FIRST PAPERS DUE NEXT TUESDAY. 2-3 pages, typed, double spaced. See course web site for topics
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1 FIRST PAPERS DUE NEXT TUESDAY JANUARY 26 at lecture 2-3 pages, typed, double spaced See course web site for topics
2 Course website Lecture outlines are posted before lecture. Print out and bring to lecture for notetaking Leture slides will be posted a day or so after lecture.
3 Week Republic to Caesar: Social categories, offices Military expansion
4 Aristotle: Greek philosopher, 5 th C BC: Politics Types of Government context of Greek city state (polis) Good forms: (aim for common good) Monarchy (rule of one) Aristocracy (rule of the best) Democracy (rule of the people) Corrupted forms: (power for one group) Tyranny Oligarchy (rule of the few) Anarchy (absence of rule)
5 Ancient Rome: three forms of government evolve Monarchy -- Regal Rome: King = rex, regis Romulus as first King 753 BC Livy Book I Republican Rome 510 BC res publica = public matters reclaimed from King republic expands, conquering an empire what is a republic? govt. by elected representatives Decline of the Republic 2 cd -1 st C BCE rise of military power, armies loyal to commander careers of Marius, Sulla, Pompey and Caesar (d. 44 BC) Imperial Rome: successors of Caesar (Thursday & Wk 4)
6 Government Offices in Republican Rome: theme of competition for office MAGISTRATES executive branch, office holders elected but unpaid = only wealthy can compete Consuls: two, elected annually symbols: toga praetexta (purple stripe) 12 lictors carrying fasces limits on authority within pomerium (sacred boundary) axes removed from fasces within city of Rome military role of consuls: elected in March (Mars) begin new campaign in spring traditional limit on re-election no consecutive terms
7 Toga praetexta: consular toga Toga virilis (plain white) Symbol of manhood Toga candida = candidates toga, bleached while
8 Offices (2) Praetor: official who takes over in Rome when consuls were absent on military campaign, only two lictors. Tribunes of the people (plebs): power to block public actions seen as unlawful, to defend citizens from arbitrary actions of magistrates Censors: the only office that was not annual: up to two years. compile list of Senators, rank all citizens into centuries eligibility for office depends on reputation and morality Census: conducted every five years; based on property, reputation, begins as military assignment system; held in Campus Martius cavalry (equites): wealthiest assigned to highest centuries infantry: other eligible citizens proletariat: assigned to one, lowest century (largest) ineligible for military service
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10 Offices (3) Senate: meet only in consecrated space Latin word senatus from senex, "old man paterfamilias from each leading family or gens represent patricians (aristocracy) 300 members, including all who had any elected office; lifelong membership, independent of annual magistrates meets only when called by consul or praetor advisory role, powers increase during Republic enlargement of Senate in late Republic: Sulla 600, Julius Caesar 900
11 Offices (4) Assemblies of citizens (non-patricians) Assembly of Plebs: elect Tribunes of the People Centuriate Assembly: censors assign citizens to centuries according to income and status adult male Roman citizens who vote directly choose new office holders, approve public actions limited power: called by consuls, praetors or tribunes meet only at Rome (one day only) citizens cannot speak, only vote yes or no Late Republic: growth of bribery, buying votes
12 Republic: competition for office, fame, glory, dignitas: Quintus Metellus: funeral oration for his father in 221 BC Lucius Metellus: held offices of pontifex, consul, dictator, triumph during first Punic War His father accomplished the ten greatest and best feats which wise men seek in their lifetime. He wished to be the top warrior, the best orator, the bravest commander, to personally direct the great affairs of state, to have the highest honor, to be the most wise, to be esteemed the most distinguished senator, to acquire immense wealth in a good way, to leave many children, and to be the most celebrated figure in the city. It fell to him to achieve all this, and no one else since Rome s foundation had been his match.
