composed of sediments centimeter to 0.2 centimeter in size that were compacted and cemented together? A) sandstone B) gneiss C) conglomerate D) granite

4 34) The diagrams below represent two rock outcrops found several miles apart in New York State. Individual rock layers are lettered, and fossils and rock types are indicated. Which processes were directly involved in the formation of these rock layers? A) conduction in and convection B) heating and pressure C) melting and solidification D) compaction and cementation 35) The metamorphism of a sandstone rock will cause the rock A) to be melted B) to occupy a greater volume C) to become more dense D) to contain more fossils 36) Which type of rock is likely to show ripple marks and fossils? A) extrusive igneous B) intrusive igneous C) metamorphic D) sedimentary 37) Which two igneous rocks could have the same mineral composition? A) pumice and scoria B) rhyolite and diorite C) peridotite and andesite D) gabbro and basalt 38) The grouping of rocks as igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic is based primarily upon differences in A) size B) age C) hardness D) origin 39) Which statement best describes pebbles? A) Pebbles are sediments that range in size from 0.2 cm to 6.4 cm. B) Pebbles are sediments that weather from larger sand grains. C) Pebbles are rocks that form due to cementation and compaction. D) Pebbles are rocks that form due to melting and solidification. 40) A conglomerate contains pebbles of shale, sandstone, and granite. Based on this information, which inference about the pebbles in the conglomerate is most accurate? A) They were eroded by slow-moving water. B) They came from other conglomerates. C) They are all the same age. D) They had various origins. 41) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, limestone, gypsum, and salt are rocks formed by the processes of A) weathering and metamorphism B) erosion and deposition C) melting and solidification D) evaporation and precipitation 42) The diagram below represents a portion of the Earth's crust. Which statement best explains why portions of the sedimentary rock layers have the symbol for contact metamorphism? A) As the molten material cooled, energy was absorbed by the igneous intrusion. B) The rock layers were eroded at the interface between the igneous intrusion and the sedimentary rocks. C) Faulting changed the rocks before the igneous intrusion occurred. D) The sedimentary layers were altered by heat at the interface between the igneous intrusion and sedimentary rocks. 43) Which characteristic of an igneous rock would provide the most information about the environment in which the rock solidified? A) hardness B) color C) streak D) texture Page 4

5 44) According to the "Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification" in the Earth Science Reference Tables, which statement best describes the percentage of plagioclase feldspars in a sample of gabbro? A) Gabbro contains no plagioclase feldspars. B) Plagioclase feldspars always make up 25% of a gabbro sample. C) Gabbro always contains less plagioclase than pyroxene. D) The percentage of plagioclase feldspar in gabbro can vary. 45) What is the main difference between metamorphic rocks and most other rocks? A) Many metamorphic rocks contain a high amount of oxygen- silicon tetraheda. B) Many metamorphic rocks have an organic composition. C) Many metamorphic rocks exhibit banding and distortion of structure. D) Many metamorphic rocks contain only one mineral. 46) Large crystal grains in an igneous rock indicate that the rock was formed A) under low pressure B) at a low temperature C) near the surface D) over a long period of time 47) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which characteristic determines whether a rock is classified as a shale, a siltstone, a sandstone, or a conglomerate? A) the density of the sediments within the rock B) the mineral composition of the sediments within the rock C) the absolute age of the sediments within the rock D) the particle size of the sediments within the rock 48) Nine rock samples were classified into three groups as shown in the table below. This classification system was most likely based on the A) age of the minerals in the rock B) size of the crystals in the rock C) color of the rock D) way in which the rock formed 49) Large rock salt deposits in the Syracuse area indicate that the area once had A) a range of volcanic mountains B) many terrestrial animals C) a warm, shallow sea D) large forests 50) A fine-grained igneous rock was probably formed by A) rapid cooling of molten material B) weathering and erosion C) great heat and pressure that did not produce melting D) burial and cementation of sediment 51) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which is a sedimentary rock that forms as a result of precipitation from seawater? A) gypsum B) shale 52) Metamorphic rocks result from the C) conglomerate D) basalt A) recrystallization of rocks B) cooling and solidification of molten magma C) erosion of rocks D) compression and cementation of soil particles 53) Limestone is a sedimentary rock which may form as a result of A) recrystallization B) metamorphism C) melting D) biologic processes 54) The table below provides information about the mineral composition of a sample of beach sand from Hawaii. If the sand deposited on this beach recently weathered from only one type of igneous rock, the rock was most likely A) peridotite B) diorite C) granite D) basalt 55) Which kind of bedrock would most likely contain fossils? A) a mass of granite in the core of a mountain B) a high-grade metamorphic rock layer made from mixed igneous and sedimentary layers C) a basalt lava flow from an ancient volcano D) a series of alternating layers of shale and sandstone 56) Some nonsedimentary rocks are formed as a result of A) deposition of particles B) cementation of particles C) evaporation and precipitation D) solidification of molten material Page 5

