FORAGES Gwinyai E. Chibisa, Ph.D.
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1 FORAGES Gwinyai E. Chibisa, Ph.D.
2 What is Forage? Characteristics i. Bulky ii. iii. Implications on animal nutrition? High fiber Is fiber important? Lower digestibility than grains High quality (60 68%) E.g.,? Medium quality (53 59%) E.g.,? Low quality (<53%) E.g.,?
3 ? What is Forage Quality?
4 Forage Quality is Milk in the Bucket Ball et al, American Farm Bureau Federation Publication 1-01
5 Forage Quality is Calves on the Ground Ball et al, American Farm Bureau Federation Publication 1-01
6 Forage Quality is Pounds on The Scale Ball et al, American Farm Bureau Federation Publication 1-01
7 Forage Quality Factors that affect animal responses? i. ii. iii. iv. v.
8 Forage Quality (cont.) Nutrient composition i. Crude protein ii. Fiber NDF (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin) ADF (cellulose, lignin) iii. Other nutrients?
9 Plant Cell NDF? ADF?
10 Forage Composition Ball et al, American Farm Bureau Federation Publication 1-01
11 Forage Fiber (NDF & ADF)
12 Dietary NDF and DMI (and ph) DMI ph Zebeli et al., JDS. 95:
13 Estimating DMI (as % of BW) DMI (% of BW) = 120 %NDF Forage Quality NDF, % DMI, % of BW Excellent Poor
14 ADF and Digestibility Undersander,
15 Estimating %Digestible DM % Digestible DM = 88.9 (ADF% 0.779) ADF, % DDM, %
16 Effects of ADF and NDF on Hay Price Putnam et al., Irrigated Alfalfa Management in Mediterranean & Desert Zones
17 Forage Quality (cont.) Factors that influence forage quality? i. Maturity stage ii. Leaf-to-stem ratio Species differences Grasses vs. Legumes Cool-season vs. Warm-season iii. iv. Variety differences Growth conditions v. Harvesting & Storage conditions
18 i. Maturity Stage lignin
19 Maturity & Nutrient Composition U.S.-Canadian tables of feed composition, third edition
20 Lignification and Digestibility Lignin (% of NDF) Jung, Proceedings: Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium
21 Maturity, Yield & Quality
22 ii. Grasses vs. Legumes Crude protein Cell wall, % Lignin Energy Minerals (E.g., Ca & Mg) Bloat Grasses Legumes
23 ii. Grasses vs. Legumes (cont.) Ball et al, American Farm Bureau Federation Publication 1-01
24 Grasses Non-leguminous, require less management Cool vs. warm season Keyser, UT Ext. Pub. SP731-A
25 Cool vs. Warm Season Grasses Navarrete-Tindall Missouri Prairie Journal. 31:20-25
26 Cool Season Grasses i. Orchardgrass ii. Bromegrass iii. Tall Fescue iv. Ryegrass v. Bluegrass vi. Wheatgrass vii. Red Canarygrass viii. Timothy, etc.
27 Cool Season: Orchardgrass
28 Cool Season: Orchardgrass (cont.) Shade tolerant perennial Much of PNW irrigated pasture Highly productive Highly palatable Compatible with alfalfa/clover mixes Marginal winter hardiness
29 Cool Season: Smooth brome
30 Cool Season: Smooth brome (cont.) Shade tolerant, Winter hardy Highly productive, Slow regrowth Very palatable High protein content Erosion control e.g., Lincoln
31 Cool Season: Downy brome
32 Cool Season: Downy brome (cont.) Cheatgrass (Annual weed) Drought and grazing tolerant A lot of negatives Outcompetes most grasses (domination) Quick decrease in quality (maturity) Fire prone!
33 Cool Season: Tall Fescue
34 Cool Season: Tall Fescue (cont.) Adapted to wide range of soil types Highly productive Negatives Summer slump Fescue toxicity (endophyte fungus) Some varieties e.g., Alta (vs. Johnstone, Fawn)
35 Endophyte fungus Causes plants to produce ergot alkaloids Ergot alkaloid e.g., Lysergic acid Biogenic amines e.g., Serotonin Numerous negative effects e.g., vasoconstriction
36 Ergot Alkaloids Fescue foot, heat stress
37 Cool Season Grasses Refer to Improved grasses and legumes for Idaho for information on the following: i. Ryegrass ii. iii. iv. Bluegrass Wheatgrass Red Canarygrass v. Timothy
38 Warm Season Grasses i. Bermudagrass ii. iii. iv. Bahia Switchgrass Bluestem v. Bluegrass vi. Indiangrass, etc.
39 Warm Season Annuals i. Sorghum ii. iii. Sudan grass Sorghum Sudan hybrids High alkaline soil tolerant Drought tolerant Very productive Prussic acid & nitrate poisoning?
40 Prussic Acid Poisoning (Cyanogenic glucoside) (Hydrocyanic acid/prussic Acid) Plant HCN content influenced by: Stage of growth, Drought, Frost, etc. HCN + Hemoglobin Cyanoglobin
41 Nitrate Toxicity Plant nitrate content influenced by: Drought & high T C, Lack of sunlight, disease etc.
42 Warm Season Annuals iv. Small cereals (Barley, Rye, Wheat, Oats ) Use with annual legume (e.g., Spring pea) for good silage Aim for grain development (late milk-early dough)
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