Outdoor Lighting, New Technologies

Transcription

1 Outdoor Lighting, New Technologies Eric Strandberg LC Presented to: Current state of the exterior lighting Dominated by HPS Why? What are the limitations of MH? What about other light sources? 2 1

2 At a crossroads of technology LED Induction Metal Halide High Pressure Sodium 3 Light source characteristics Lumens per watt Life HPS Metal Halide Plasma Induction Inc CFL LED Optics Lumen maintenance High CCT option CRI Controllability First cost 4 2

3 Light source efficacy (Lumens per Watt) for common exterior light sources HPS MH Induction Incandescent Halogen (HIR) CFL Plasma LED Stuck on Lumens Lighting is about seeing not just measured lumens Luminance, measured in candela/m sq. (footlamberts) Lamp output in lumens* Illuminance, measured in footcandles or lux *With LED systems the lamp lumens and fixture output are the same. This is called absolute photometry. 6 3

4 Light source life for common exterior light sources HPS- 16K 30K MH- 10K 30K Induction- 60K - 100K Incandescent- 1K- 1.5K Halogen- 3K- 5K (HIR) CFL- 10K- 16K Plazma- 50K LED- 25K 100K 7 Rated Lamp Life The life value assigned to a particular type lamp. This is commonly a statistically determined estimate of average or of median operational life. IESNA Other life definitions Reduced light output. Color shift. Efficacy reduction. Lamp starts to cycle. Lamp becomes unstable. Probability of failure increases. (Group re-lamping) 8 4

5 Lamp Lumen Depreciation The fractional loss of lamp lumens at rated operating conditions that progressively occurs during lamp operation. IESNA Percent of Initial Lumens Mean Lumens T5 T8 (265 ma) Incandescnt T12 (430 ma) HPS Mercury Vapor Percent of Average Rated Life 9 Service life vs time to failure 100 ~L92 L70 70 % light output 0 50K Time in ~85K Failure Hours L70 is the point in time when the light source (LED) has lost 30% of its light. This is the end of its service life The values in this example are for illustration only. Each product will have its own unique numbers 10 5

6 Optics- built around a point source Glare control High degree possible High degree needed Distribution High precision possible Infrastructure investment Luminaire efficiency Influences system lumens and delivered light Point source = Metal halide or plasma Plasma A form of Metal Halide Plasma state is created by concentrated RF field. No electrodes or filaments inside the chamber. Makes for a very clean and stable operation. Plasma lamp acts like a point source. Courtesy Luxim 6

7 Electrodeless Induction Lamps 100,000 hour lamp life Good efficacy 80+ CRI Cold start to -30 F Instant re-strike Low-pressure mercury gas Use in areas that see little maintenance or are difficult to access. 13 Induction and Optics Better suited to decorative or pedestrian lights. Blob O Lite Very little glare control needed, but optically more like a CFL Luminaire efficiency is lower and less light delivered to remote locations 7

8 CFL- not just on porch lights Can be optically OK for low mounting applications. Still only 12K life* *20k on 12 hr burn Good Optics Puts light where it is needed and not where it is not wanted. This can increase efficiency Minimize light trespass. Minimize light pollution 16 8

9 Lighting power distribution of some common exterior sources 17 Beware of average foot candles Be sure to look at uniformity ratios. Sometimes the less uniform area will have higher average numbers, because the hot spots (usually under the fixture) are very high. 18 9

10 The quality of light will have a large impact on our visual ability. Electric light sources vary widely in their spectral content, and should be carefully selected for their color characteristics. This is an extreme example Metal Halide & Low Pressure Sodium - but the spectral composition of any light source will affect our perception of the surfaces around us. 19 LEDs and color The blue white color temperature looks like metal halide, or moonlight which can make them a fit for exterior applications*. Note the yellow HPS on right and the bluer LED on the left. Photo courtesy BetaLed *Recent studies suggest that blue light can increase visual acuity but also can affect melatonin production 20 10

11 Color Rendering High Pressure Sodium CRI- 22 Mercury Vapor CRI-15 High CRI & bluewhite light can be had w/ MH, Plasma, LED, CFL, and Induction LED- CRI- 80 Color Rendering and Security Accurate color recognition is critical to a quick assessment of a situation and in communicating important details to others