6 57) Which process could lead most directly to the formation of a sedimentary rock? A) slow solidification of molten material B) metamorphism of unmelted material C) precipitation of minerals from evaporating water D) sudden upwelling of lava at a mid-ocean ridge 58) Which statement best describes a general property of rocks? A) Most rocks are composed of a single mineral. B) All rocks contain fossils. C) Most rocks have a number of minerals in common. D) All rocks contain minerals formed by compression and cementation. 59) Which common rock is formed from the solidification of molten material? A) coal B) slate C) rhyolite D) rock gypsum 60) According to the "Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification" in the Earth Science Reference Tables, compared to basalt, granite is A) lighter in color B) more fine grained in texture C) more mafic in composition D) greater in density 61) The recrystallization of unmelted material under high temperature and pressure results in A) metamorphic rock B) volcanic rock C) igneous rock D) sedimentary rock 62) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, gabbro is composed mainly of A) plagioclase feldspars and pyroxene B) potassium feldspar and quartz C) hornblende and nepheline D) mica and olivine 63) Olivine and pyroxene are commonly found in igneous rocks that are A) felsic, with low density B) felsic, with high density C) mafic, with high density D) mafic, with low density 64) Which observation about an igneous rock would support the inference that the rock cooled slowly underground? A) The rock has large crystals. B) The rock is about 50 percent plagioclase feldspar. C) The rock has well-defined layers. D) The rock is light in color and low in density. 65) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which property would be most useful for identifying igneous rocks? A) mineral composition B) kind of cement C) types of fossils present D) number of minerals present 66) Which relative concentrations of elements are found in a felsic rock? A) a high concentration of magnesium and a low concentration of aluminum B) a high concentration of aluminum and a low concentration of iron C) a high concentration of magnesium and a low concentration of iron D) a high concentration of iron and a low concentration of aluminum 67) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which rock most likely formed as a result of biologic processes? A) limestone B) basalt C) sandstone D) granite 68) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which minerals are found in the igneous rocks gabbro and basalt? A) pyroxene and potassium feldspar B) olivine and quartz C) orthoclase and quartz D) olivine and pyroxene Page 6

7 69) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which graph best represents the comparison of the average grain sizes in basalt, granite, and rhyolite? KEY TO GRAPH ABBREVIATIONS: G - Granite, R - rhyolite A) B) C) D) B - Basalt, 70) Which group lists rocks in order by grain size from smallest to largest? A) conglomerate, sandstone, shale B) shale, sandstone, conglomerate C) sandstone, shale, conglomerate D) shale, conglomerate, sandstone 71) The diagram below represents the percentage by volume of each mineral found in a sample of basalt. Which mineral is represented by the letter X in the diagram? A) plagioclase feldspar B) potassium feldspar C) quartz D) mica 72) A sediment contains particles that range in diameter from 2 to 4 centimeters. According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which sedimentary rock would be formed when this sediment is compressed and cemented together? A) sandstone B) shale C) siltstone D) conglomerate 73) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, most of the surface bedrock of New York State formed as a direct result of A) compaction and cementation B) melting and solidification C) volcanic activity D) spreading of the ocean floor 74) Minerals from the Properties of Common Minerals Earth Science reference table are found in several different rocks. Which two rocks are primarily composed of a mineral that bubbles with acid? A) slate and conglomerate B) sandstone and quartzite C) granite and dolostone D) limestone and marble 75) Which processes result in the formation of sedimentary rocks? A) burial and cementation B) foliation and recrystallization C) pressure changes and metamorphism D) melting and solidification 76) Which rock could be formed either by deposition of animal shells and skeletons or by precipitation from evaporating seawater? [Refer to the Earth Science Reference Tables.] A) conglomerate B) rock salt C) limestone D) shale 77) Where is metamorphic rock frequently found? A) along the interface between igneous intrusions and sedimentary bedrock B) as a thin surface layer covering huge areas of the continents C) on mountaintops that have horizontal layers containing marine fossils D) within large lava flows 78) A fine-grained igneous rock contains 11% plagioclase, 72% pyroxene, 15% olivine, and 2% amphibole. According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, this rock would most likely be classified as A) rhyolite B) granite C) gabbro D) basalt 79) Which property is common to most dark-colored igneous rocks? A) high density B) coarse-grained texture C) intrusive formation D) abundant felsic minerals Page 7

