Advances In and Specifications for Radiographic X-Ray Systems
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1 Advances In and Specifications for Radiographic X-Ray Systems
2 Wlad T. Sobol, Ph.D. Radiology Department University of Alabama Health System The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, Alabama
3 Introduction Applications of Radiographic Systems Routine examinations Chest, Abdominal, Skull, Neck/Spine, Limbs Emergency Services ER, ICUs, Neonatal ICU, Hospital Wards Specialty Radiographic Examinations Dental, Mammography, Intraoperative
4 Routine Examinations Chest X-rayX Most common 50% of all X-raysX Evaluation of Lungs Heart Chest Wall Quite difficult to interpret
5 Routine Examinations Bone Radiography Second Most Common Evaluation of Broken bones Sports injuries Orthopedic pre- surgery issues
6 Routine Examinations Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder (KUB) Abdominal Exam Evaluation of kidney stones GI disorders DOES NOT show Ureters
7 Routine Examinations Upper GI Requires Barium Evaluation of Esophagus Stomach Duodenum First part of small intestine
8 Routine Examinations Lower GI Evaluation of Bowels Colon Barium & Air often used
9 Routine Examinations Intravenous Urography (IVU) Evaluation of Urinary System Requires Intravenous Contrast
10 Routine Examinations Arthrography Evaluation of Joints Uses Contrast Contrast agent Air
11 Specialty Radiographic Exams Dental X-raysX Bitewing
12 Specialty Radiographic Exams Dental X-raysX Panoramic Studies
13 Specialty Radiographic Exams Cephalometric Studies
14 Specialty Radiographic Exams Mammography
15 Specialty Radiographic Exams Dual Energy Absorptiometry (DEXA) BMD studies
16 Future Trends in Radiography The Impact of Digital Technologies Turf Wars Changing practice guidelines as other imaging modalities mature (CT, MRI, US) The Influence of 3D Imaging
17 Digital Technologies Dental DR Sensors (intraoral)
18 Influence of 3D Imaging 3D CT MRA
19 Performance & Purchase Specs The Role of Intended Use in Defining Radiographic Systems Specifications Radiographic Units for Routine Exams Dedicated X-ray X machines Chest, Skull Special Purpose Machines Tomographic Systems, Mobiles, Portables Niche Applications Mammography, Pediatric, Dental
20 Typical Radiographic System
21 Universal Trauma Unit
22 Dedicated Chest Unit
23 Dedicated Dedicated Skull Skull Unit Unit Dulac System
24 Tomographic Unit Simplified Grossman System
25 Mobiles & Portables Mobile Portable
26 Mammography System
27 Neonate X-ray Studies Mobile unit used for X-ray studies of neonates
28 Dental Systems Intraoral Panoramic
29 Performance & Purchase Specs Specifications for Different Subsystems Generators X-ray Tubes Mechanical Subsystems Tables, Stands, Buckys,, Collimators Control Elements User Interface, Interlocks
30 Performance Specs Radiographic Units 50 to 125 kvp (150 kvp for Chest) 25 to 1000 ma (50 to 300 ma GP units) 20 to 100 khz HF generators Mammography Units 24 to 35 kvp, 100 ma typical Mobiles (Portables) 50 to 125 (50 to 110) kvp 25 to 100 (15 to 25) ma Dental: 70 kvp, 10 ma
31 Generators Key Issues Range of Clinical Examinations Expected Workload Desired Lifetime Available Budget
32 Generators Configuration Issues Mains Specifications, Power Rating Number of Tubes Supported Filament Supply Board LFS & SFS support, Preheating modes Stator Type AEC Device Parameters Other Options
33 AEC Devices AEC Pickup Assembly
34 AEC Devices PMT Tube
35 X-ray Tubes X-ray Tube Subsystem
36 X-ray Tubes Glass Insert Metal Insert
37 X-Ray Tubes Cathode Filament
38 X-ray Tubes Stator Assembly
39 X-ray Tubes Crucial Specs for an X-ray X Tube Power ratings (kw) Focal Spot sizes Maximum kvp Target Angle Heat Capacity
40 Mechanical Mechanical Subsystems Subsystems Patient Tables
41 Mechanical Subsystems Patient Tables
42 Mechanical Mechanical Subsystems Subsystems Tube Mounts
43 Mechanical Subsystems Bucky Mounts
44 Mechanical Mechanical Subsystems Subsystems Bucky Trays
45 Mechanical Subsystems Collimator
46 Operator Interface System Console
47 Operator Interface Interface Design Paradigm
48 Operator Interface Paradigm Shift?
49 Interlocks Interlocks
50 Advances in Technology High Frequency Generators
51 Recent Advances in Technology Dose Optimization Methods Spectral Filtration Entrance Spectra Exit Spectra
52 Advances in Technology Dose Optimization Methods Dual Energy Sensing
53 New Requirements Generator and Tube Ratings Flexibility in Handling a wide Range of Patient Sizes Large Output Reserves Image Quality Optimization with Effective Dose Management Robust Collimation Spectral beam shaping
54 New Requirements Challenges in Exposure Control and Image Quality for DR Systems Phototiming Subsystem Design Traditional AEC subsystems Integrated on board AEC circuitry
55 New Requirements Challenges in Exposure Control and Image Quality for DR Systems Scatter Control for Digital Receptors Traditional Solution Fixed grid in front of image receptor Future approach Future approach Antiscatter measures incorporated into image detector assembly
56 New Requirements PACS Interfaces New Challenges Due to Different Nature of Data Image Transfer and Preservation of Associated Data Workflow Handling
57 Conclusions Any Sufficiently Advanced Technology is Indistinguishable from Magic Arthur C. Clarke
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