Chapter 5. Analog Transmission
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1 Chapter 5 Analog Transmission
2 5.1 Modulation of Digital Data Digital-to-Analog Conversion Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Bit/Baud Comparison
3 Figure 5.1 Digital-to-analog modulation
4 Figure 5.2 Types of digital-to-analog modulation
5 Note: Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud rate is the number of signal units per second. Baud rate is less than or equal to the bit rate.
6 Example 1 An analog signal carries 4 bits in each signal unit. If 1000 signal units are sent per second, find the baud rate and the bit rate Solution Baud rate = 1000 bauds per second (baud/s) Bit rate = 1000 x 4 = 4000 bps
7 Example 2 The bit rate of a signal is If each signal unit carries 6 bits, what is the baud rate? Solution Baud rate = 3000 / 6 = 500 baud/s
8 Figure 5.3 ASK
9 Figure 5.4 Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in ASK
10 Example 3 Find the minimum bandwidth for an ASK signal transmitting at 2000 bps. The transmission mode is halfduplex. Solution In ASK the baud rate and bit rate are the same. The baud rate is therefore An ASK signal requires a minimum bandwidth equal to its baud rate. Therefore, the minimum bandwidth is 2000 Hz.
11 Example 4 Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an ASK signal, what are the baud rate and bit rate? Solution In ASK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth, which means the baud rate is But because the baud rate and the bit rate are also the same for ASK, the bit rate is 5000 bps.
12 Example 5 Given a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz), draw the full-duplex ASK diagram of the system. Find the carriers and the bandwidths in each direction. Assume there is no gap between the bands in the two directions. Solution For full-duplex ASK, the bandwidth for each direction is BW = / 2 = 5000 Hz The carrier frequencies can be chosen at the middle of each band (see Fig. 5.5). fc (forward) = /2 = 3500 Hz fc (backward) = /2 = 8500 Hz
13 Figure 5.5 Solution to Example 5
14 Figure 5.6 FSK
15 Figure 5.7 Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in FSK
16 Example 6 Find the minimum bandwidth for an FSK signal transmitting at 2000 bps. Transmission is in half-duplex mode, and the carriers are separated by 3000 Hz. Solution For FSK BW = baud rate + f c1 f c0 BW = bit rate + fc1 fc0 = = 5000 Hz
17 Example 7 Find the maximum bit rates for an FSK signal if the bandwidth of the medium is 12,000 Hz and the difference between the two carriers is 2000 Hz. Transmission is in full-duplex mode. Solution Because the transmission is full duplex, only 6000 Hz is allocated for each direction. BW = baud rate + fc1 fc0 Baud rate = BW (fc1 fc0 ) = = 4000 But because the baud rate is the same as the bit rate, the bit rate is 4000 bps.
18 Figure 5.8 PSK
19 Figure 5.9 PSK constellation
20 Figure 5.10 The 4-PSK method
21 Figure 5.11 The 4-PSK characteristics
22 Figure 5.12 The 8-PSK characteristics
23 Figure 5.13 Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in PSK
24 Example 8 Find the bandwidth for a 4-PSK signal transmitting at 2000 bps. Transmission is in half-duplex mode. Solution For PSK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth, which means the baud rate is But in 8-PSK the bit rate is 3 times the baud rate, so the bit rate is 15,000 bps.
25 Example 9 Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an 8-PSK signal, what are the baud rate and bit rate? Solution For PSK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth, which means the baud rate is But in 8-PSK the bit rate is 3 times the baud rate, so the bit rate is 15,000 bps.
26 Note: Quadrature amplitude modulation is a combination of ASK and PSK so that a maximum contrast between each signal unit (bit, dibit, tribit, and so on) is achieved.
27 Figure 5.14 The 4-QAM and 8-QAM constellations
28 Figure 5.15 Time domain for an 8-QAM signal
29 Figure QAM constellations
30 Figure 5.17 Bit and baud
31 Table 5.1 Bit and baud rate comparison Modulation Units Bits/Baud Baud rate Bit Rate ASK, FSK, 2-PSK Bit 1 N N 4-PSK, 4-QAM Dibit 2 N 2N 8-PSK, 8-QAM Tribit 3 N 3N 16-QAM Quadbit 4 N 4N 32-QAM Pentabit 5 N 5N 64-QAM Hexabit 6 N 6N 128-QAM Septabit 7 N 7N 256-QAM Octabit 8 N 8N
32 Example 10 A constellation diagram consists of eight equally spaced points on a circle. If the bit rate is 4800 bps, what is the baud rate? Solution The constellation indicates 8-PSK with the points 45 degrees apart. Since 2 3 = 8, 3 bits are transmitted with each signal unit. Therefore, the baud rate is 4800 / 3 = 1600 baud
33 Example 11 Compute the bit rate for a 1000-baud 16-QAM signal. Solution A 16-QAM signal has 4 bits per signal unit since log 2 16 = 4. Thus, (1000)(4) = 4000 bps
34 Example 12 Compute the baud rate for a 72,000-bps 64-QAM signal. Solution A 64-QAM signal has 6 bits per signal unit since log 2 64 = 6. Thus, / 6 = 12,000 baud
35 5.2 Telephone Modems Modem Standards
36 Note: A telephone line has a bandwidth of almost 2400 Hz for data transmission.
37 Figure 5.18 Telephone line bandwidth
38 Note: Modem stands for modulator/demodulator.
39 Figure 5.19 Modulation/demodulation
40 Figure 5.20 The V.32 constellation and bandwidth
41 Figure 5.21 The V.32bis constellation and bandwidth
42 Figure 5.22 Traditional modems
43 Figure K modems
44 5.3 Modulation of Analog Signals Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation (PM)
45 Figure 5.24 Analog-to-analog modulation
46 Figure 5.25 Types of analog-to-analog modulation
47 Note: The total bandwidth required for AM can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal: BWt = 2 x BWm.
48 Figure 5.26 Amplitude modulation
49 Figure 5.27 AM bandwidth
50 Figure 5.28 AM band allocation
51 Example 13 We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 4 KHz. What is the bandwidth needed if we modulate the signal using AM? Ignore FCC regulations. Solution An AM signal requires twice the bandwidth of the original signal: BW = 2 x 4 KHz = 8 KHz
52 Note: The total bandwidth required for FM can be determined from the bandwidth of the audio signal: BWt = 10 x BWm.
53 Figure 5.29 Frequency modulation
54 Figure 5.30 FM bandwidth
55 Note: The bandwidth of a stereo audio signal is usually 15 KHz. Therefore, an FM station needs at least a bandwidth of 150 KHz. The FCC requires the minimum bandwidth to be at least 200 KHz (0.2 MHz).
56 Figure 5.31 FM band allocation
57 Example 14 We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 4 MHz. What is the bandwidth needed if we modulate the signal using FM? Ignore FCC regulations. Solution An FM signal requires 10 times the bandwidth of the original signal: BW = 10 x 4 MHz = 40 MHz
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