8 80) During the intrusion of the Palisades Sill, contact metamorphism changed sandstone and shale into A) marble B) limestone C) hornfels D) diorite 81) An igneous rock which has crystallized deep below the Earth's surface has the following approximate composition: 70% pyroxene, 15% plagioclase, and 15% olivine. According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, what is the name of this igneous rock? A) gabbro B) granite C) rhyolite D) basalt 82) Which rock sample best shows the physical properties normally associated with regional metamorphism? A) B) C) D) 83) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which sedimentary rock is composed of fragmented skeletons and shells of sea organisms compacted and cemented together? A) limestone B) sandstone C) shale D) gypsum 84) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which minerals could both be contained in the rocks gabbro and granite? A) plagioclase and nepheline B) mica and hornblende C) quartz and pyroxene D) potassium feldspar and olivine 85) Which rock is most likely a nonsedimentary rock? A) a rock consisting of layers of rounded sand grains B) a rock containing dinosaur bones C) a rock composed of distorted light-colored and darkcolored mineral bands D) a rock showing mud cracks 86) Which rock is foliated, shows mineral alignment but not banding, and contains medium-sized grains of quartz and pyroxene? A) gneiss B) phyllite C) schist D) quartzite 87) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, rhyolite and granite are alike in that they both are A) fine-grained B) felsic C) mafic D) dark-colored 88) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which mineral is most abundant in gabbro? A) quartz B) potassium feldspar C) pyroxene D) mica 89) Extremely small crystal grains in an igneous rock are an indication that the crystals formed A) deep below the surface of the Earth B) over a short period of time C) under high pressure D) from an iron-rich magma 90) Which is an accurate statement about rocks? A) Most rocks have several minerals in common. B) Most rocks contain fossils. C) Rocks seldom undergo change. D) Rocks are located only in continental areas of the Earth. 91) The diagrams below represent two rock outcrops found several miles apart in New York State. Individual rock layers are lettered, and fossils and rock types are indicated. According to the "Scheme for Sedimentary Rock Identification" in the Earth Science Reference Tables, which rock layer was formed mainly from organically formed sediments in seawater? A) F B) B C) E D) A 92) An igneous rock contains large mineral crystals. The best conclusion to make about this rock is that it A) once contained small crystals which eroded B) contains plagioclase and pyroxene C) cooled slowly as it formed D) is felsic and has a low density Page 8

9 93) Metamorphic rocks are formed by A) compaction and cementation B) erosion and deposition C) heating and pressure D) melting and solidification 94) The diagram below represents the formation of a sedimentary rock. [Sediments are drawn actual size.] 98) The diagrams below show the crystals of four different rocks viewed through the same hand lens. Which crystals most likely formed from molten material that cooled and solidified most rapidly? A) C) Page 9 Which two processes formed this rock? A) heating and application of pressure B) compaction and cementation C) melting and solidification D) folding and faulting 95) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, sedimentary rocks formed by compaction and cementation of land-derived sediments are classified on the basis of A) rate of formation B) composition C) type of cement D) particle size 96) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, a rock that forms directly from land-derived sediments is A) granite B) dolostone C) gabbro D) sandstone 97) Which sedimentary rocks are formed by chemical precipitation from seawater? A) sandstone and siltstone B) conglomerate and dolostone C) fossil limestone and shale D) gypsum and limestone B) 99) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, the sedimentary rock, gypsum, forms as a result of A) metamorphism of limestone B) faulting and folding of shale C) weathering of siltstone D) evaporation of seawater 100) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, rhyolite is an example of a D) A) monomineralic sedimentary rock B) monomineralic igneous rock C) polymineralic igneous rock D) polymineralic sedimentary rock 101) Sand collected at a beach contains a mixture of pyroxene, olivine, hornblende, and plagioclase feldspar. According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, the rock from which this mixture of sand came is best described as A) dark-colored with mafic composition B) dark-colored with a felsic composition C) light-colored with a mafic composition D) light-colored with a felsic composition 102) The size of the mineral crystals found in an igneous rock is directly related to the A) cooling time of the molten rock B) color of the minerals C) density of the minerals D) amount of sediments cemented together 103) Which feature is characteristic of sedimentary rocks? A) layering B) glassy texture C) distorted structure D) foliation

