Basic Facts about Immigration. Econ 490/004 Prof. Nicole M. Fortin
|
|
- Ira Wilkins
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Basic Facts about Immigration Econ 490/004 Prof. Nicole M. Fortin
2 Basic Facts about Immigration to Canada: Who immigrates? Basic questions: 1) How many immigrants are there? 2) Where do they come from? (self-selection) The countries of origin of immigrants have changed over time, but the admission decisions has also changed. 2b) Who to let in? (selection) 3) Where do they live? Let s see what some of the general trends are
3 Basic Facts about Immigration to Canada: Who immigrates? What is the current immigration policy in Canada, how has this changed from the past, and how does it compare to the United States? It is worthwhile keeping in mind that, except for Aboriginal Canadians, this country is populated exclusively by immigrants or children of immigrants. New data from the National Household Survey (NHS) 4.3% of the total Canadian population had an Aboriginal identity in Aboriginal people accounted for 3.8% of the population enumerated in the 2006 Census, 3.3% in the 2001 Census and 2.8% in the 1996 Census. Immigration policy in Canada is a complex entity consisting of a interconnected set of guidelines, regulations and actual actions by government. Multiple reasons motivate past and current immigration policy.
4 Immigration Policy to Canada One cannot fully understand the forces shaping current immigration policy without an understanding how immigration policy evolved. Following trends and relationships over time helps 1) raise questions about how and why these patterns take place, 2) verify or refute previous empirical or theoretical research, and 3) keep the big picture in sight when thinking about a particular topic. With respect to immigration trends, much has changed over time The term "landed immigrant is an old classification for a person who has been admitted to Canada as a non-canadian citizen permanent resident. The current official classification for such a person is simply "permanent resident". We will use both. Foreign-born may include additionally naturalized citizen, other temporary residents, and illegal immigrants
5 Canada Immigrant Landings, 1860 to 2012 Source: CIC, Facts & Figures
6 Immigrant landings as a percentage of Canada s population, 1860 to 2012 Source: CIC, Facts & Figures
7 Number of legal immigrants (in millions) Legal Immigration to the United States by Decade, s 1830s 1850s 1870s 1890s 1910s 1930s 1950s 1970s 1990s Decade
8 Foreign-Born as Percentage of Total Population in the United States Note: The term "immigrants" refers to people residing in the United States who were not US citizens at birth. This population includes naturalized citizens, lawful permanent residents (LPRs), certain legal nonimmigrants (e.g., persons on student or work visas), those admitted under refugee or asylee status, and persons illegally residing in the United States. Source: The 2011 and 2010 data are from the US Census Bureau's American Community Surveys, the 2000 data are from Census 2000 (see All other data are from Gibson, Campbell and Emily Lennon, US Census Bureau, Working Paper No. 29, Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-Born Population of the United States: 1850 to 1990, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1999.
9 Illegal Immigration to the U.S.
10 History of Canadian Immigration Policies European Migration began in the 1600s to Quebec and Atlantic provinces, but policies were about emigration from sending countries (mostly France and Great Britain). But not until, after confederation in 1867 was there a central government to talk of Canadian Immigration Policies : This was the period which, after a slow start during the last decades of the 19th century, saw the settlement of the west, high levels of investment, and rapid economic growth. The immigrants sought for the Canadian prairies were farmers (preferably from the U.S. or Britain, otherwise (northern) European) and 1910 Immigration Act: Gave the government enormous discretionary power to regulate immigration through Orders in Council, rather than having to pass legislation through the House of Commons Immigration reached a record level of 400,810 new arrivals (the highest level in the century).
11
12 History of Canadian Immigration Policies Very limited immigration during the war Revisions of Immigrations Act. These revisions established a literacy test for all prospective immigrants. The net effect was to expand the power of the government over the level, timing and ethnic composition of immigrants. June 1923 Chinese Immigration Act. This Act prohibited all Chinese immigrants except diplomats, students, children of Canadians and an investor class After almost six decades of actively recruiting immigrants, the door closed to most newcomers with the passage of Order in Council PC695, and remained that way until after the end of WWII, exceptions to British or U.S. citizens with sufficient means and farmers. These new regulations were a reaction to the Depression.
13 History of Canadian Immigration Policies 1941 Census. The population of Canada was 11,506,655, of which 17.5% was composed of immigrants (i.e. born outside Canada). 44% of immigrants were born in the British Isles, 14% in the U.S., 7% in Poland and 5% in Russia. There were 29,095 immigrants from China, 9,462 from Japan. While 47% of the total population was rural, only 39.5% of immigrants were. However, more than half of some immigrant groups were rural: Austrians, Belgians, Czechs, Danes, Finns, Germans, Icelanders, Dutch, Norwegians and Swedes Immigration reached its lowest level of the century: 7, In the immediate post-war period, immigration controls remained tight, while pressure mounted for a more open immigration policy and a humanitarian response to the displaced persons in Europe.
14
15 History of Canadian Immigration Policies 1 May 1947 Prime Minister Mackenzie King made a statement in the House outlining Canada's immigration policy. "The policy of the government is to foster the growth of the population of Canada by the encouragement of immigration. The government will seek by legislation, regulation, and vigorous administration, to ensure the careful selection and permanent settlement of such numbers of immigrants as can advantageously be absorbed in our national economy." ,689 immigrants arrived - the lowest level since 1947, and a reflection of the economic recession. Feb Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Ellen Fairclough implemented new Immigration Regulations that removed most racial discrimination.
