Modification of Microclimates in High Tunnels: A case study at CEFS
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1 NC STATE UNIVERSITY Modification of Microclimates in High Tunnels: A case study at CEFS Cary Rivard and Steve Moore February 17 th, 2009 High Tunnel Workshop Center for Environmental Farming Systems
2 Microclimate Modification High tunnels can provide: Frost protection Rain protection Solar energy retention Wind protection Photo courtesy: S. O Connell (NCSU) Factors to consider: Ventilation Adequate drainage
3 How many modifications of microclimate do you see?
4 Tunnel / Grafting Research
5 Environmental Monitoring
6 How many modifications of microclimate do you see?
7 Key Questions What are the thermal dynamics of field and high tunnel production? Air and soil temperature Does reduced leaf wetness reduce foliar disease? How is the soil microclimate affected by tunnel production? Soil moisture How does the microclimate affect fruit yield and quality? Planting date How effective is solarization in tunnels? Can we utilize microclimates for cover crops?
8 Minimum Temperature - CEFS 2007 Minimum Daily Temperature (degrees F) Avg Field Avg Tunnel Easter freeze 33 deg F Tunnel 24 deg F Field 9-Mar 29-Mar 18-Apr 8-May 28-May 17-Jun 7-Jul 27-Jul 16-Aug
9 Daily Avg Temperature - CEFS 2007 Daily Average Temperature (degrees F) Avg Field Avg Tunnel Tunnel Planting Field Planting 0 9-Mar 29-Mar 18-Apr 8-May 28-May 17-Jun 7-Jul 27-Jul 16-Aug
10 Maximum Air Temperature - CEFS Field Planting Field Tunnel Daily Maximum Air Temperature Tunnel Planting 0 9-Mar 29-Mar 18-Apr 8-May 28-May 17-Jun 7-Jul 27-Jul 16-Aug
11 Soil Temperature - CEFS Field Tunnel 80 Daily Avg Soil Temperature (degrees F) Tunnel Planting 20 Field Planting Mar 29-Mar 18-Apr 8-May 28-May 17-Jun 7-Jul 27-Jul 16-Aug
12 CEFS 2008: Gray Leaf Spot Stemphylium spp. Foliar leaf spot Warm wet conditions Wind / rain dispersal Severe defoliation
13 CEFS 2008: Gray Leaf Spot CEFS Main Effects Tunnel Field 45 % LAD - Gray Leaf Spot Mar 2-Apr 22-Apr 12-May 1-Jun 21-Jun 11-Jul 31-Jul 20-Aug
14 Pesticide Retention Field and High Tunnel Hornworm Populations Following Bt Spray Hornworm Population High Tunnel Field = Spraying of Bt in High Tunnel and Field Jun 7-Jun 11-Jun 15-Jun 19-Jun 23-Jun 27-Jun 1-Jul 5-Jul 9-Jul 13-Jul 17-Jul 21-Jul 25-Jul 29-Jul Time = Spraying of Bt in Field
15 Soil Microclimate Soil ecosystems can be affected by tunnel microclimate. Soil moisture Fluxations Temperature Solarization Physical characteristics Biological properties Salinity / Leaching Removal of plastic for leaching
16 Soil Moisture - CEFS Field Tunnel = >.25 rain 0.20 Soil Water Content (m3/m3) Mar 29-Mar 18-Apr 8-May 28-May 17-Jun 7-Jul 27-Jul 16-Aug Rain * - Modified events for increased broken sensor soil in moisture rep C of field. in the field
17 Field Tunnel Soil Moisture - CEFS 2008 Daily Avg Soil Water Content Mar 28-Mar 17-Apr 7-May 27-May 16-Jun 6-Jul 26-Jul 15-Aug 4-Sep Daily average soil mositure fluxuations
18 Systems Effects on SYSTEM Fruit Quality EFFECT High Tunnel vs. Field System Breakdown of Non-Marketable Fruit: CEFS, 2008 S. O Connell (MS Thesis)
19 Systems Effects on Fruit Yield Main System Effects: CEFS Tunnel Field 25 days Cumulative Total Yield (lbs/plot) 0 30-May 6-Jun 13-Jun 20-Jun 27-Jun 4-Jul 11-Jul 18-Jul 25-Jul 1-Aug 8-Aug
20 Planting Date
21 8-Aug 1-Aug 25-Jul CEFS Jun 27-Jun 4-Jul 11-Jul 18-Jul 03/20 - Tunnel 04/03 - Tunnel 04/19 - Tunnel Planting Date 21 days 6-Jun 13-Jun 30-May Cumulative Total Yield (lbs/plot
22 Planting Date Planting Date in High Tunnels: CEFS Mar 18-Mar 17-Apr Total yield (lbs/plot) May 12-May 22-May 1-Jun 11-Jun 21-Jun 1-Jul 11-Jul 21-Jul 31-Jul 10-Aug 20-Aug
23 Planting Date Catfacing in Tunnel - CEFS Mar 3-Apr 19-Apr Catfacing Incidence (by number) May 28-May 7-Jun 17-Jun 27-Jun 7-Jul 17-Jul 27-Jul 6-Aug 16-Aug 010
24 Catfacing: Main Effects in Tunnel - CEFS 2007 Catfaced / Total Fruit Yield (by wt and number) Fruit Weight Fruit Number 0 20-Mar 3-Apr 19-Apr Non Self Beaufort Maxifort Fruit Weight Fruit Number Plant Date P<0.01 P<0.01 Rootstock NS NS
25 Soil Solarization Thermal inactivation Soilborne plant pathogens Insects Weeds Efficacy Temperature Exposure time Soil Depth (Katan et al., 2003)
26 2007 Solarization: Maximum Temperatures Field Air (F) Field Soil (F) Tunnel Air (F) Tunnel Soil (F) 0 23-Aug 28-Aug 2-Sep 7-Sep 12-Sep 17-Sep Temperature (F)
27 2007 Solarization: Minimum Temperatures Field Air (F) Field Soil (F) Tunnel Air (F) Tunnel Soil (F) 0 23-Aug 28-Aug 2-Sep 7-Sep 12-Sep 17-Sep Temperature (F)
28 2007 Solarization: Daily Avg Temperatures Field Air (F) Field Soil (F) Tunnel Air (F) Tunnel Soil (F) 0 23-Aug 28-Aug 2-Sep 7-Sep 12-Sep 17-Sep Temperature (F)
29 Winter Microclimate Cover crops Winter vegetable production Will tunnel microclimate allow for both? Leaching / fallow period Rye/Vetch cover crops inside the high tunnel
30 CEFS 2009: Daily Minimum Temperature Field Tunnel Air Temperature (F) Jan 17-Jan 22-Jan 27-Jan 1-Feb 6-Feb
31 CEFS 2009: Daily Maximum Temperature Field Tunnel Air Temperature (F) Jan 17-Jan 22-Jan 27-Jan 1-Feb 6-Feb
32 70 60 CEFS 2009: Daily Average Temperature Field Tunnel Air Temperature (F) Jan 17-Jan 22-Jan 27-Jan 1-Feb 6-Feb
33 Cover Crops Biomass (lbs/acre) Rye Vetch C:N Available N (lbs/acre) High Tunnel Field
34 Discussion Will tunnels provide enough season extension for successful double-cropping? Can we find cover crops that can be squeezed between summer and winter crops? How can we predict night time temperatures? What dynamics do air temperature have on crop growth?
35 Questions
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