10 104) According to the "Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification" in the Earth Science Reference Tables, basalt contains the greatest quantity of which mineral? A) mica B) quartz C) pyroxene D) potassium feldspar 105) The solidification of a coarse-grained igneous rock usually occurs A) slowly at great depth B) rapidly at the Earth's surface C) slowly at the Earth's surface D) rapidly at great depth 106) Which statement about the formation of a rock is best supported by geologic evidence? A) Metamorphic rock must melt before it can change to sedimentary rock. B) Sediment must be compacted and cemented before it can change to sedimentary rock. C) Magma must be weathered before it can change to metamorphic rock. D) Sedimentary rock must melt before it can change to metamorphic rock. 107) The diagram below represents a rock with a distorted layer structure. 108) The diagram below represents a conglomerate rock. Some of the rock particles are labeled. Which conclusion is best made about the rock particles? Page 10 A) They have different origins. B) They all contain the same minerals. C) They originated from a larger mass of igneous rock. D) They are the same age. 109) The picture below shows the igneous rock obsidian. The distorted structure of this rock is most likely the result of A) extreme pressure B) glacial activity C) a long period of weathering D) wind erosion The obsidian's glassy texture indicates that it formed from magma that cooled A) quickly, deep below Earth's surface B) slowly, on Earth's surface C) quickly, on Earth's surface D) slowly, deep below Earth's surface

11 110) Which diagram best represents a sample of the metamorphic rock gneiss? Page ) Which granite sample most likely formed from magma that cooled and solidified at the slowest rate? A) A) B) B) C) C) D) 111) The diagram below represents the formation of a sedimentary rock. [Sediments are drawn actual size.] The formation of which sedimentary rock is shown in the diagram? A) shale B) sandstone C) siltstone D) conglomerate 112) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which is a fine-grained igneous rock made up primarily of pyroxene and plagioclase feldspar? A) gabbro B) rhyolite C) basalt D) granite 113) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, the green sand found on some Hawaiian Island shorelines most probably consists primarily of A) plagioclase feldspar B) orthoclase feldspar C) olivine D) quartz D) 115) When dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on the sedimentary rock limestone and the nonsedimentary rock marble, a bubbling reaction occurs with both. What would this indicate? A) The molecular structures of these two rocks have been changed by heat and pressure. B) The physical properties of these two rocks are identical. C) The two rocks originated at the same location. D) the minerals of these two rocks have similar chemical compositions. 116) Which rock was formed by the compaction and cementation of particles 0.07 centimeter in diameter? [Refer to the Earth Science Reference Tables.] A) basalt B) sandstone C) shale D) limestone 117) Which rocks form relatively thin layers, compared to the thickness of the continent, over large areas of the continents? A) sandstone and shale B) granite and gabbro C) intrusive igneous rocks D) metamorphic rocks 118) A sample of conglomerate consists mostly of fragments of granite and sandstone. The best inference that can be made from the sample is that this conglomerate A) resulted from solidification B) formed during the Cambrian Period C) contains fossils D) formed from other rocks