16 History of Canadian Immigration Policies Nov Minister of Citizenship and Immigration Richard Bell suggested that immigration should be at the rate of 1% of the population. Despite high levels of unemployment, immigration was increased. Oct The points system was incorporated into the Immigration Regulations. The last element of racial discrimination was eliminated. The sponsored family class was reduced. Visitors were given the right to apply for immigrant status while in Canada. Nov The Immigration Appeal Board Act was passed, giving anyone ordered deported the right to appeal to the Immigration Appeal Board, on grounds of law or compassion The number of people applying for immigration status after entering Canada had "exceeded expectations" and led to a backlog. There were about 8,000 applications in 1967, 28,000 in 1969 and 31,000 in 1970.
17 History of Canadian Immigration Policies 1970 Immigration from Asia and the Caribbean represented over 23% of the total, compared with 10% four years previously. April 1978 The new Immigration Act came into effect. It identified objectives for the immigration program and forced the government to plan for the future, in consultation with the provinces. Immigrants were divided into four categories: independents, family, assisted relatives and humanitarian. The accompanying Immigration Regulations revised the points system and created the Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program Census. Of the total population of 24,083,500, 16% were immigrants (i.e. born outside Canada). 51% of immigrants were female. 67% of immigrants were born in Europe, 14% in Asia, 8.5% in North or Central America, 4.5% in the Caribbean, and 2.7% in Africa.
18 History of Canadian Immigration Policies 1990 The government unveiled its Five Year Plan for immigration, proposing an increase in total immigration from 200,000 in 1990 to 250,000 in The long-term commitment to planned immigration was new in Canadian history, as was the proposal to increase immigration at a time of economic recession Census. Of the total population of 26,994,045, 16% (4,342,890) were immigrants (i.e. born outside Canada). 54% of immigrants were born in Europe, 25% in Asia, 6% in U.S., 5% in the Caribbean and 4% in Africa. Jan Amendments to the Immigration Regulations cancelled the sponsorship required for "assisted relatives" and reduced the points awarded them, making it more difficult for family members (other than nuclear family) to immigrate to Canada.
19
20
21 History of Canadian Immigration Policies 2002: Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (IRPA) came into force June 28, 2002 defines three basic categories of permanent residents, which correspond to major program objectives: reuniting families, contributing to economic development and protecting refugees. 2008: Ministerial instructions changed the way the economic immigrant cases are processed under IRPA. 2008: The Canadian Experience Class (CEC) facilitates access to permanent residence who have recent Canadian work experience or have graduated and recently worked in Canada. 2000s: Temporary Foreign Worker and International Mobility permit holders became a substantial source of entry (176,613 TFW and 161,541 IMPH in 2013), but with perceived abuses in 2014 the former is currently being reformed; International Students (304,876 in 2013) constitute another of foreign nationals with temporary residency
22 Figure 3 - Temporary Foreign Worker Program work permit holders with a valid permit on December 31 st by flow from top 10 countries of citizenship to destination, 2013 Source: CIC, Facts & Figures
23 Summary of Major Trends A main defining feature of Canadian immigration policy was flexibility. All major features of the immigrant regulation system were set in place by Order in Council rather than being debated in parliament and being made part of the Act. Another key feature has been an emphasis on absorptive capacity. This was introduced and put into action for the first time in the recession that followed WWI as a response to demands from labour. From that time until 1990, every major increase in unemployment was accompanied by substantial cuts in immigration. The decision to divide the world in to preferred and non-preferred countries and to create different admission rules for each was also made at the end of WWI.
24 Summary of Major Trends This division continued until the early 1960s when Canada moved officially to a nondiscriminatory policy. Now the government sends the clear message that individuals from any ethnic background can and do contribute to Canada. Although, there are age, language and education preferences Temporary residency has become another means for foreign nationals to work and/or study in Canada albeit on a temporary basis, but sometimes as a means to acquire a more permanent status
25 Ways to Emigrate to Canada The other main feature of immigration policy that continues to the present is a broad regulatory system set in place in the 1960s. In this system, applicants are divided into classes with different admissions standards and processing priorities for each. Family and refugee class applicants enter based solely on family ties or refugee status while independent applicants must undergo screening under the point system. 1) Family reunification: no consideration of skills or success in labour market: let in based on closely related to family members already in Canada 2) Business investors/entrepreneurs: enough money to and business plan that leads to new employment 3) Point system: assessed based on likely contribution to country 4) Refugees: also no consideration of skills: let in based on humanitarian grounds to facilitate escape from political persecution or violence
26 How the Point System Works Factors and maximum points obtainable: Selection Factor English and/or French skills 28 Maximum points Education 25 (Canadian BA is worth 21 points) Experience 15 Age 12 (age is worth 12 points) Arranged employment in Canada 10 Adaptability Total 100 Pass mark: 67 out of 100 points 10 (past study is worth 5 points, past work is worth 10 points ) See:
27 Basic Facts about Immigration to Canada: Why do people immigrate? Family members may migrate to be close to love ones Refugees migrate for security issues Economic migrants want to improve their economic situation Other reasons:.
28 Total Immigrants Landing in Canada within the Family, Economic, Refugees, and Other Classes: Source: CIC, Facts and Figures
29 Immigrants to Canada by Category: % 4% 28% 33% 22% Family Economic: own Economic: spouse and dependents Refugees Other Source: Bourdarbat and Lemieux (2006)
30 Refugee Claimant Population (Principal Applicants) by Principal Country of Alleged Persecution: Claim Years, ,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2, Zimbabwe Hungary Sri Lanka Pakistan Nigeria Mexico Iran India Congo Colombia China
31 Annual Flow of Temporary Residents by Category Source: CIC, Facts and Figures, 2012
32 Total entries of foreign students by top source countries, Source: CIC, Facts and Figures, 2012
33 Basic Facts about Immigration to Canada: Why do people immigrate? But for economic migrants, we can think Economic model: compare potential income in destination country to income in home country: Gain = G compare G to the costs : o loss of family/cultural connections o cost of visa or moving gains G to entering the Canada/US vary depending on source country and skill level of person Immigrants from Europe are highly educated, their lower skilled are better off at home Most people in developing countries (e.g. India) have large potential gains.
