Anatomy and Physiology Review Sheet. 1. Label all of Mr. Bones & Skull bones (on handout)

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1 Anatomy and Physiology Review Sheet 1. Label all of Mr. Bones & Skull bones (on handout) 2. Function of the Skeletal System A. Support of the body B. Protection of soft organs C. Movement due to attached skeletal muscles D. Storage of minerals (calcium and phosphorus) E. Hematopoiesis (blood cell formation) 3. Two types of bone tissue (What is it? Where is it found? What is the purpose?) A. Compact-Dense, smooth, homogenous bone. Found on the outer part of bone. B. Spongy- Needlelike pieces of bone and open space, found mainly in epiphyses, site of red bone marrow. 4. Classification of bones on the basis of shape (describe and give examples) A. Long Bones- Longer than they are wide, usually contain a shaft with head at each end, mostly compact bone EX) Femur, tibia, fibula, radius, ulna, clavicle, phalanges, metacarpals, metatarsals, humerus, etc. B. Short Bones- Cube shaped, mostly spongy bone, SESAMOID bones are short bones which form within tendons. EX) Tarsals, carpals, patella, etc. C. Flat Bones-Thin, flat, usually curved, two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone. EX) Skull, ribs, sternum, scapula, etc. D. Irregular Bones-Miscellaneous (any bone that does not fit into the other three categories) EX) Vertebrae, hip (coxal) bones, hyoid, maxilla, mandible, coccyx, sacrum, etc.

2 5. Anatomy of a Long Bone 6. Bone marrow is found and where yellow bone marrow is found along with the functions of both. What is different about adult bone marrow compared to infant bone marrow? A. Red bone marrow is found within spongy bone, mainly in the epiphysis of long bones and within flat bones. Site of hematopoiesis. B. Yellow bone marrow is found within the medullary cavity of long bones. Yellow marrow is a storage area for adipose. C. Infants have red bone marrow in the medullary cavity instead of yellow marrow. 7. Explain the differences between infant and fetus skeletons compared to adult skeletons. A. FETUS: Bone is mainly made of hyaline cartilage, skull is not fully fused, fontanels cover exposed areas.

3 8. Ossification Bone formation A. Endochondrial ossification process of replacing cartilage with bony tissue B. Intramembraneous ossification process of bone tissue developing from a fibrous membrane 9. Bone histology 10. Types of Bone Cells and process/purpose of bone remodeling: Explain their functions below and then give a general overview of the process of bone remodeling. A. Osteocytes: Mature bone cells found in lacunae B. Osteoblasts: Bone-forming cells (produce bone matrix) C. Osteoclasts: Bone destroying cells (carve out bone) D. Bone Remodeling: Constantly occurring throughout life. Process by both blasts and clasts. Remodeling occurs for TWO REASONS: 1) In response to calcium levels in the blood. 2) pull of gravity and muscle size. PTH released when calcium levels drop in the blood. Activate osteoclasts to break down bone.

4 Calcitonin release when blood calcium is high. Activates osteoblasts to take calcium out of blood and build bone. 11. Bone Fractures (Common types/characteristics): A. Open (Compound) Fracture: Bone breaks through skin. B. Closed Fracture: Bone(s) do not penetrate skin. Identify the type of fracture underneath each picture:

5 12. Treatment of a fracture: Describe the following. A. Open Reduction (Realignment): Surgery is performed and the bone ends are secured together with pins, rods, screws, or wires. B. Closed Reduction (Realignment): Bone ends are coaxed back into their normal position by the physician s hands. C. Immobilization: A plaster cast is placed around the area of the break. 13. Stages in the healing of a bone fracture: Be able to list and describe the four steps in the healing process of a broken bone. 1. Hematoma is formed (blood filled swelling). 2. Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus (closes the gap, dead tissue-fibrocartilage- is later removed by phagocytes.) 3. Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus (made of spongy bone). More osteoclasts and blasts migrate to the area and start to multiply. 4. Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch. 14. Describe the following divisions of the skeleton. A. The Axial Skeleton: Forms longitudinal part of the body THREE PARTS: Skull, vertebral column, bony thorax. B. The Appendicular Skeleton: Composed of 126 bones Limbs (APPENDAGES), Pectoral (shoulder) girdle, Pelvic girdle.

6 15. Describe the gender differences in the pelvis between a male and female. A. Differences: FEMALE: Shorter sacrum (less curved), lighter, thinner bones, larger more circular opening (inlet), U-shaped pubic arch (greater than 90 degrees). 16. Joints: Points of contact between bones (ARTICULATIONS) A. FUNCTION: Hold bones securely together Give the rigid skeleton mobility B. CLASSIFICATION Functionally Based on MOVEMENT o IMMOVABLE (no movement) EX) in between bones of skull. o SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE (some movement) EX) between vertebrae o FREELY MOVEABLE (lots of movement) EX) Limbs (appendages) Structurally Type of tissue o Fibrous joints- Bones united by fibrous tissue, immoveable.

7 EX) Sutures of skull, tibia and fibula connection at ankle. o Cartilaginous joints-bone ends connected by cartilage. Can be immovable or slightly moveable. EX) Joint between rib and sternum (immovable) & Intervetebral discs (slightly moveable) o Synovial joints- Connected bones are separated by a joint CAVITY. Articular cartilage covers the ends Synovial fluid found in joint cavity Ligaments reinforce the joint EX) Shoulder joint, hip joint, knee joint.

8 HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES: You should be familiar with the following. 1. Rickets: Disease of children in which bones do not calcify. Weight bearing bones may bow out. Due to a lack of Vitamin D, which is needed to absorb calcium into the bloodstream. 2. Herniated Discs: Drying of the discs, along with a weakening of the ligaments of the vertebral column. May also occur when extreme twisting forces are applied. Disc may protrude and push on spinal cord. 3. Scoliosis: Abnormal spinal curvature. May be congenital (present at birth) or a result from disease, poor posture, or unequal muscle pull on the spine. 4. Dislocation: When bone is forced out of its normal position in the joint cavity. May be returned to normal by REDUCTION (returning the bone to its proper position.) 5. Bursitis: Inflammation of the bursae (synovial membrane). May be caused by falling on one s knees. Water on the knee 6. Sprain: Ligaments or tendons reinforcing a joint are damaged by excessive stretching, or are torn away from the bone. Poor blood supply = slow healing = extreme pain. 7. Arthritis: Joint inflammation. Pain, stiffness, swelling of joint (symptoms). 8. Osteoarthritis (OA): wear and tear arthritis Typically occurs in the elderly. Most common form. Over the years cartilage softens, frays, and eventually breaks down. Bones begin to rub together. 9. Bone Spurs: As a result of damaged cartilage bones rub together at the joint. This causes a buildup of bone at the area. This may restrict joint movement. Affected joints may make a crunching sound. 10. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): Chronic inflammatory disorder. USUALLY occurs between the ages of 40 and 50. AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE = Disorder where the body s immune system begins to destroy its own joint tissue.

9 11. Gouty arthritis (Gout) : Uric acid accumulates in the blood. May be deposited as needle-shaped crystals in the soft tissues of joints. Very painful, often affects the big toe.