12 119) The four igneous rocks below are classified into two groups. GROUP A GROUP B Granite Rhyolite Gabbro Basalt What is the basis for this classification? A) color B) crystal grain size C) density D) mineral content 120) An extrusive igneous rock with a mineral composition of 35% quartz, 35% potassium feldspar, 15% plagioclase feldspar, 10% biotite, and 5% amphibole is called A) basaltic glass B) gabbro C) granite D) rhyolite 121) The diagram below shows a rock with deformed structure and intergrown crystals. The rock was probably formed by A) sediments that were deposited on the ocean floor B) heat and pressure that changed a preexisting rock C) volcanic lava that cooled on Earth's surface D) a meteor impact on Earth's surface 122) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which sedimentary rock would be formed by the compaction and cementation of particles 1.5 centimeters in diameter? A) conglomerate B) sandstone C) siltstone D) shale 123) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, an igneous rock containing large, visible crystals of pyroxene is best described as A) felsic and formed deep within the Earth's crust B) felsic and formed near the Earth's surface C) mafic and formed near the Earth's surface D) mafic and formed deep within the Earth's crust 124) Sedimentary rocks of organic origin would most likely be formed from A) particles removed from the atmosphere by precipitation B) lava flows C) materials deposited by glaciers D) shells of marine animals 125) Larger crystal size in one of two igneous rocks of similar composition usually indicates that the rock with the larger crystals cooled for A) the same amount of time than the other B) a shorter period of time than the other C) a longer period of time than the other 126) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which sedimentary rock formed from the compaction and cementation of fragments of the skeletons and shells of sea organisms? A) limestone B) shale C) gypsum D) conglomerate 127) Which two kinds of adjoining bedrock would most likely have a zone of contact metamorphism between them? A) limestone and sandstone B) shale and conglomerate C) shale and sandstone D) limestone and granite 128) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, compaction of pebble-size particles would form the sedimentary rock known as A) shale B) sandstone C) conglomerate D) siltstone 129) Rock X and rock Y are igneous rocks with identical mineral composition. Rock X has no visible crystals and rock Y has large, visible crystals. What can be inferred about rock Y? A) It cooled at the Earth's surface, more quickly than rock X. B) It cooled beneath the Earth's surface, more slowly than rock X. C) It cooled at the Earth's surface, more slowly than rock X. D) It cooled beneath the Earth's surface, more quickly than rock X. 130) A river carrying pebbles, sand, silt, and clay flows into the ocean. The sediments are sorted by size as they are deposited at different distances from shore. Which sedimentary rock will most likely form from the sediment deposited farthest from shore? A) siltstone B) sandstone Page 12 C) shale D) conglomerate

13 131) The diagrams below represent four rock samples. Which rock was formed by rapid cooling in a volcanic lava flow? [The diagrams are not drawn to scale.] Page ) The diagrams below represent four rock samples. Which rock took the longest time to solidify from magma deep within the Earth? A) A) B) B) C) D) C) 132) Which characteristic provides the best evidence about the environment in which a rock was formed? A) the thickness of the rock B) the size of the rock C) the texture of the rock D) the color of the rock D)

14 Page ) The cross-sectional diagram below shows a sediment-laden stream entering the ocean. The ocean is divided into four zones A, B, C, and D. According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, limestone would most likely form in zone A) A B) C C) D D) B 135) The geologic cross section below represents an igneous intrusion into layers of rock strata. Which letter indicates a point where unmelted rock changed as a result of increased temperature and pressure? A) A B) B C) C D) D 136) The diagram below shows a cross section of the Grand Canyon. The rock type of layer X has been purposely left blank. Which statement best describes the granite bedrock in the intrusion? A) It is a mafic coarse-grained rock. B) It is a dark-colored fine-grained rock. C) It is a light-colored fine-grained rock. D) It is a felsic coarse-grained rock.

15 Page ) A group of students collected rounded, well-sorted mineral particles from a stream that flowed over only coarse-grained igneous bedrock. They sorted the particles by mineral type and then mixed equal volumes of all four minerals together and poured the mixture into a tube of water. The data table below lists the minerals. Figure A shows the deposit formed on the bottom of the tube as a result of the deposition of the particles. The mineral particles collected by the students were most likely weathered from A) rhyolite rocks, only B) gabbro and granite rocks 138) The diagram below represents a geologic cross section. C) rhyolite and basalt rocks D) gabbro rocks, only Which inference is best supported by the evidence shown in the diagram? A) Shale formed from the melting and solidification of the sandstone layer. B) Sandstone formed after sand was deposited on top of the metamorphic rock. C) Contact metamorphism occurred when the igneous rock was in its molten state. D) Igneous rock was changed to sedimentary rock.