12 Spectral Power Distribution 23 Ceramic Metal Halide Standard MH Courtesy: Philips 12

13 White LEDs White light LEDs are generally made by taking a blue LED and doping it with yellow phosphors 25 Scotopic/ Photopic shift As the ambient light level decreases, the color sensitivity of the eye shifts to a bluer range. Light is radiant power weighted according to the spectral sensitivity of the human visual system. -CIE 13

14 Human Vision Range Scotopic Mesopic Photopic Below ~1FC ~Above 3FC lux.031 lux 310 lux lux 27 Control-Ability Some light sources lend themselves to various control modes, others are hard to control. On/Off Instant on? Stressed by switching? Dimming How easy and cost effective? Relationship between light output and power consumption? Single source? Or multiple sources? Electronic system? Advantages Disadvantages 14

15 Adaptive Lighting. Lighting that changes in response to dynamic conditions Changes in occupancy. Vehicles Pedestrians An external command to the system Time clock Unusual event Ambient light Trimming offset from sunrise to sunset System stress Temperature Age of chips Re-Zoning on the fly 29 Light source characteristics Lumens per watt HPS Metal Plasma Induction Inc CFL LED Halide High High High High Low Medium High Life Long Medium Long Very long Short Medium Very long Optics Good Very Very Poor Good Poor Very Lumen maintenance High CCT option Good Fair Good Good Good Fair Very No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes CRI Bad Good Very Very Very Very Very Controllability Poor Poor Good Good Good Good Very First cost $$ $$ $$$ $$ $ $ $$$ 30 15

16 Light source characteristics Lumens per watt HPS Metal Plasma Induction Inc CFL LED Halide High High High High Low Medium High Life Long Medium Long Very long Short Medium Very long Optics Good Very Very Poor Good Poor Very Lumen maintenance High CCT option Good Fair Good Good Good Fair Very No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes CRI Bad Good Very Very Very Very Very Controllability Poor Poor Good Good Good Good Very First cost $$ $$ $$$ $$ $ $ $$$ 31 Light source characteristics Lumens per watt HPS Metal Plasma Induction Inc CFL LED Halide High High High High Low Medium High Life Long Medium Long Very long Short Medium Very long Optics Good Very Very Poor Good Poor Very Lumen maintenance High CCT option Good Fair Good Good Good Fair Very No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes CRI Bad Good Very Very Very Very Very Controllability Poor Poor Good Good Good Good Very First cost $$ $$ $$$ $$ $ $ $$$ 32 16

17 Light source characteristics Lumens per watt HPS Metal Plasma Induction Inc CFL LED Halide High High High High Low Medium High Life Long Medium Long Very long Short Medium Very long Optics Good Very Very Poor Good Poor Very Lumen maintenance High CCT option Good Fair Good Good Good Fair Very No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes CRI Bad Good Very Very Very Very Very Controllability Poor Poor Good Good Good Good Very First cost $$ $$ $$$ $$ $ $ $$$ 33 Light source characteristics Lumens per watt HPS Metal Plasma Induction Inc CFL LED Halide High High High High Low Medium High Life Long Medium Long Very long Short Medium Very long Optics Good Very Very Poor Good Poor Very Lumen maintenance High CCT option Good Fair Good Good Good Fair Very No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes CRI Bad Good Very Very Very Very Very Controllability Poor Poor Good Good Good Good Very First cost $$ $$ $$$ $$ $ $ $$$ 17

18 What do LEDs do? LEDs are a light source. Light sources have a variety of characteristics LEDs are not a design strategy. Any lighting measure may be appropriate for one application, but not another. 35 Comparing LED to Metal Halide Advantages Long life Higher light quality (in general) More optical possibilities Higher delivered lumens per watt (particularly at lower wattages) Instant on (no strike time) Better control possibilities Solid State Moderate lumen depreciation Disadvantages High cost Still a new technology (there may be surprises ) Higher complexity (perhaps more to fail) Uncertainty about system life and replacement

19 Exterior Design Issues Like all lighting design, successful exterior lighting is found in applying light where it is desired, and keeping it away from where it is not. Maria Pita Square La Coruna, Spain Exterior luminaires Many communities are looking for human scale exterior luminaires in parks and downtown areas. 19

