Routine QA of Dedicated PET Scanners
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1 Routine QA of Dedicated PET Scanners M.E. Daube-Witherspoon, Ph.D. University of Pennsylvania
2 Introduction Purposes of QA testing: Verify continued scanner performance Identify problems prior to scanning patients QA: Well-defined, routine measurements Quick & easy Automatic, hands-off Sensitive to failure modes of scanner
3 Specific QA measurements & the frequency of measurement depend on: Specific scanner design Usage / protocols Manufacturer s specifications Special features (e.g., gating)
4 How Good Scanners Go Bad Detector module / PMT failure Loose / disconnected cables & connectors Circuit board component failure Dead power supplies or fuses Inoperable bed / gantry motors & other moving parts Temperature-related drifts in crystal light output & component stability Software failures QA detects but does not prevent these failures!
5 PMT failure - Na-22 flood
6 Detector Module / PMT Failure φ r φ (Courtesy of Univ. of Pennsylvania) r
7 Implications of Detector Failure - 1 Blank with detector failure Good blank (Courtesy of National Institutes of Health)
8 Implications of Detector Failure - 1 (Courtesy of National Institutes of Health)
9 Implications of Detector Failure - 2 (Courtesy of National Institutes of Health)
10 Implications of Detector Failure - 2 (Courtesy of National Institutes of Health)
11 Failure of Scatter Correction (large patient) Emission image Scatter image Transmission image (Courtesy of National Institutes of Health)
12 Daily QA (Should we scan today?) System initialization (scanner-dependent) PMT baseline & gain check/adjustment Computer reboots Blank scan Transmission scan of empty FOV Comparison made to prior blank scan (automatic and/or visual assessment of sinogram) Emission scan Uniform cylinder (Ge-68) or point source (Na-22) Check sinogram and/or image for significant artifacts Quick check for sensitivity changes
13 Detection of Detector Failures Today s blank sinogram Difference sinogram (Courtesy of National Institutes of Health)
14 Daily QA (Should we scan today?) System initialization (scanner-dependent) PMT baseline & gain check/adjustment Computer reboots Blank scan Transmission scan of empty FOV Comparison made to prior blank scan (automatic and/or visual assessment of sinogram) Emission scan Uniform cylinder (Ge-68) or point source (Na-22) Check sinogram and/or image for significant artifacts Quick check for sensitivity changes
15 Weekly QA (How well is the scanner operating?) Uniformity check High-count emission scan of uniform cylinder Visual or automatic assessment & check for artifacts Calibration check Uniform cylinder (F-18) Check sensitivity and calibration accuracy Scanner-specific measurements Distortion removal assessment (point sources) Coincidence timing check
16 Quarterly QA (Has the scanner changed over time?) Preventive maintenance Scanner-specific procedures (adjust PMTs, position decoding) Bring system back to peak performance Detector efficiency normalization Correct for differences in detector response for each detector pair Procedure can be very time-consuming (10 s of hours)
17 Annual QA (Is the scanner still performing its best?) NEMA NU-2 acceptance testing Transverse spatial resolution (positioning accuracy) Sensitivity (energy window shifts) Intrinsic scatter fraction (energy window shifts) Scatter correction (energy window shifts, attenuation correction accuracy) Count-rate performance (timing) Other measurements Protocol-driven measurements (annual or more frequent)
18 Transverse Spatial Resolution z y axial tangential x radial Sinogram or image resolution Affected by errors in distortion removal or positioning circuitry
19 18 F Sensitivity Metal sleeves Decay-corrected Counts counts Metal Sleeves
20 Intrinsic Scatter Fraction 20-cm diam. X 70-cm long cylinder with line source Drifts in energy peak or width of energy window will affect measured scatter fraction
21 Emission Count-rate Performance Same phantom as intrinsic scatter fraction measurement Measure peak NEC and peak trues rates Affected by changes in timing circuitry
22 Daily (CT): PET/CT Systems - CT Check calibration of x-ray tube, collimator, and detectors Reboot systems Check CT calibration (water units) Quarterly (CT): High-contrast spatial resolution and slice thickness Low-contrast detectability Noise & uniformity check
23 PET/CT Systems - Combined QA Alignment of PET and CT scanners 6 degrees of freedom between systems Table sagging Calibration of CT images to 511-keV attenuation coefficients
24 Recommended QA for PET Systems Daily QA: Blank scan Emission scan of uniform cylinder Note counts acquired (quick sensitivity check) Assess change in performance (quantitative) Weekly QA: Emission scan of uniform cylinder (F-18) Calibration check (for quantitative studies) Visual and quantitative assessment of uniformity
25 Recommended QA for PET Systems, cont. Quarterly QA: Preventive maintenance Detector efficiency normalization Annual QA: NEMA NU-2 tests for Transverse spatial resolution Sensitivity Intrinsic scatter fraction Count-rate performance Maintain records of scanner-related issues
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