16 Questions 139 through 143 refer to the following: Page 16 The diagrams below represent six different rock types. 139) Which rock consists of sediments with an average diameter of 0.01 centimeter? A) D B) A C) C D) B 140) Which rock was probably formed from a pre-existing rock that was changed by heat and pressure, but not melted? A) E B) B C) F D) A 141) Which rock is represented by sample C? A) rhyolite B) granite C) gneiss D) limestone 142) Analysis of rock D shows that it is composed of the minerals quartz, feldspar, hornblende, and biotite mica. Rock D is probably A) basalt B) rhyolite C) granite D) gabbro 143) Which processes most likely formed rock F? A) melting and solidification B) faulting and volcanic activity C) burial and cementation D) heating and application of pressure 144) The diagram below represents a geologic cross section of a portion of the Earth's crust. The rock layers have not been overturned. What type(s) of bedrock can be found in this area? A) igneous and sedimentary, only B) sedimentary, only C) igneous, only D) igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

17 Page ) The profile below shows the average diameter of sediment that was sorted and deposited in specific areas A, B, C, and D by a stream entering an ocean. As compaction and cementation of these sediments eventually occur, which area will become siltstone? A) A B) B C) C D) D 146) The diagram below shows an igneous rock intrusion in sedimentary rock layers. At which point would metamorphic rock most likely be found? A) C B) D C) A D) B

18 Page ) The block diagram below illustrates a portion of the Earth's surface. Numbers 1 through 5 indicate layers of earth material and letters A through H indicate locations on the surface. Which event would most likely convert the sediments in layer 5 into rock? A) cementation of sediments caused by chemical processes B) heating and drying out due to rising convection currents C) rapid cooling from the contact with the ocean D) recrystallization due to heat from the intrusion of layer 3 Questions 148 through 152 refer to the following: The diagrams below represent five different rock samples. 148) What do the five rock samples have in common? A) They contain crystals with diameters of 0.5 to 1 cm. B) They contain minerals. C) They are sedimentary rocks. D) They exhibit cleavage. 149) Which sample is composed mostly of clay-size particles? A) B B) C C) A D) D 150) If sample E were metamorphosed, it would most likely become A) metaconglomerate B) marble C) slate D) anthracite coal 151) Which sample formed from lava that cooled rapidly? A) A B) C C) D D) E

19 152) Sample D is composed mostly of the minerals potassium feldspar, quartz, and plagioclase feldspar. Sample D is best described as A) very dense B) dark colored C) felsic D) foliated Page ) The sequence of diagrams below represents the gradual geologic changes in layer X, located just below Earth's surface. Which type of sedimentary rock was formed at layer X? A) coal B) rock salt C) shale D) conglomerate 154) The diagram below shows two volcanoes with lava flows. Most of the surface bedrock in this landscape was probably formed by A) melting and compaction B) burial and cementation C) burial and pressure D) melting and solidification

20 Questions 155 and 156 refer to the following: Page ) Based on the information given in the "Igneous Rocks" table, which rock is represented by the letter B? A) granite B) rhyolite C) gabbro D) basalt 156) Which group of minerals is represented by letter A in the "Igneous Rocks" table? A) olivine, biotite, and hornblende B) hornblende, olivine, and pyroxene C) potassium feldspar, quartz, and biotite D) plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and biotite 157) The diagrams below represent cross sections of four rock samples. Each cross section illustrates the sediments, minerals, or structural appearance of the rock sample. Which rock sample is most likely monomineralic? A) C B) B C) A D) D

21 158) The diagram below shows a cross section of bedrock where the Niagara River flows over Niagara Falls Page 21 According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, which rock unit was most likely formed from chemical precipitates? A) Lockport dolostone B) Thorold sandstone Questions 159 and 160 refer to the following: C) Whirlpool sandstone D) Rochester shale Graph I below represents the percentage of sedimentary and nonsedimentary rock which makes up the Earth's crust by volume. Graph II represents, of those rocks that are exposed at the surface (outcrops), the percentage that are sedimentary rocks and nonsedimentary rocks. 159) Which statement is best supported by the data shown in the graphs? A) Most nonsedimentary rocks are composed of the melted remains of sedimentary rocks. B) The crust of the Earth is composed mostly of sedimentary rocks. C) Most sedimentary rock is found at or near the surface of the Earth. D) Rock outcrops on the Earth's surface are chiefly of the nonsedimentary type. 160) Most sedimentary rock has been formed by which two processes? A) compaction and cementation B) faulting and folding C) extrusion and intrusion D) uplifting and melting

