THE HIDDEN UNIVERSE. Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Gravitational Waves
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1 THE HIDDEN UNIVERSE Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and Gravitational Waves
2
3 Virgo Cluster Hubble Space Telescope
4 Ultra Deep Field Image Hubble Space Telescope
5 The End of Physics? "The more important fundamental laws and facts of physical science have all been discovered, and these are now so firmly established that the possibility of their ever being supplanted in consequence of new discoveries is exceedingly remote.
6 The End of Physics? Nobel Laureate Albert A. Michelson, at the dedication of Ryerson Physics Lab, U. of Chicago, 1894
7 What is the universe made of? Atomic ( ordinary ) matter mostly protons, neutrons and electrons explains visible universe But the visible universe is only a fraction of the entire universe that we have discovered Dark Matter Dark Energy Gravitational Waves
8 Hubble Discovered Universe is Expanding First evidence that Universe began with a Big Bang Edwin Powell Hubble ( ) 1929
9 Hubble Discovered Universe is Expanding First evidence that Universe began with a Big Bang Edwin Powell Hubble ( ) 1929
10
11 Universe s Glow in Microwaves discovered in 1965 predicted following Hubble s discovery confirmed early universe of Big Bang Detailed measurements of this Cosmic Microwave Background yields the total mass/energy density of the universe today: 5 hydrogen atoms/m 3 equivalent
12 Jim Brau Oregon QuarkNet June 26, 2013
13 Nuclear Physics in the Early Universe Early universe produced atomic abundances Abundances in the Solar System Today Nicely explained in Big Bang Theory Establishes density of nuclear/atomic matter today (after expansion) 1 hydrogen atom/ 4 m 3 1/20 of total mass/energy of universe Jim Brau Oregon QuarkNet June 26, 2013
14 The Matter Crisis not enough matter to make-up known matter & energy of the Universe 5 hydrogen atoms/m 3 equivalent This pie represents all the matter & energy in the universe Planck % Atoms (1 hydrogen atom / 4 m 3 ) Jim Brau Oregon QuarkNet June 26, 2013
15 Text Jim Brau Oregon QuarkNet June 26, 2013
16 Halo of Dark Matter M31 - Andromeda
17 Halo of Dark Matter
18 How we know dark halos surround galaxies? Vera Rubin 1950s Expectedbased on visible stellar mass Observedreveals invisible ( dark ) mass
19 Early Dark Matter Evidence 1930s motions of clusters of galaxies cannot be understood Fritz Zwicky Fritz Zwicky Coma Cluster
20 Bullet Cluster
21 Bullet Cluster X-Ray emissions (red) - Hot gas produced during pass through,.
22 Imaging Dark Matter Lensing Einstein Gravitational Lens
23 Bullet Cluster Lensing of more distant galaxies reveals dark matter (shown in blue)
24 Bullet Cluster
25 The Matter Crisis better still not enough matter to make-up known matter & energy of the Universe 5 hydrogen atoms/m 3 equivalent 26.8% Dark This pie represents all the matter & energy in the universe Planck % Atoms Jim Brau Oregon QuarkNet June 26, 2013
26 What is the Dark Matter that Dominates Atomic Matter by 5/1? We have motivated ideas, but only direct evidence will be definitive Neutrinos? WIMPs? Neutralinos? Axions? MACHOs? Exotics? Accelerator, satellite, or underground experiments may discover Dark Matter particles
27 Candidate Theory Explains Dark Matter SuperString Theory Unifies all particles and all forces gravity with quantum mechanics Fundamental particles are represented as vibrations on string Strings are miniscule Atom is 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 x bigger Dimension of String =10-25 atomic size = meters Requires another set of matching particles the super-partners of ordinary particles
28 Supersymmetry, Strings, and Dark Matter The supersymmetric particles have just the properties expected of Dark Matter But the dark matter particles may arise from even more fascinating New Physics. We just don t know - the search goes on!