13 L arringatore (speech maker) 1 st C BC
14 ROMAN ARMY : citizen army, property qualification PROLETARIAT: insufficient wealth for army service proles = offspring, children CONSCRIPTION: all eligible men from age juniores: serve in foreign wars seniores: defend city of Rome Length of service military campaigns SACRAMENTUM: oath of loyalty, service is sacred Discipline: commanders possess imperium: power of life & death fines, flogging, bastinado, decimation
15 CINCINNATUS: 5 th C. BC early Republican hero returns to farming after war & political office
16 Roman Army Camp
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18 Roman army camp in North Africa
19 Roman city in England originating from Roman camp
20 Florence: center of city showing original Roman camp layout
21 Roman Florence
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24 EFFECTS OF PUNIC WARS TERRITORIAL ACQUISITIONS: Victory over Carthage includes NORTH AFRICAN COAST (but not Egypt) SPAIN organized as two provinces in 197 BC CISALPINE GAUL (Po Valley in northern Italy) Province in 81 BC MACEDONIA & GREECE conquered after Carthage
25 Roman territory after Punic Wars: The Republic has conquered an Empire
26 Growth of Roman army Punic Wars population estimates for 225 BC Roman Italy free population 2,750,000 (most Italians not yet citizens) Roman citizens & families 900,000 adult male citizens (all ages) 300,000 juniores only (under 46) 205,000 Army mobilized 108,000 = 35% of adult men 50,000+ male citizens die in wars after Punic Wars: 10% of male population under arms, 20% in crises 2cd C. BC: Shortages of manpower as Rome expands 107 BC: proletariat enrolled in army for first time (Marius) 1 st C. BC: professionalization of army rise of charismatic military leaders: Marius, Sulla, Pompey, Caesar
27 Roman Triumphal Procession Route from Campus Martius to Temple of Jupiter
28 Triumph with quadriga (four horses)
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30 18 th C. French painting (Vernet) Roman triumph of Aemilius Paullus after conquest of Macedonia
31 18 th C. French painting of triumph
32 Conquered King Perseus of Macedon with wife, children & other captives follow the conqueror
33 SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONFLICT IN ROME 2 cd -1 st C BC POPULARES (poorer Roman citizens) GRACCHI BROTHERS program of land reform TIBERIUS GRACCHUS: elected TRIBUNE in 133 BC plan to distribute state land or AGER PUBLICUS assassinated with 300 supporters GAIUS GRACCHUS: elected TRIBUNE in 123 BC colonization program for overseas territories program of grain distribution
34 POPULAR MILITARY LEADERS GAIUS MARIUS: military leader in Africa and against Germans CONSUL for 5 terms BC SOCIAL WAR against allies (socii) (not to be confused with earlier Struggle of Orders Patricians vs Plebians) result is citizenship for all Italians in 89 BC L. CORNELIUS SULLA: military leader in Social War, rival of Marius FIRST CIVIL WAR: Marius versus Sulla (victor) DICTATOR: reforms CURSUS HONORUM as fixed succession of offices Senate doubled from members
35 POPULAR MILITARY LEADERS rise due to campaigns in north Africa and Germany GAIUS MARIUS: homo novus = new man, not from elite served under Metellus in Africa Consul 107: takes over as military leader in Africa, later in Gaul proletariat allowed in army for first time goal of war booty, land grants re-elected consul annually total of seven terms Injection of army into politics: Marius uses veterans to manipulate votes on land grants
36 Sulla as consul Statue in Louvre, Paris Coins minted on Sulla s campaign in Asia
37 LUCIUS CORNELIUS SULLA: personal rival of Marius Roman senatorial family, Consul in 88 BC military leader in war: Africa, Germany, Italy MARCHING ON ROME: 1 st C. BC FIRST CIVIL WAR: Marius versus Sulla 88 BC Sulla s 1 st march on Rome, proscription of enemies 87 Marius conquers Rome, made consul for 7 th time (died) 83 Sulla s 2 cd march on Rome: aid of Pompey, Crassus enemies proscribed and executed SULLA as DICTATOR: reforms to strengthen republic SENATE: size doubled to 600 CURSUS HONORUM as fixed succession of offices with pre-requisites, age requirements suppression of powers of tribunes (no higher office)
38 = ladder of offices in Republic formalized by Sulla Patricians: start as Quaestor (20) in charge of supplies, grain Aedile (2) in charge of buildings Praetor (8) judicial office age 39 Consul (2) highest post age 42 Censor (2) former consuls supervise public morality Dictator = Sulla & Caesar (not on the regular program) Plebians: start as Tribune of the People, then Aedile and Praetor