34 Gains for all skill levels
35 Gains only for high skilled immigrants
36 Macroeconomic Cycle Effects Unemployment rate, Canada vs U.S Canada United States 0 Canada United States
37 ,000 1,500 Weekly Earnings over the Life-Cycle Weekly Earnings in to 19 years 25 to 29 years 35 to 39 years 45 to 49 years 55 to 59 years 20 to 24 years 30 to 34 years 40 to 44 years 50 to 54 years 60 to 64 years Canadian-Born Immigrants
38 Employment Earnings for Skilled Principal Applicants by Landing Year ($2003) Tax Year Entry Canadian
39 Employment Earnings for All Immigrants by Landing Year ($2003) Tax Year Entry Canadian 39
40 Economic Integration of Immigrants For both the U.S. and Canada, immigrant men in the 1970s earned about as much as natives, but a wage gap opened up over the 1970s that has persisted. In the U.S., immigrant men s hourly wages are about 20% lower than natives, while immigrant women s wages are about 10% lower. In Canada, the relative earnings of immigrants have been falling since the 1970s Among males, the log earnings ratio at entry declined from 0.83 among the late 1970s cohort to 0.55 among the early 1990s cohort For the early 1990s cohort, it was only 0.7 of Canadians after 6 to 10 years in Canada Even for principal applicants, we see that earnings at entry has deteriorated over time But source countries (and language skills) have also significantly changed over time
41 Economic Integration of Immigrants In these figures, in comparing the earnings of immigrants to those of the Canadian-born, one has to be mindful of 1) Entry cohorts effects macroeconomic cycle effects country of origin, language factors network effects in finding jobs 2) Assimilation effects (years since migration), confounded by life-cycle effects confounded by re-emigration or returns Also, immigrant class of special interest for policy purposes In addition to demographic shifts among the Canadian-born
42 Immigration to Canada by Source Region: , , , , ,000 50, Britain USA Other europe Asia West Indies Other Source: Bourdarbat and Lemieux(2006)
43 Canada Immigrant Landings by Top Source Countries, Source:
44 Immigrant Landings by Category and Source Area Source: CIC, Facts and Figures
45 US migrant flows, US census bureau
46 Where do immigrants live? Permanent residents by province or territory and source area, 2013 Source: CIC, Facts and Figures, 2013
47 Economic Integration of Immigrants Beginning with research by the labour economist Chiswick (1978), there is an extensive literature on the question of whether the immigrant native earnings gap narrows with time and experience after arrival. This is called earnings assimilation, which could occur because of formal or informal training, acquisition of language skills, or a variety of other processes [Cortes (2004), for example, shows that recent immigrant arrivals have relatively high rates of participation in schooling. She finds that immigrant arrivals show a gain in English proficiency between 1980 and 1990].
48 Annual Earnings (1970 Dollars) Economic Integration of Immigrants Do the immigrants earnings ever converge to those of similarlyskilled natives? 9,000 Immigrants Early studies (Chiswick, 1978) using single cross-sectional analysis misleadingly argued that immigrants s earnings overtook those of natives 10 to 15 years after arrival 8,000 Natives 7,000 6,000 5,000 4, Age
49 Economic Integration of Immigrants One has to be careful not to confound so-called economic assimilation of immigrants with cohort effects A solution proposed by Borjas (1994) to follow an entry cohort or a synthetic cohort over pooled cross-sectional address the problem Dollars P Q Q* P* C P Q R 1960 Wave 1980 Wave and Natives 2000 Wave But two selection issues remain Return migration: Do the successes or failures leave? Child immigrants R C R* Age
50 Economic Integration of Immigrants With pooled cross-section data (from a few Censuses), we can run the standard regression (e.g. Borjas, 1985) to identify the immigrant entry earnings and assimilation effects thus include, at a minimum, the following terms: ln W =β 0 + β 1 * EXP + β 2 EXP 2 + β 3 School + β 4 X + I * (δ 0 + Σ j δc j + α YSM + δ 1 *X) + u where W is the weekly wage; EXP is years of labour market experience; S is years of schooling; I is an immigrant dummy; C j are cohort dummies identifying the period of arrival; YSM is years since migration; X is a vector of individual characteristics, which may include country of origin, language skills, network variables, etc.; and u is an iid error term.
51 Immigrant Landings by Level of Education , , , ,000 50, to 9 years of schooling 10 to 12 years of schooling 13 or more years of schooling Trade certificate Non-university diploma Bachelor's degree Master's degree Doctorate Source: CIC, Facts and Figures
52 Characteristics of the Canadian-born and Recent Immigrants Frenette and Morissette, 2003
53 Characteristics of the Canadian-born and Recent Immigrants Frenette and Morissette, 2003
54 Frenette and Morissette, 2003
55 Economic Integration of Immigrants From Table 1, compared to Canadian born individuals, recent immigrants are generally more educated. The gap has been widening. Despite this, immigrants who came to Canada in the 1980s still had, 15 years after arrival, substantially lower earnings than Canadian born workers. There does not appear to be any sign of catch-up (assimilation). Even considering immigrants and natives with similar education, potential work experience, marital status, visible minority status, and region, the right hand side of Table 2 still finds that immigrants earn substantially less. The finding that relative earnings of recent immigrants did not improve between 1990 and 2000 is surprising in light of the fact that the supply of university graduates has grown much faster among recent immigrants than among Canadian born workers over the last decade.