20 Wasted light = wasted energy and money... and it can unnecessarily compromise quality of life. Light Pollution/ Light Trespass Light pollution is light shining directly into the sky. Light trespass is unwanted light shining out of the intended area, usually off the property. 20

21 Light Pollution and Light Trespass These conditions can occur simultaneously from the same fixture! Pole Height Using more luminaires with lower pole height and lower brightness lamps can significantly reduce glare and light trespass while improving uniformity. Courtesy: IESNA 21

22 Glare and lighting angles The higher the luminaire, the farther apart they can be w/out glare. Lower, human scale pedestrian lights require greater frequency. Glare angles Pedestrian optics Note that the fixture w/ superior optics not only minimizes glare, but delivers useful light further 22

23 BUG Rating Outdoor luminaire distribution rating system (IES TM-15-07) Cutting off all uplight may have unintended effects or not LD+A April

24 Glare control- After market solutions Its best to start with an appropriately selected luminaire Mark Lien, Illuminating the Future of Light Industry has been considered static. Not any longer Interconnectedness of exterior systems Title Key Requirements Switched to BUG system, luminaires <=150W (frm 175) All outdoor lighting shall be both photocontrolled and automatic schedule control Luminaires at 24 or lower shall (in addition) be controlled by motion sensors that reduce power by 40-80% when unoccupied 24

25 Naomi Miller- Pedestrian Friendly Nighttime Lighting Clear Glass Small Prism Lens Historic focus on light levels and efficacy. Field evaluations by usersconcern was toward glare control and color properties. Frosted lens can mitigate glare Issues with a lens? LEDs are getting so efficient that comfort can trump efficiency. Naomi Miller- Pedestrian Friendly Nighttime Lighting Case Study: Stanford University Option A uses 100 w CMH w/ 3K lamp. Deemed too glaring Option B uses 70 w LED w/ 3K Diffused lens produced more tolerable glare This is the best solution so far for the residential neighborhoods. Option A Option A 25

26 Nancy Clanton- NEEA Streetlighting Research Results Positive contrast increases as pavement luminance drops (ambient lighting effects) Nancy Clanton- NEEA Streetlighting Research Results Subjective and objective in-situ comparison of LED and HPS roadway lights. People did not like asymmetric No statistical difference between 100% & 25% light levels...? At 25% some felt that the sidewalk was too dark. Adaptive lighting can be applied to 50% safely on dry. Uniformity did not improve detection- Contrast is Key Greatest detection was on least uniform roadways? News Flash! Women Preferred Warmer CCT 26

27 Ron Gibbons- Adaptive Lighting Increased illuminance has limited impact on crash rate Increased non-uniformity, decreases crash rate. Controlling glare reduces crash rate. Adaptive lighting provides an opportunity to reduce energy usage significantly. Headlights adequate under 25 mph Washington Year (Currently Showing 2008 Night Time Crashes) Paul Lutkevich, - Background for Standards by IES Roadway Lighting Committee Global Traffic Fatalities Global Fatalities by Type 27

28 Paul Lutkevich, - Background for Standards by IES Roadway Lighting Committee Impact of trees seasonally Paul Lutkevich, - Background for Standards by IES Roadway Lighting Committee Uniform Lighting Non-Uniform Lighting 28

29 Travis Loncore, PhD- Outdoor Lighting, Wildlife, and the Environment Lighting effects distribution of species Travis Loncore, PhD- Outdoor Lighting, Wildlife, and the Environment 5 ways to mitigate light pollution 1-Need, -Is there a better way 2-Duration, -Adaptive lighting 3-Intensity, -How much is enough 4-Direction, -Put light where it is needed 5-Spectrum, -What is the most effective light source 29

30 Key Services & Resources Lighting Classes (local & regional) Customized Speaking Engagements Consults by Seasoned Specialists Lighting Demonstrations Full-scale Mockups Product Evaluations Facility Tours LDL is open to the public 500 sq ft Classroom Available for rent Resource Library IES Lighting Handbook Periodicals LED Qualified Products List Website Publications Resource Links Event & Class Listings LED List Submission Networking Opportunities Open House Regional Meetings Industry Assoc. Membership Partners in Conservation 30

31 Visit Call Click th Ave. South Seattle, WA (206) LinkedIn - Facebook - Twitter Thank You! 31