22 Page ) The field map below shows the average size of particles deposited by streams that drained an area of Maryland during the Pleistocene Epoch. The field values represent particle diameters in centimeters. Particles of sediment collected at location Y contain intergrown crystals of quartz, potassium feldspar, and hornblende. From which rock did these sediments most likely weather? A) limestone B) sandstone C) gabbro D) granite

23 Page ) The map below shows surface geology of a portion of the Schoharie Valley in New York State. Patterns and letters are used to indicate bedrock of different ages. The Schoharie Valley contains mostly horizontal rock structure in which overturning has not occurred. The table provides information about the rocks shown on the map. The surface bedrock of this portion of the Schoharie Valley is composed mainly of A) extrusive igneous rock B) metamorphic rock C) intrusive igneous rock D) sedimentary rock

24 Page ) The bar graphs below show the percentages by volume of the sediment sizes that are found in four different sediment deposits, A, B, C, and D. By which process could these sediment deposits become sedimentary rocks? A) erosion and deposition B) compaction and cementation C) pressure and recrystallization D) melting and solidification

25 164) The table of minerals below shows the physical properties of nine minerals Page 25 Which mineral is commonly found in granite? A) olivine B) quartz C) magnetite D) galena 165) Letter A represents a location in the area of the geologic cross section below. The Palisades Sill is diabase, a mixture of large crystals of plagioclase feldspars, pyroxene, olivine, hornblende, and biotite. It can be determined from this mixture that diabase is a form of A) granite B) gabbro C) pumice D) rhyolite

26 Page ) The diagram below shows matching geologic columns from three different locations, A, B, and C. The locations are about 5 kilometers apart and the layers have not been overturned. The formation of the fossiliferous limestone in column B was probably due to A) compaction and cementation of skeletons and shells of sea organisms B) heat and pressure which has metamorphosed the limestone and fossils C) cooling and solidification of molten material containing fossils D) deposition of a variety of glacial sediments Questions 167 and 168 refer to the following:

27 167) Which process of formation is represented by letter A in the "Sedimentary Rocks" table? A) The remains of marine organisms accumulate and are cemented together. B) Sediments accumulate and are compressed together by overlying layers. C) Sediments are precipitated from evaporating water and cemented together. D) Molten magma cools and solidifies Page ) How are sedimentary rocks B and C in the "Sedimentary Rocks" table similar? A) Both can be formed by heat and great pressure. B) Both have large crystals. C) Both can be composed of organic remains. D) Both have the same commercial use. 169) The diagram below represents a surface and cross-sectional view of a portion of the Earth 15 kilometers from a mountain range. Which characteristic of the granite boulder would furnish the greatest amount of information about the environment in which the granite solidified? A) density B) hardness C) texture D) color Questions 170 through 173 refer to the following: The diagram below represents a cross section of a portion of the Earth's crust. Points A through D represent locations in the bedrock. The rock layers have not been overturned. 170) The limestone layer could have been formed primarily by A) chemical precipitation of calcite B) deposition of quartz fragments C) foliation of mica during faulting D) decomposition of plant remains 171) Which rock formed as a result of heat and pressure at point B? A) marble B) anthracite coal C) slate D) quartzite 172) Which two minerals will probably be most abundant in the igneous intrusion? A) halite and gypsum B) quartz and calcite C) potassium feldspar and biotite D) plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene 173) Which rock is least likely to contain fossils? A) shale B) gabbro C) limestone D) siltstone

28 Page ) The diagrams below represent cross sections of four rock samples. Each cross section illustrates the sediments, minerals, or structural appearance of the rock sample. Which rock sample is most likely nonsedimentary rock? A) B B) C C) A Questions 175 and 176 refer to the following: 175) Which rock is represented by letter B in the "Metamorphic Rocks" table? A) slate B) diorite C) hornfels D) rhyolite 176) Which characteristic is represented by letter A in the "Metamorphic Rocks" table? A) particles rounded and cemented together B) clastic C) porous and permeable D) nonfoliated

29 177) The diagram below illustrates the accumulation of sediments in a shallow ocean basin Page 29 The sediments at location A would be formed into sedimentary rock as a result of A) compaction and cementation B) solidification of molten rock material C) recrystallization of existing rock D) the action of heat and pressure 178) The diagrams below show how plant materials are changed into the three forms of coal by natural processes. By which process is anthracite coal formed from bituminous coal? [Refer to the Earth Science Reference Tables.] A) deposition B) solidification C) metamorphism D) intrusion Questions 179 and 180 refer to the following: The diagram below represents a geologic cross section of a portion of the Earth's crust in New York State. Letters A through E identify specific rock units. The layers have not been overturned.