56 Economic Integration of Immigrants Green and Worswick (2002), Aydemir and Skuterud (2004, 2005) and Frenette and Morissette (2003) concluded that during the 1980s and 1990s the declining returns to experience was one of the major factors, if not the most important, associated with the decline in earnings among recent immigrants. Aydemir and Skuterud who used the complete 20% microdata files of the 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996, and 2001 Canadian Censuses concluded that, among recent immigrants, The decline in the return to foreign experience accounted for roughly one third of the decline in entry level earnings reported earlier. Another third of the decline is explained by compositional shifts in language ability and region of birth.
57 Economic Integration of Immigrants Aydemir and Skuterud (2007) also find that immigrants in Canada are highly nonrandomly sorted across firms within major cities, and for men, this sorting is a more important source of immigrant wage differentials than differences in how immigrant men are paid within establishments. For immigrant women, those from less developed regions, within establishment wage differentials appear more important.
58 Opportunities and Barriers to Economic Integration Much has been written about the barriers, immigrants face in adapting to their country of settlement, devaluation of credentials and experience acquired in their home country, a lack of proficiency in the official language(s) of the host country, cultural differences, and a lack of social networks. These last two set of factors can be linked the immigrants ethnic capital, which like social capital, can create important social and economic connections and networks. Perhaps the credentials or value of a foreign degree, or the type of education for immigrants differs in important ways from the education of natives. The results could also suggest discrimination (of various types) among immigrants in the labour market, or growing importance in language skills.
59 Opportunities and Barriers to Economic Integration These findings are of concern to Canadian policy makers because they imply that, despite an upward trend in the educational attainment of Canada s new immigrants over this period, more recent arrivals are, if anything, facing greater challenges competing in Canada s labour markets. This raises questions about the role of immigration in providing Canada with a source of highly skilled individuals to boost economic growth. It also has important implications for the use of government transfer programs, such as social assistance and child tax benefits, as well as for income tax revenues.
B.C. Immigration Trends 2010 Highlights
B.C. Immigration Trends 2010 Highlights Overview: Immigration to British Columbia* Since 2006, B.C. has welcomed on average 42,000 new immigrants (Permanent Residents) each year. In 2010, B.C. welcomed
More informationPERMANENT RESIDENTS 2014
PERMANENT RESIDENTS 290,000 280,000 270,000 260,000 250,000 240,000 230,000 220,000 210,000 Permanent Residents in Canada 280,688 260,067 235,823 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Economic
More informationWHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE SETTLEMENT EXPERIENCES OF IMMIGRANTS TO CANADA S WEST?
1 WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE SETTLEMENT EXPERIENCES OF IMMIGRANTS TO CANADA S WEST? Lori Wilkinson, Jill Bucklaschuk, Jack (Yi) Shen, Iqbal Ahmed Chowdhury and Tamara Edkins St. John s College Soup and
More informationSweden s recent experience of international migration - issues and studies
Session 2: Social coàhesion, diversity and inequality Björn Gustafsson October 2001 Sweden s recent experience of international migration - issues and studies Abstract When Sweden entered the new millennium
More informationEconomic and Social Council
United Nations Economic and Social Council Distr.: General 27 February 2014 ECE/CES/2014/43 Original: English Economic Commission for Europe Conference of European Statisticians Sixty-second plenary session
More informationImmigration policies: The United States and Canada
Immigration policies: The United States and Canada Abstract In attracting talented people from around the world, the United States and Canada are exceptional, but for somewhat different reasons. The U.S.
More informationHealth Profile on Immigrant and Refugee Children and Youth in Canada: Section 1
Health Profile on Immigrant and Refugee Children and Youth in Canada: Section 1 Suggested citation: Pottie, K., Dahal, G., Hanvey, L. & Marcotte, M. (2015). Health Profile on Immigrant and Refugee Children
More informationCONTENTS: bul BULGARIAN LABOUR MIGRATION, DESK RESEARCH, 2015
215 2 CONTENTS: 1. METHODOLOGY... 3 a. Survey characteristics... 3 b. Purpose of the study... 3 c. Methodological notes... 3 2. DESK RESEARCH... 4 A. Bulgarian emigration tendencies and destinations...
More informationSocial Security Eligibility and the Labor Supply of Elderly Immigrants. George J. Borjas Harvard University and National Bureau of Economic Research
Social Security Eligibility and the Labor Supply of Elderly Immigrants George J. Borjas Harvard University and National Bureau of Economic Research Updated for the 9th Annual Joint Conference of the Retirement
More informationImmigration in the Long Run:
Immigration in the Long Run: The education and earnings mobility of second generation Canadians Miles Corak Graduate School of Public and International Affairs Two questions to motivate the presentation
More informationThe performance of immigrants in the Norwegian labor market
J Popul Econ (1998) 11:293 303 Springer-Verlag 1998 The performance of immigrants in the Norwegian labor market John E. Hayfron Department of Economics, University of Bergen, Fosswinckelsgt. 6, N-5007
More informationCURRENT ANALYSIS December 2011. Immigrant labour market outcomes in Canada: The benefits of addressing wage and employment. Summary.
