Learning. There are three types of learning that we cover in this chapter.
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1 Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning 1 Learning There are three types of learning that we cover in this chapter. Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning
2 Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning 2 Learning Learning is the process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. There are three basic types of learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational Learning usually involves involuntary responses usually involves voluntary responses Learning by watching others Learning is the process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. There are three basic types of learning
3 Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning 3 Conditioning Conditioning (learning) is the process of learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. Classical conditioning (usually involves involuntary responses such as emotions like fear, anxiety, joy, attraction, disgust) Operant conditioning (usually involves voluntary responses) Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning: When a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.
4 Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning 4 Classical Conditioning: Pavlov and the Dogs
5 Classical Conditioning Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning 5
6 Classical Conditioning Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning 6
7 Elements of Classical Conditioning Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning 7 Classical Conditioning: When a neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response. Identify the US, UR, neutral stimulus, CS and CR (1) Before each of his chemotherapy sessions, Allen, a young cancer patient, is given a bowl of ice cream. The chemotherapy makes Allen nauseated. Now just seeing the bowl of ice cream makes him feel queasy. (2) Frank loved to swim in the lake near his house. After swimming in the lake one afternoon, he discovered two big slimy, bloodsucking leeches firmly attached to his leg. He was revolted as he pulled the slimy leeches off his leg. Now every time he passes the lake, he shudders in disgust. (3) Every time two-year-old Jodie heard the doorbell ring she raced to open the front door. On Halloween night, Jodie answered the doorbell and encountered a scary monster with nine flashing eyes. Jodie screamed in fear and ran away. Now Jodie screams and hides whenever the doorbell rings.
8 Examples of Classical Conditioning Pavlov s dogs Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning 8 Little Albert Advertising That was easy Feeling good (the response) when you hear a song (the stimulus) on the radio that is connected to a special time you ve had.
9 Factors that Affect Conditioning Pairing of CS and US Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning 9 Effects are weak inefficient CS-US contingency CS-US contiguity Stimulus features Prior experience with CS and US Number of CS-US pairings Intertrial interval Other variables
10 Factors that Affect Conditioning Pairing of CS and US Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning 10 UCS = air puff UCR = blink NS = buzzer CS = buzzer CR = blink effects are weak inefficient Trace conditioning: The signal (CS) precedes the UCS. o Lightning signals the sound of thunder. Delayed conditioning: The signal (CS) overlap. The UCS appears before the CS ends o The dog growls (the signal) as it bites Simultaneous conditioning: The signal (CS) and the UCS occur at the same time. Classical conditioning is difficult under this condition. Backward conditioning: The signal (CS) follows the UCS. Classical conditioning is very difficult under this condition. o Sitting on a splinter (UCR) and then jumping (UR) and seeing the roughly hewn bench (CS)
11 Factors that Affect Conditioning CS-US contingency Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning 11 A contingency is a kind of if-then statement. One event, Y is contingent on another event, X, to the extent that Y occurs if an only if X occurs (page 71). In other words, is there consistency and predictability of the signal. X = tone Y = electric shock Group 1: The tone is a more reliable predictor (reliable signal) of the electric shock. Because of this, conditioning (learning the association) is more likely to occur than in Group 2.
12 Factors that Affect Conditioning CS-US contiguity Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning 12 Contiguity refers to the closeness in time or space between two events. In Pavlovian conditioning, contiguity refers to the interval between the CS and the US. This interval is called the interstimulus interval or ISI (page 72). In the case of Pavlov and the dogs, the ISI is time between when the bell is rung and the food is presented. ISI In general, the shorter the interval between the CS (or NS in this notation), and the UCS, the more quickly the conditioning occurs, with the exception of the simultaneous procedure where there is no interval. The time span of this interval can depend on the stimulus features. Some responses are easier to condition than others. Some responses, as with taste aversions, can occur hours apart.
13 Factors that Affect Conditioning Stimulus features Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning 13 The physical features of the CS and US affect the pace of conditioning (page 73). Not all neutral stimuli are created equal. Some are easier condition and neutral stimulus to a conditioned stimulus. Evolutionary perspective (biological prepardness): We are biologically more likely to become afraid of objects that have posed a threat to previous generations (eg. snakes, spiders, heights, drowning, etc.) vs. In addition, intensity of the UCS (louder noises, stronger flavors, stronger electric shocks) influences the conditioning process.
14 Biological Preparedness Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning 14
15 Factors that Affect Conditioning Prior experience with CS and US Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning 15 The effects of conditioning will depend on the participant s prior exposure to the stimuli that serve as a NS and UCS. If a dog has heard a bell before, it takes longer than dogs that have not heard bells before for it to become a CS. Therefore, novel stimuli may be more successful at becoming a CS. Part of this may be that the NS has been paired with nothing in particular and doesn t signal anything.
16 Factors that Affect Conditioning Number of CS-US pairings Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning 16 In general, the number of pairings between the CS and US (or NS and UCS-UCR) increases the likelihood that conditioning will occur. The more often you ring the bell with the presentation of the food, you are more likely to condition the dog to drool at the sound of the bell.
17 Factors that Affect Conditioning Intertrial interval Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning 17 The time between trials can affect the process of classical conditioning. Intertrial interval is the time between these two pairings of the bell and neutral stimulus
18 Factors that Affect Conditioning Other variables Chapter 3: Pavlovian Conditioning 18 Age: Temperament: Stress: Those that are older have a more difficult to time to classically condition with the eyeblink response. Dogs that were more excitable learned faster in classical conditioning procedures Stress seems to facilitate acquiring classically conditioned responses
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