Struttura della frase (1)

Transcription

1 Struttura della frase (1) SCHEDA 52 Basic sentence structure (1) 52 Le frasi possono essere di quattro diversi tipi: frase dichiarativa, affermativa, negativa Paul studies French. He doesn t study German. frase interrogativa Do you study English? frase imperativa [ SCHEDA 45] Stand up! frase esclamativa. [ SCHEDA 46] How nice! Consideriamo qui le frasi dichiarative, affermative e negative, e le frasi interrogative. 1 Frasi affermative In inglese la struttura della frase è meno flessibile che in italiano. La seguente tabella presenta l ordine più comune delle parole nelle frasi dichiarative affermative: soggetto verbo oggetto complementi Who Verb / Action What How Where When I play the piano We are meeting John in Rome tomorrow Tom walked slowly down the road In inglese il soggetto viene sempre espresso. L espressione di tempo può trovarsi all inizio della frase o in fondo alla frase. Yesterday morning Jack bought a new stereo. = Jack bought a new stereo yesterday morning. L avverbio di modo non si trova mai tra verbo e complemento oggetto. I like music very much. = Mi piace molto la musica. I like very much music. Per la posizione degli avverbi di frequenza [ SCHEDA 21]. Alcuni verbi, tra cui give, offer, send e lend, possono essere seguiti dal complemento oggetto e dal complemento di termine o da due complementi oggetto (uso più comune). The teacher gave a pen to Peter. = The teacher gave Peter a pen. Their mother offered some coffee to us. = His mother offered us some coffee. Ma quando ci sono due pronomi è possibile solo la prima costruzione: Their mother offered it to us. non Their mother offered us it. Continua alla Scheda 53 REVIEW, P

2 Exercises 1 Colloca le frasi nella tabella, scrivendo ogni parte nella colonna corretta. When Who Action/State What Where How When Ex. Yesterday they ate at my house Ex. Yesterday they ate at my house. 1. My friends are going to visit the States next year. 2. My brother studies engineering at University. 3. We finished the test quickly. 4. I didn t take a holiday last year. 5. I saw my Mum on the TV. 6. They go to school by bus in the morning. 7. In the morning they take their kids to school by car. 2 Abbina le frasi alla definizione adatta. 4 Riordina le parole e costruisci frasi. Usa la forma contratta dove possibile. 1. Stop chatting and get on with your work. Ex. got / address. / have / They / not / an 2. My parents live in the suburbs. They haven t got an address. 3. They don t visit us very often. 2. by / travelling / Marzia / not / like / does / train. 4. What a fantastic film! 5. Is the film on tonight? 3. very / opened / front / She / door / quietly. / the a. frase dichiarativa negativa b. frase dichiarativa affermativa c. frase esclamativa d. frase imperativa e. frase interrogativa 4. speak / them / party. / I / not / did / to / at / the 5. to / parents. / going / am / I / tell / your 6. in / could / get / see / film. / the / We / not / to 3 In ogni frase c è un errore nell ordine delle parole. Trovalo e correggilo. Ex. They re really well playing today. They re playing really well today. 1. We like very much Italian food. 2. We re meeting tomorrow our friends in town. 3. They both speak very fluently English. 4. My brother bought yesterday morning a new bike. 5. My Aunt sent to me a pair of socks for Christmas. 7. quite / are / Venice / restaurants / in / Most / expensive. 8. group / went / mountains / skiing / Our / the / in / last winter. 5 Scegli l alternativa corretta. Ex. They lent me / to me two euros for the bus fare home. 1. I ll send the file you / to you. 2. They offered to us / us a coffee. 3. They gave it us / to us. 4. They offered me / to me a hand. 139