Exhibit 1 Canadian Labour Force by Immigration Status: 2006 Exhibit 2 20 18 16 14 12 10 Recent Immigrants (arriving in the past 5-10 years), 3.2% Established Immigrants (arriving more than 10 years previously),
More informationNCLR. Basic Facts F. Immigration GLOSSARY. www.nclr.org NATIONAL COUNCIL OF LA RAZA 2004 FACT SHEET
NCLR NATIONAL COUNCIL OF LA RAZA Basic Facts F on 2004 FACT SHEET GLOSSARY Asylee: A person who has already entered the U.S. and who fears persecution if sent back to his or her home country can apply
More informationInternational Education in the Comox Valley: Current and Potential Economic Impacts
International Education in the Comox Valley: Current and Potential Economic Impacts FINAL REPORT March 2012 Prepared by: Vann Struth Consulting Group Inc. Vancouver, BC www.vannstruth.com Prepared for:
More informationImmigration Trends, Language Skills and the Labour Market Integration of Recent Immigrants* by Monica Boyd**
Immigration Trends, Language Skills and the Labour Market Integration of Recent Immigrants* by Monica Boyd** Abstract: Using Citizenship and Immigration annual flow data and information from the 2006 Canada
More informationCanada s Citizenship and Immigration Laws
Canada s Citizenship and Immigration Laws Glossary Administrative Body A board or commission that regulates and administers laws, for example The Immigration and Refugee Board. The board or commission
More informationPEI Population Demographics and Labour Force Statistics
PEI Population Demographics and Labour Force Statistics PEI Public Service Commission PEI Population Demographics and Labour Force Statistics Diversity Division PEI Public Service Commission November 2010.
More informationBasics of the United States Immigration System
November 4, 2010 Basics of the United States Immigration System U.S. immigration law is very complex, and there is much confusion as to how it works. The Immigration and Naturalization Act (INA), the body
More informationECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING COMPENSATION
Unit 4: Total Rewards 41 ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING COMPENSATION Inflation Inflation has a substantial impact on compensation practices. Managing a compensation program is especially difficult during periods
More informationSLOUGH DEMOGRAPHICS. AN ANALYSYS BY Slough Race Equality Council
SLOUGH DEMOGRAPHICS AN ANALYSYS BY Slough Race Equality Council Demographics Overview and Trends Slough has an extremely diverse population with BME communities making up a large proportion. Its diversity
More informationNET INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
II. NET INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION A. GLOBAL TRENDS During the period 195-21, the developed regions experienced population gains from positive net international migration while the developing regions were
More informationSUPPORTING. Immigrants and Immigration to Alberta AN OVERVIEW
SUPPORTING Immigrants and Immigration to Alberta AN OVERVIEW Table of Contents Introduction...1 Alberta s Vision of Immigration...3 Attracting and Retaining Immigrants to Alberta...3 The Need for Immigration...4
More informationWorld War II, Missing Men, And Out-Of-Wedlock Childbearing
World War II, Missing Men, And Out-Of-Wedlock Childbearing Michael Kvasnicka (HU) Dirk Bethmann (Korea University) SFB Klausurtagung Motzen 2007 1 Introduction Why study sex ratios (as an economist)? Sex
More informationUK immigration policy outside the EU
European Union: MW 371 Summary 1. This paper outlines a possible immigration system in the event of a British exit from the European Union. Some have claimed that a British exit would not affect net migration,
More informationChapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution
Chapter 4 Specific Factors and Income Distribution Chapter Organization Introduction The Specific Factors Model International Trade in the Specific Factors Model Income Distribution and the Gains from
More informationU.S. Legal Permanent Residents: 2012
U.S. Legal Permanent Residents: 2012 RANDALL MONGER AND JAMES YANKAY A legal permanent resident (LPR) or green card recipient is defined by immigration law as a person who has been granted lawful permanent
More informationCanada s s New Immigration Policies: Fixing the Problems or Creating New Ones?
Canada s s New Immigration Policies: Fixing the Problems or Creating New Ones? Managing Immigration and Diversity in Quebec and Canada Barcelona, October 2008 Naomi Alboim Overview of presentation Recent
More informationEducational Attainment in the United States: 2015
Educational Attainment in the United States: 215 Population Characteristics Current Population Reports By Camille L. Ryan and Kurt Bauman March 216 P2-578 This report provides a portrait of educational
More information1. TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION
1. TRENDS IN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION This chapter provides a brief overview of global and regional patterns and trends in international migration since 199. It also describes selected characteristics of
More informationU.S. Lawful Permanent Residents: 2013
U.S. Lawful Permanent Residents: 2013 RANDALL MONGER AND JAMES YANKAY A lawful permanent resident (LPR) or green card recipient is defined by immigration law as a person who has been granted lawful permanent
More informationHow To Calculate The Foreign Born Population In The United States
Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2011 MICHAEL HOEFER, NANCY RYTINA, AND BRYAN BAKER This report provides estimates of the size of the unauthorized
More informationPopulation Aging in Developed Countries: Emerging Trends and Dynamics Wan He, Ph.D. Population Division U.S. Census Bureau
Population Aging in Developed Countries: Emerging Trends and Dynamics Wan He, Ph.D. Population Division U.S. Census Bureau This presentation is released to inform interested parties of population aging
More informationSelf-Selection and the Economics of Immigration. George J. Borjas Harvard University June 2010
Self-Selection and the Economics of Immigration George J. Borjas Harvard University June 2010 1. Sjaastad on migration (1962) Migration poses two broad and distinct questions for the economist. The first,
More informationKey Legal terms: Family Law Issues for Immigrant, Refugee and Non Status Women
Key Legal terms: Family Law Issues for Immigrant, Refugee and Non Status Women Permanent Resident A permanent resident is an immigrant or refugee who has been given the right to live in Canada permanently.