30 179) The crystal size of the minerals in rock unit E is very different from the crystal size of the minerals in rock unit D. Which statement best explains this observation? A) The rocks are of greatly different densities. B) The rocks are of greatly different ages. C) The rocks contain different minerals. D) The rocks cooled at different rates. 180) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, rock unit E is composed mainly of A) olivine and biotite B) orthoclase feldspar and quartz C) quartz and hornblende D) plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene Page 30 Questions 181 through 184 refer to the following: The diagrams below illustrate five rock samples (including metamorphic gneiss). [Refer to the Earth Science Reference Tables.] 181) Which rock was formed by the compression and cementation of sediments with particle sizes ranging from 0.08 to 0.1 centimeter? A) granite B) basalt C) sandstone D) conglomerate 182) The granite most likely was formed by the process of A) compaction and cementation B) heating and metamorphism C) erosion and deposition D) melting and solidification 183) Which rock is composed of sediments that have a range of sizes and that originate from different rock types? A) basalt B) gneiss C) granite D) conglomerate 184) Which rock shows banding that formed as a result of recrystallization of unmelted material under high temperature and pressure? A) conglomerate B) granite C) sandstone D) gneiss Questions 185 and 186 refer to the following: The diagram below represents a geologic cross section of a portion of the Earth's crust. Letters identify individual rock units.

31 185) Fossils in this area are most likely to be found in A) igneous and metamorphic rock B) sedimentary rock, only C) sedimentary and igneous rock D) metamorphic rock, only 186) The contact metamorphism zone in rock layer C represents A) loose sediments resulting from weathering B) a less dense sedimentary rock C) rock changed by heat and pressure D) a carbon-rich layer Page ) The cross sections below show widely separated outcrops at locations X, Y, and Z. Which rock layer was formed by the compaction and cementation of particles that were all less than centimeter in diameter? A) green shale B) conglomerate C) brown siltstone D) red sandstone

32 Page ) The diagram below shows three geologic columns representing widely separated rock outcrops that had a common origin. Descriptions of each sedimentary rock are indicated beside the layers. The rock layers have not been overturned. Which rock layer is composed of sediments of the largest grain size? [Refer to the Earth Science Reference Tables.] A) conglomerate B) shale C) sandstone D) siltstone 189) The diagram below represents a portion of the Earth where the rock layers have not been overturned. Rock layers A and C are sandstones that have the same texture. Layer A contains quartz grains, but layer C does not. This information suggests that layers A and C probably A) have different types of cementing material B) were formed by sediments originating from different sources C) are part of the same formation D) have undergone different amounts of metamorphism

33 Questions 190 through 193 refer to the following: Page 33 The diagram below represents a cross section of a portion of the Earth's crust. The letters indicate points on the Earth's surface. The numbers identify specific rock units. 190) Igneous rock unit 6 is a dark-colored mafic rock with large grains. According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, it is probably A) basalt B) rhyolite C) granite D) gabbro 191) According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, rock unit 2 is composed of sediment particles that have the same size range as the particles deposited near point A) C B) B C) E D) D 192) Which rock unit could be an evaporite? [Refer to the Earth Science Reference Tables.] A) 2 B) 6 C) 1 D) 3 193) The crystal size of the minerals contained in rock unit 6 is much larger than the crystal size in rock unit 5. The best explanation for this observation is that the rocks in the two units A) contain different-sized sediments B) are of greatly different ages C) cooled at different rates D) contain different minerals

34 194) The map below shows certain mineral deposits in the surface bedrock in areas of the United States Page 34 What do each of these areas of mineral deposits have in common? A) They are sites of active volcanoes. B) They are active fault zones of the Earth's crust. C) They were once covered by evaporating seas. D) They presently have hot, dry climates.