3 Struttura della frase (2) SCHEDA 53 Basic sentence structure (2) Segue dalla Scheda Frasi negative Nelle frasi negative con do, did l ordine delle parole segue la sequenza delle frasi affermative, con l aggiunta di not e del verbo principale: soggetto + ausiliare + not + (verbo) + complementi. He doesn t play the piano every day. Nelle frasi con be e have e con i modali must, should, ought to, may, might, can, could, will, shall, would, need il not segue l ausiliare e il verbo modale. I am not hungry. They haven t seen a UFO. John mustn t forget to bring the tickets for the theatre. People should not pollute rivers. Nelle frasi con do, did il not si colloca tra l ausiliare e il verbo. He doesn t work here. They didn t arrive on time. Oltre a not, parole negative come never, no, nobody, no-one, nothing, nowhere, neither, nor e parole riduttive come hardly, rarely, seldom, few, little servono a rendere una frase negativa. He did nothing for his friends. I hardly see him. = Non lo vedo quasi mai. Nell inglese corretto non si usano due negazioni all interno della stessa frase. I dont see anybody non I don t see nobody. 3 Frasi interrogative [ SCHEDE 42 E 43] La frase interrogativa può essere di due tipi: Le Yes / No questions seguono quest ordine: ausiliare + soggetto + verbo + complementi. Have you bought the newspaper today? Did they do the work well? Le Wh- questions iniziano con le parole: Who, Where, Why, What, When, Which, Whose, How. Se la parola interrogativa è il soggetto del verbo, non si inverte il verbo e non si ricorre all ausiliare. Who wants a cup of tea? non Who does want a cup of tea? Se la parola interrogativa è il complemento oggetto del verbo si ricorre all ausiliare e si ha l inversione di ausiliare e soggetto. Who did you see at the library? L ordine della frase interrogativa negativa è il seguente: ausiliare + negazione (n t) + soggetto + verbo + complementi. Aren t they British? Didn t you take the exams last week? REVIEW, P

4 Exercises 6 Trasforma le frasi come indicato. 8 Formula domande con who o what. Ex. The match starts at 7p.m. (negative)... The match doesn t start at 7p.m. 1. Who wants a pizza this evening? (negative) We won the semi-final. (negative) We didn t enjoy ourselves at the party. (affirmative) Have they been to New York? (negative) They went to the cinema last night. (interrogative)... Ex. I told someone. Who did you tell? 1. They helped someone. 2. Someone ed me. 3. Something is making that noise. 4. He s making something. 5. Something happened. 6. Someone helped them Completa le domande nel tempo corretto, aggiungendo eventualmente i verbi ausiliari. Ex. Who / come / to the party / tomorrow night? Who s coming to the party tomorrow night? Everyone all our friends are coming, it ll be great! 1. Why / you / not come / to training / last night? I was too tired. 2. Who / you / speak to / at the bus stop? Nobody just a friend. 3. Where / you / meet / your new boyfriend? He s in my class at school. 4. How much / those jeans? Only 100 euros per leg! 5. you / got / anything to eat? I m hungry. Sure, there are some sausages in the fridge. 6. What / you / going to do / this evening? Don t know any suggestions? 7. you / see / Mark / anywhere? No, I haven t seen him all day. 8. Which platform / the to London / leave from? 7. 1 wrote to someone. 8. She was looking for someone. 9. Someone was looking for him. 9 Traduci in inglese le seguenti frasi. 1. Incontriamo Samuele e Didier in centro domani. 2. Hai fatto vacanze quest estate? 3. Giovanna parla benissimo inglese. 4. Non ho mai visitato Parigi. 5. Dove hai comprato quel cappotto? 6. Vado ogni giorno nella palestra vicino alla scuola. Number 3, I think. 141