More informationReplacement migration in ageing Europe: challenges and perspectives for CEE countries
Replacement migration in ageing Europe: challenges and perspectives for CEE countries Zsolt Gál Alissa Tolstokorova Effects of Immigration: Host countries, countries of origin, migrants Economic, demographic,
More informationEthnicity and Second Generation Immigrants
Ethnicity and Second Generation Immigrants Christian Dustmann, Tommaso Frattini, Nikolaos Theodoropoulos Key findings: Ethnic minority individuals constitute a large and growing share of the UK population:
More informationIV. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE OLDER POPULATION
World Population Ageing 195-25 IV. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE OLDER POPULATION A. AGE COMPOSITION Older populations themselves are ageing A notable aspect of the global ageing process is the progressive
More informationGlobal Demographic Trends and their Implications for Employment
Global Demographic Trends and their Implications for Employment BACKGROUND RESEARCH PAPER David Lam and Murray Leibbrandt Submitted to the High Level Panel on the Post-2015 Development Agenda This paper
More informationFamily Reunification and Family Class Immigration in Canada. Milena Gulia Immigration Branch, Citizenship and Immigration Canada
Family Reunification and Family Class Immigration in Canada Milena Gulia Immigration Branch, Citizenship and Immigration Canada Family Reunification in Canadian Context Family reunification is an important
More informationAdult Non-Native English Speakers in the United States
PART I: BACKGROUND INFORMATION Adult Non-Native English Speakers in the United States The non-native English speaking adult population in the United States is large and diverse, and programs serve learners
More informationOverview of Immigration and Refugee Policy Changes
Overview of Immigration and Refugee Policy Changes Francisco Rico (Co director) 2013 http://www.fcjrefugeecentre.org/ FCJ Refugee Centre 208 Oakwood Ave, Toronto ON, Tel: 416 469-9754 Presentation Outline
More informationIn 2006, the proportion of recent immigrants
Immigrants education and required job skills Diane Galarneau and René Morissette In 2006, the proportion of recent immigrants with a university degree was twice as high as among native-born Canadians.
More informationEducational Attainment in the United States: 2003
Educational Attainment in the United States: 2003 Population Characteristics Issued June 2004 P20-550 The population in the United States is becoming more educated, but significant differences in educational
More information0;;876 / (- VI3D B-276884. May 27, 1997. The Honorable Daniel Patrick Moynihan Ranking Minority Member Committee on Finance United States Senate
United States O JGA General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20548 Health, Education and Human Services Division 158730 B-276884 May 27, 1997 The Honorable Daniel Patrick Moynihan Ranking Minority Member
More information"BLUE SKY II 2006": WHAT INDICATORS FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION POLICIES IN THE 21 ST CENTURY? Ottawa, 25-27 September 2006
"BLUE SKY II 2006": WHAT INDICATORS FOR SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION POLICIES IN THE 21 ST CENTURY? Ottawa, 25-27 September 2006 INTERNATIONAL MOBILITY OF DOCTORATE HOLDERS: FIRST RESULTS AND METHODOLOGY
More informationBusiness Immigrants Entrepreneurs Findings from the Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB)
IMDB 2008 Research Series Economic Class For internal use only IMDB 2008 Immigration Category Profiles Business Immigrants Entrepreneurs Findings from the Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) March
More informationEconomic inequality and educational attainment across a generation
Economic inequality and educational attainment across a generation Mary Campbell, Robert Haveman, Gary Sandefur, and Barbara Wolfe Mary Campbell is an assistant professor of sociology at the University
More informationImmigration Trends in the New York Metropolitan Area
George J. Borjas Immigration Trends in the New York Metropolitan Area T 1. Introduction here has been a resurgence of large-scale immigration in the United States and in many other countries in recent
More informationThe impacts of immigration on the receiving economy. Arthur Sweetman (sweetman@queensu.ca)
The impacts of immigration on the receiving economy Arthur Sweetman (sweetman@queensu.ca) 1 Structure of the talk 1. (Mostly) Canadian background - integration 1. Labour market outcomes 2. Arrivals and
More informationChallenging the Myths: Refugees in Canada February 2016
Challenging the Myths: Refugees in Canada February 2016 1. Canada is not being overwhelmed by refugee claims. Canada has welcomed refugees for decades. Although the number of annual claims can go up or
More informationNon-Status Immigrants in Canada Brief to the Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration December 8, 2006 - Toronto
Mennonite New Life Centre of Toronto Non-Status Immigrants in Canada Brief to the Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration December 8, 2006 - Toronto Founded in 1983, the Mennonite New Life Centre
More informationINTEC: Integration and Naturalisation tests: the new way of citizenship. Tineke Strik
INTEC: Integration and Naturalisation tests: the new way of citizenship Tineke Strik Organisation Comparative research in nine member states: 6 funded by European Integration Fund: UK, Netherlands, Germany,
More informationImmigration and its Effects on U.S. Labor Markets
Immigration and its Effects on U.S. Labor Markets By Kristopher Kaneta I. INTRODUCTION The American Dream: A dream that each American will one day own a home, two cars, and a white picket fence. The Land
More informationWho Is Working For Minimum Wage In Ontario? By Sheila Block
Who Is Working For Minimum Wage In Ontario? By Sheila Block October, 2013 The Wellesley Institute engages in research, policy and community mobilization to advance population health. Copies of this report