39 1 ST C. BC EXTRAORDINARY MILITARY COMMANDS undermine republican structures generals unite against the Senate POMPEY the GREAT: father was homo novus, died during Marius siege of Rome Pompey supports Sulla commands armies in Spain, Asia, Africa 81 BC victory in north Africa: demands triumph 67 campaign against pirates in eastern Mediterranean campaign against Mithridates, King of Pontus (Black Sea) CRASSUS: 72 BC military command to suppress SPARTACUS SLAVE REVOLT with aid of Pompey POMPEY AND CRASSUS as CONSULS 70 BC restoration of powers of tribunes, but also rivals
40 POMPEY THE GREAT: BC 61 return from east: triumph, riches disbands his army; goal of resettling his veterans building of theater of Pompey dedicated in 51 BC first stone theater in Rome disguised as Temple of Venus allies with OPTIMATES (wealthy) against POPULARES also allies with rival generals: Crassus and Caesar
41 MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO orator & lawyer of late Republic homo novus = 1 st of his family in Senate Consul 63 BC: defeats two patricians CATILINE CONSPIRACY: takes up cause of land distribution plots attack on Rome, arson Cicero proves Catiline s role; executions CICERO 43 BC assassinated in civil war following death of Caesar
42 Bust of Julius Caesar
43 JULIUS CAESAR: old family, out of power Career: rises as military leader of Populares elected PONTIFEX MAXIMUS 63 BC PRAETOR 62 (debts for bribery for elections) appointed GOVERNOR OF SPAIN FIRST TRIUMVIRATE: 60 BC Pompey, Crassus and Caesar informal political secret agreement: work together against Senate
44 59 BC CAESAR as CONSUL: grants land to Pompey s veterans; opposition of Senate; takes issue to assemblies, violence erupts, proposal passes with aid of Pompey s veterans CICERO voices concerns of Senate; exiled to Macedonia recalled in 57 to deal with grain shortages in city TRIUMVIRATE: POMPEY marries Julia, Caesar s daughter, command in Spain (she dies in childbirth 54 BC) CAESAR given 5 year command in Cisalpine Gaul and Illyricum and Transalpine Gaul CRASSUS: dies in command of army in Syria against Parthia defeat of army, loss of the legion s standards
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46 CAESAR S CAMPAIGNS IN GAUL and ITALY BC writes Commentaries circulated in Rome: Gallic Wars All Gaul is divided into three parts. conquest of Helvetii (Swiss), northern tribes Vercingetorix: leader of Arverni, revolt against Caesar estimate of one million Gauls killed, one million slaves 52 POMPEY made sole Consul in Rome due to violence including burning of Senate house personal threat to Caesar, charges due to earlier bribery end of triumvirate: Caesar versus Pompey, Senate, Cicero MARCH ON ROME: SECOND CIVIL WAR: (first is Marius versus Sulla) 49 CAESAR CROSSES THE RUBICON January 10 leads army into Italy across Rubicon, border of Cisapline Gaul decision: Alea iacta est The die is cast.
47 CAESARS WARS BC Spain: loyal to Pompey East: 48 Pompey raises army in Greece (supported by Senate): defeated at Pharsalus (Greece) Pompey flees to Egypt, killed Egypt: 47 conquers kingdom, affair with Cleopatra son Cesarion East: defeats successor of Mithridates Veni, vidi, vici: I came, I saw, I conquered. Spain: Pompey s sons: 300,000 killed, returns to Rome Parthia: plan to leave in March 44 campaign to recover the standards lost by Crassus in 53
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49 CAESAR IN ROME: BC Dictator: 49, then elected Consul 48 dictator after Pharsalus (defeat of Pompey) 46 Consul, then Senate votes Dictator for 10 years (46 Cleopatra comes to Rome with son Caesarion) 45, 44 Consul 44 Dictator for Life: perpetual dictator Social problems: veterans settled overseas, debts (interest cancelled) Calendar: adopts Egyptian solar calendar = Julian calendar Public buildings: Curia Julia new Senate house in Forum Senate expanded to 900 Forum of Julius Caesar Senatorial honors: first living Emperor on coins temple to Divus Julius (Caesar as god)
50 44 BC Ides of March (March 15 th ) assassination of Caesar in Theater of Pompey by MARCUS JUNIUS BRUTUS, CASSIUS and other Senators Brutus: descent from first Brutus, 509 BC defender of role of Senate and Republic
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