5 Review (52-53) 1 Componi frasi con le parole date. Ex. my parents / wrote / I / to / last month. I wrote to my parents last month going out / you / this evening? / Are 2. you / party? / at / Who / did / the / speak to 3. don t / them? / call / Why / you 4. get up / It s nice / early / to / on Sundays. 5. for Christmas. / gave / me / My brother / a CD 6. the meeting. / didn t / They / tell / me / about 7. it / I ll / them / to / tomorrow. / give 2 Scegli una definizione (a-f) per le espressioni sottolineate nel dialogo. Danny: Jake, (1 ) what are you doing? Jake: Hi, (2 ) I m just doing some last minute training. Danny: Oh, yes (3 ) haven t you got a big match tomorrow? Jake: Yes that s right, we re at home to Albatross Volleyball. Danny: Wow (4 ) what a match! What time does it start? Jake: (5 ) It starts at 8p.m. but there ll be lots of people so (6 ) come early! Danny: (7 ) Are Gary and Alasdair playing? Jake: Yes, they are (8 ) we ll all be playing. Danny: (9 ) What a team! Where are you in the championship? Jake: We re second but if we win we go top. Danny: OK, I m definitely coming but whatever happens, don t lose OK? Jake: (10 ) Don t worry, we won t. a. frase dichiarativa positiva b. frase dichiarativa negativa c. frase interrogativa d. frase imperativa e. frase esclamativa f. frase interrogativa negativa 3 In ogni frase c è un errore. Trovalo e correggilo. 1. We gave to them our car for the day. 2. He drives very slowly his car in town. 3. We re meeting tomorrow morning our friends. 4. Where you go for your holidays last year? 5. I not coming to the match tonight. 6. They not call me last night. 7. Likes your brother living in London? 8. When arriving your parents? 4 Riscrivi le frasi usando una forma alternativa. Ex. We gave a present to Peter. We... gave Peter a present. 1. She offered her friends some help. 2. They offered a sandwich to me. 3. She s going to send a parcel to us. 4. They sent us a postcard. 5. We lent them We gave an umbrella to them. 7. Mark sent a nice present to Joe. 5 Completa le domande inserendo i verbi fra parentesi alla forma corretta. 1. Why... (you, phone) me last night? I wanted to ask you out for a drink. 2. How... (he, get) to work in the mornings? By car. 3. Who... (make) all that noise? Your brother, as usual (you, be) to America? No, never. 5. Where... (your mother, play tennis)? At the local club. 6. When... (they, arrive)? About 10 minutes ago. 7. Where... (be, the nearest post office)? It s just down the road you (like, the film)? It wasn t bad. 142

6 6 Scrivi domande adeguate alle situazioni. 8 PET Completa il blog indicando per ogni spazio l alternativa corretta tra quelle suggerite. (be, you, British)? No, I m Australian (be, that, your new car)? Yes it is do you like it? (win, you, the match)? No, we lost (can ski, you)? No, I m absolutely hopeless (be, you, at the party, last night)? No I wasn t. Maybe you saw my twin brother (come, you, to the pizzeria, this evening)? I m afraid not (see, you, the new James Bond film)? No, but I hope to see it this weekend (tell, you, anybody)? No, I didn t have the courage. I was really surprised when my friend (1)... me about his decision. A UK university (2)... offered him a position and he d decided to take it. I asked him (3)... the university was and he said it was Warwick University near (4)... Coventry. He said he knew (5)... about the UK or the University but that he would really like (6)... abroad. He also told me that he (7)... knew any English but wanted to learn as soon as possible. I gave (8)... my old English exercise book and he promised to study in the (9)... few months. 7 PET Completa la seconda frase in modo che abbia lo stesso significato della prima. Usa un massimo di tre parole. 1. That s a lovely shirt.... a lovely shirt! 2. Would anyone like some tea?... wants some tea? 3. I really like house music. I like house music I gave Pete 5. I gave... Pete. 5. You re Italian, aren t you?... Italian? 6. He only plays football occasionally. He... play football very often. 7. I don t have much time.... got much time. 8. Byrony lent me two CDs. 1. a. tell c. said b. told d. sayd 2. a. have c. had b. is d. are 3. a. where c. why b. when d. what 4. a. to c. at b. by d. 5. a. anything c. everything b. nothing d. some 6. a. study c. studied b. studying d. to study 7. a. hard c. hardly b. didn t d. did 8. a. her c. he b. she d. him 9. a. near c. last b. next d. nearby Byrony lent two CDs