More informationLabour Market Outcomes of Young Postsecondary Graduates, 2005 to 2012
Catalogue no. 11-626-X No. 050 ISSN 1927-503X ISBN 978-0-660-03237-5 Economic Insights Labour Market Outcomes of Young Postsecondary Graduates, 2005 to 2012 by Kristyn Frank, Marc Frenette, and René Morissette
More informationMoving Populations: US-Mexico Border
GEOG1131: Population, Migration & Settlement Tuesday October 20, 2015 Moving Populations: US-Mexico Border Dr. Kevon Rhiney Department of Geography & Geology University of the West Indies - Mona Lecture
More informationLinking Administrative and Survey Data for Statistical Purposes
Linking Administrative and Survey Data for Statistical Purposes Current Use and Opportunities International Health Data Linkage Conference April 29 th, 2014 Current environment Declining budgets Falling
More informationPopulation Figures at 1 January 2014 Migration Statistics 2013 Provisional data
30 June 2014 Population Figures at 1 January 2014 Migration Statistics 2013 Provisional data Main results The population of Spain decreases by 220,130 persons in 2013, standing at 46,507,760 inhabitants
More information27 February 2014 Population
Statistical Bulletin Migration Statistics Quarterly Report, February 2014 Coverage: UK Date: 27 February 2014 Geographical Area: UK Theme: Population Office for National Statistics 1 Migration Statistics
More informationBRIEFING. Characteristics and Outcomes of Migrants in the UK Labour Market. www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk
BRIEFING Characteristics and Outcomes of Migrants in the UK Labour Market AUTHOR: CINZIA RIENZO PUBLISHED: 12/11/2014 NEXT UPDATE: 12/11/2015 3rd Revision www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk This briefing
More informationEducational Attainment
Educational Attainment Five Key Data Releases From the U.S. Census Bureau Media Webinar February 23, 2012 Webinar access information Toll free number: 888 790 3288 Passcode: CENSUS URL: https://www.mymeetings.com/nc/join/
More informationConsidering Canada: A Look at the Views of Prospective Skilled Immigrants
Considering Canada: A Look at the Views of Prospective Skilled Immigrants May 2015 2015 World Education Services. All rights reserved May 2015 Lowe, S. and Ortiz, A. 2015. Considering Canada: A Look at
More informationRace and Ethnicity. Racial and Ethnic Characteristics for Bellevue
The Census contains a great deal of information that outlines the increasing level of diversity in our community. Among the demographic trends outlined in this section of the report will be race, ethnicity,
More informationUnited States Immigration & Citizenship Policies
2014 United States Immigration & Citizenship Policies ON. MARCO FEDI Last Updated October 2014 [ Picture Courtesy of Capitol Visa USA http://www.capitolvisa.com/passports/renew.php] Table of Contents 1-
More informationCHAPTER 7: IMMIGRATION LAW FOR EMPLOYEES & INVESTORS
CHAPTER 7: IMMIGRATION LAW FOR EMPLOYEES & INVESTORS 7.1: EMPLOYMENT-BASED IMMIGRATION The typical process under employment-based immigration is to either enter the United States to create a business,
More informationWho Drives a Taxi in Canada?
Who Drives a Taxi in Canada? Li Xu March 2012 Research and Evaluation The views and opinions expressed in this document are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of Citizenship and
More informationThe Scale and Selectivity of Foreign-Born PhD Recipients in the US. Gordon Hanson, UC San Diego and NBER (*) January 2013
The Scale and Selectivity of Foreign-Born PhD Recipients in the US Jeffrey Grogger, University of Chicago and NBER Gordon Hanson, UC San Diego and NBER (*) January 2013 Abstract. In this paper we study
More informationBusiness Immigrants Investors Findings from the Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB)
IMDB 2008 Research Series Economic Class For internal use only IMDB 2008 Immigration Category Profiles Business Immigrants Investors Findings from the Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) March 2012
More informationOffice of the Chief Actuary Baltimore, Maryland
ACTUARIAL NOTE Number 151 April 2013 SOCIAL SECURITY ADMINISTRATION Office of the Chief Actuary Baltimore, Maryland EFFECTS OF UNAUTHORIZED IMMIGRATION ON THE ACTUARIAL STATUS OF THE SOCIAL SECURITY TRUST
More informationThirteen years after welfare reform, the share of immigrant-headed households (legal and illegal) with a
Backgrounder Center for Immigration Studies April 2011 Welfare Use by Immigrant Households with Children A Look at Cash, Medicaid, Housing, and Food Programs By Steven A. Camarota Thirteen years after
More informationImmigrant Poverty in Canada: Focus on Toronto
Immigrant Poverty in Canada: Focus on Toronto Semone Kassim and Laurel Rothman Campaign 2000 c/o Family Service Association of Toronto 355 Church St., Toronto On M5B 1Z8 www.campaign2000.ca www.fsatoronto.com
More informationA Comparison of the U.S. and Canadian Immigration Systems * Pia M. Orrenius Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas pia.orrenius@dal.frb.
A Comparison of the U.S. and Canadian Immigration Systems * Pia M. Orrenius Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas pia.orrenius@dal.frb.org Madeline Zavodny Agnes Scott College mzavodny@agnesscott.edu Prepared
More informationEducational Attainment. Five Key Data Releases From the U.S. Census Bureau
Educational Attainment Five Key Data Releases From the U.S. Census Bureau 100% 90% 80% 70% Educational Attainment of the Population 25 Years and Older: 2011 30 percent 1% 2% 8% 19% Doctorate degree Professional
More informationANNUAL REPORT. Legal Immigration, Fiscal Year 1999
U.S. Department of Justice Immigration and Naturalization Service Office of Policy and Planning Statistics Division ANNUAL REPORT Number 5 January 2002 Legal Immigration, Fiscal Year 1999 This report provides
More informationOP 21 Appeals 2005-10-25 1
OP 21 Appeals Updates to chapter... 2 1. What this chapter is about... 3 2. Program objectives... 3 3. The Act and Regulations... 3 3.1. Forms... 4 4. Instruments and delegations... 4 5. Departmental policy...