29 Searching for Dark Matter Particles many approaches Signals from Space Particle Collider Underground Detectors Large Hadron Collider (LHC) ATLAS Collaboration w/ U. Oregon Fermi/GLAST Satellite CDMS Underground
30 Matter/Energy Budget Crisis What could account for the missing matter/energy of the Universe? 26.8% Dark This pie represents all the matter & energy in the universe Planck % Atoms Jim Brau Oregon QuarkNet June 26, 2013
31 Mass & Energy It followed from the special theory of relativity that mass and energy are both but different manifestations of the same thing -- a somewhat unfamiliar conception for the average mind. Furthermore, the equation E is equal to m c-squared, in which energy is put equal to mass, multiplied by showed that very small amounts of mass may be converted into a very large amount of energy and vice versa. The mass and energy were in fact equivalent, Text the square of the velocity of light, according to the formula mentioned above. Jim Brau Oregon QuarkNet June 26, 2013 Center for the History of Physics
32 Measuring Expansion of Universe
33 Measuring Expansion of Universe After Supernova After Supernova After Supernova
34 Type Ia Supernovae are Standard Candles Standard Candle = known luminosity Chandrasekhar Chandrasekhar Limit M SUN (density = 1000 kg/cm 3 ) - over this mass white dwarf collapses and explodes - luminosity determined by mass = 1.4 M SUN Pauli
35 Recession velocity Looking Back in Time
36 Measuring Expansion of Universe After Supernova After Supernova After Supernova
37 Measuring Expansion of Universe Expansion of the Universe is Accelerating How much of the Universe s matter and energy is needed to cause this large acceleration? Driven by Dark Energy
38 Acceleration Component called Dark Energy The dominant stuff of the universe is dark matter and dark energy 68.3 % 26.8 % Dark This pie represents all the matter & energy in the universe Planck % Atoms 5 hydrogen atoms/m 3 equivalent
39 The Dark Side Controls the Universe Dark Matter HOLDS IT TOGETHER Dark Energy DETERMINES ITS DESTINY Dark Matter is strange! Dark Energy stranger - the greatest mystery in physics! Jim Brau Portland UO Alumni August 21, 2013
40 Dark Energy Dark Matter What is Dark Energy? Cosmological constant? Einstein s addition (1917) to General Theory of Relativity. Designed to overcome natural pull of gravity, producing a static universe Edwin Hubble s discovered universe was expanding Einstein called cosmological constant his greatest blunder. He retracted the constant.
41 Dark Energy Dark Matter What is Dark Energy? Cosmological Constant could result from quantum vacuum fluctuations Quantum physics -> no truly empty space Empty space filled with virtual particles Empty Space vacuum
42 Vacuum Fluctuations The effect of these virtual particles can be calculated using Quantum Field Theory - But this theoretical result is far too big By a factor of 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, X000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, X000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, X000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = This is a BIG-time mystery - we know how the universe might make Dark Energy, but we don t know how to make so little - There is no fundamental understanding of Dark Energy
43 Substance of the Universe 68.3 % 26.8 % Dark Planck % Atoms
44 Future Studies of Dark Energy Four Techniques distant supernovae frozen sound waves in early universe gravitational lensing galaxy clusters Blanco 4-meter telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory high in the Chilean Andes.
45 Search for Gravitational Waves LIGO Scientific Collaboration w/ U. Oregon Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) Hanford, WA
46 Mass-free flat Space-time
47 Mass warps Space-time The curvature of Space-Time Kurdistan Panetarium
48 Gravity & Gravitational Waves The curvature of Space-time changes as masses within the spatial fabric move Large masses (black holes, neutron stars,...) will produce observable changes: producing ripples in space gravitational waves
49 John Rowe Animation
50 Detecting Gravitational Waves Disturbances in space very small - space is STIFF! small fraction of atomic nucleus over a kilometer Small disturbance can be measured by large laser interferometer (LIGO) arm 1 arm 2 Compare lengths of two arms
51 Global Network of Gravitational Wave Interferometers LIGO 4 km GEO 600m Virgo 3 km LSC: LIGO+GEO LIGO 4 km
52 The next astronomy - Gravitational waves Many discoveries resulted from expanding astronomy for electromagnetic radiation radio waves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma-rays Revolutionary discoveries such as neutron stars, black holes, gamma ray bursts, dark matter, dark energy, etc. We anticipate unexpected discoveries from gravitational wave astronomy
53 The End of Physics? What is Dark Matter? What is Dark Energy? What can gravitational waves tell us about the universe? What is the Higgs boson? How are electrons related to quarks? How can gravity and quantum mechanics be reconciled? Why are neutrinos so light? Albert A. Michelson, 1894
54 The Hidden Universe: Dark Matter, Dark Energy, & Gravitational Waves The Universe is dominated by mysterious components: 5% ordinary, atomic matter 27% dark matter - what is it? 68% dark energy - what is it? Many upcoming scientific projects will advance our knowledge of these mysterious components of the HIDDEN UNIVERSE Advanced LIGO may soon open the gravitational wave window on the Universe
55 One thing I have learned in a long life: that all our science, measured against reality, is primitive and childlike and yet it is the most precious thing we have. The most beautiful experience we can have is the mysterious. It is the fundamental emotion which stands at the cradle of true art and true science.
56 Oregon ATLAS & LIGO Researchers Ben Allen Liza Brost Raymond Frey Craig Gallagher Walter Hopkins Stephanie Majewski Chris Potter Elizabeth Ptacek Ryan Quitzrow-James Peter Radloff Vincent Roma Robert Schofield Mansoora Shamim Nikolai Sinev David Strom Dipongkar Talukder Eric Torrence Chaowaroj Wanotayaroj Frank Winklmeier JB
57 Acknowledgements RESEARCH SUPPORTED BY Department of Energy OFFICE OF SCIENCE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Philip H. Knight Acknowledgement: images from
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