More informationApplying For Your Social Insurance Number
Applying For Your Social Insurance Number If you are a Canadian citizen, a newcomer to Canada, or a temporary resident, you need a Social Insurance Number (SIN) to work in Canada or to receive benefits
More informationEntry of Agricultural Workers in Canada. Washington, D.C. May 2011
Entry of Agricultural Workers in Canada Washington, D.C. May 2011 Purpose To provide an overview of Canada s Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP), and information specific to agriculture. Including:
More informationTo see the complexities of experiences for women, we need to have an understanding
Canadian Immigration: Landscape & Overview To see the complexities of experiences for women, we need to have an understanding of the Canadian immigration landscape. An understanding of the reasons why
More informationImmigration and HIV Testing: What you need to know
Immigration and HIV Testing: What you need to know Citizenship and Immigration Canada requires a medical exam for all immigrants and refugees. The medical exam includes a screening test for HIV for everyone
More informationSCHEDULE 2 REFUGEES OUTSIDE CANADA
Citizenship and Immigration Canada Citoyenneté et Immigration Canada SCHEDULE 2 REFUGEES OUTSIDE CANADA PROTECTED WHEN COMPLETED - B PAGE 1 OF 5 FOR OFFICE USE ONLY ID number The principal applicant AND
More informationIllegal Alien Resident Population
Illegal Alien Resident Population Summary About 5.0 million undocumented immigrants were residing in the United States in October 1996, with a range of about 4.6 to 5.4 million (See Table 1). The population
More informationKey findings. New Americans and their families live throughout the region. New Americans Living in the Twin Cities Region Today.
1 New Americans Living in the Twin Cities Region Today December 2014 About the American Community Survey The American Community Survey (ACS) is a continuously collected survey administered by the U.S.
More informationEvaluation of migration patterns in Turkey, according to the 2000-2011 Censuses Results
Distr.: General 4 September 2014 English Working paper 3 Economic Commission for Europe Conference of European Statisticians Work Session on Migration Statistics Chisinau, Republic of Moldova 10-12 September
More informationReturn Migration: Theory and Empirical Evidence from the UK
British Journal of Industrial Relations 45:2 June 2007 0007 1080 pp. 236 256 Return Migration: Theory and Empirical Evidence from the UK Christian Dustmann and Yoram Weiss Abstract In this article, we
More informationIMMIGRATION PLANNING IN QUEBEC FOR 2012-2015. Brief presented by the Board of Trade of Metropolitan Montreal
IMMIGRATION PLANNING IN QUEBEC FOR 2012-2015 Brief presented by the Board of Trade of Metropolitan Montreal May 18, 2011 INTRODUCTION The Montréal business community takes a great interest in the issue
More informationStay Rates of Foreign Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities, 2011. Prepared by:
Stay Rates of Foreign Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities, 2011 Prepared by: Michael G. Finn Science Education Programs Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education January 2014 All opinions expressed
More informationWORLD. Geographic Trend Report for GMAT Examinees
2011 WORLD Geographic Trend Report for GMAT Examinees WORLD Geographic Trend Report for GMAT Examinees The World Geographic Trend Report for GMAT Examinees identifies mobility trends among GMAT examinees
More informationU.S. Population Projections: 2012 to 2060
U.S. Population Projections: 2012 to 2060 Jennifer M. Ortman Population Division Presentation for the FFC/GW Brown Bag Seminar Series on Forecasting Washington, DC February 7, 2013 2012 National Projections
More informationUnemployment: Causes and its Economics Outcomes during Recent Years in Afghanistan
Unemployment: Causes and its Economics Outcomes during Recent Years in Afghanistan Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations The objective of the paper is to study the current situation of labor market in
More informationJana Kotrčová, Peter R. Grant. University of Saskatchewan
Jana Kotrčová, Peter R. Grant Department of Psychology University of Saskatchewan Literature Review Significant increase of women entrepreneurs around the world Lack of studies about immigrant women entrepreneurs
More informationThis data brief is the second in a series that profiles children
Children of Immigrants Family Parental Characteristics Brief No. 2 THE URBAN INSTITUTE Ajay Chaudry Karina Fortuny This data brief is the second in a series that profiles children of immigrants using up-to-date
More informationHispanic DÁVILAEthnicity, AND MORA English-Skill Investments, and Earnings
Hispanic DÁVILAEthnicity, AND MORA English-Skill Investments, and Earnings Hispanic Ethnicity, English-Skill Investments, and Earnings ALBERTO DÁVILA and MARIE T. MORA* Analyzing synthetic cohorts in the
More informationThe U.S. labor force the number of
Employment outlook: 14 Labor force projections to 2014: retiring boomers The baby boomers exit from the prime-aged workforce and their movement into older age groups will lower the overall labor force
More informationImmigration Facts on Foreign Students By: Neil G. Ruiz
Immigration Facts on Foreign Students By: Neil G. Ruiz U.S. policymakers have put forth various immigration reform proposals to improve retention of foreign students obtaining advanced degrees in science,
More informationCatching Up to Reality: Building the Case for a New Social Model
Catching Up to Reality: Building the Case for a New Social Model by Jane Jenson Executive Summary January 2004 Research Report F 35 CPRN Social Architecture Papers, is available at http://www.cprn.org
More informationRural Development Institute
Rural Development Institute Immigration Settlement Services and Gaps in This community report is part of the Immigration Settlement Services and Gaps in CIC s Western Region study. Population (2011): 15,569
More informationMessage from the Minister of Citizenship, Immigration and Multiculturalism
a www.cic.gc.ca Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, 2012 Cat. no. Ci1-2012E-PDF ISSN 1706-3329 C&I-1612-11-2012 Table of Contents Message
More informationImmigration. The United States of America has long been the world s chief receiving
Non-fiction: Immigration Immigration The United States of America has long been the world s chief receiving nation for immigrants. An immigrant is a person who leaves his/her country to settle and remain
More informationIndividual Donors to Arts and Culture Organizations in Canada in 2007
Individual Donors to Arts and Culture Organizations in Canada in 2007 www.hillstrategies.com info@hillstrategies.com Statistical insights on the arts, Vol. 8 No. 3 Hill Strategies Research Inc., February
More informationBusiness Immigrants Self-employed Findings from the Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB)
IMDB 2008 Research Series Economic Class For internal use only IMDB 2008 Immigration Category Profiles Business Immigrants Findings from the Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB) March 2012 Economic
More information