The Phase Modulator In NBFM Voice Communication Systems
|
|
- Emmeline Cross
- 1 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Phase Modulator In NBFM Voice Communication Systems Virgil Leenerts 8 March 5 The phase modulator has been a point of discussion as to why it is used and not a frequency modulator in what are called FM communication systems. This paper s goal is to show why a phase modulator is used and not a frequency modulator in the FM communication systems. There are a number of points as to why phase modulators are used and they are probably valid, but this paper will show that to meet technical requirements and efficient operation with a voice response, a phase modulator best meets the situation. Looking at the characteristics of FM and PM modulators and coming to a conclusion that one is better than the other without considering the system technical requirements can lead to incorrect conclusions. The FM and PM modulators have different characteristics as a function of the input modulation voltage frequency response and they need to be understood for the correct conclusion. The understanding of why a PM modulator is the modulator of choice will be undertaken by breaking down the elements that make up the system performance. Once the elements are gone over, then the characteristics of these elements will be used to form the conclusion of why the PM modulator is used in FM communication systems. The discussion breakdown is as follows: The FM discriminator. The voice response. The modulation index. After the above discussions, the technical requirements will be applied to sort out the reasons for the PM Modulator. Also for this discussion, the PM modulator can be either a phase modulator or a frequency modulator preceded with a pre-emphasis or differentiator circuit making it a phase modulator. The merits, or lack thereof, for phase modulation from a phase modulator or a frequency modulator proceeded with a differentiator circuit is not in the scope of this paper. Page 1 of 9
2 The FM Discriminator: FM receivers have discriminators that convert the incoming rf signals to an audio output. Since FM discriminators demodulate only the delta frequency modulation of the modulated signal (not the phase modulation), the receiver sees only the frequency modulation of the modulated signal. Because the receiver detects only the frequency modulation of the transmitter, the system is properly called an FM system. Both FM and PM modulators generate modulation that has both a delta-f (deviation) component and a delta-p (modulation index radians) component (Note: delta-f and delta-p occur simultaneously together and each represent a different aspect of the same thing, angle modulation). The classic plot is that of delta-f as a function of a flat modulation frequency response for both a FM and a PM modulator. Delta f vs. Modulation Frequency 5 Delta f KHz FM flat PM flat The relationship used for these plots is the classic known relationship between FM and PM for a single tone frequency. The expression is delta-p = delta-f / fm. Delta-p is more commonly recognized as the modulation index. Note that this expression is for a sinusoid steady state modulation frequency. Page of 9
3 What appears below is the not so often shown plot of delta-p as a function of a flat modulation frequency response for both a FM and a PM modulator. Delta p vs. Modulation Frequency Delta p radians Modulation Frequency FM flat PM flat Both plots assumed a max deviation of 5 KHz as the reference. For the FM plots, a flat frequency deviation of 5 KHz for modulation frequencies from 31 to 31 Hz resulted in a phase deviation from 15.8 to 1.58 radians. And for the PM plots, a flat phase deviation of 1.58 radians for modulation frequencies from 31 to 31 Hz resulted in a frequency deviation from 5 to 5 KHz, which is shown in the previous delta-f vs. modulation frequency plot. For this paper, deviation is assumed to be +/- ( ) deviation. The Voice Response: Using the results from the flat frequency response would lead to different results and may be fine if the modulation characteristics needed to be a nominally flat response for modulation inputs like music. However the communications system was designed to have the human voice as the modulation input and not music. This requirement brings about the need to analyze the characteristics of the modulators so as to optimize the modulation for the human voice. Page 3 of 9
4 The voice spectrum response has characteristics that are, at best, very complex and are what gives everyone s voice a unique sound. However a search of material for the voice spectrum reveals that the general characteristics of voice is a sloping response of db per octave starting in the 3 to Hz range. This general sloping in response is always present even though the actual spectrum components are very complex. The above plot of the voice response for the word oh is very typical of what a human voice spectrum components look like. Thus for the FM communication systems, the modulation input is a voice response that has a db per octave or db per decade sloping response. An examination of the audio clipper circuit in a NBFM transmitter will reveal that it operates on the basis that this is the expected input response. Page of 9
5 Modulation Response Curves 5 Decibels Flat Response Voice Response The above plot shows the response in decibels vs. log of modulation frequency for the flat and voice response. These are the modulation response curves used for all the other plots. The Modulation Index: The modulation index is a parameter that is used to indicate the level of modulation relative to the carrier level. Another way to look at it is that the modulation index is how much power is in the sidebands that carry the modulation information and as such, should be as large as possible. For AM modulation, the modulation index is usually stated in percent with 1 % as being the upper limit to avoid distortion. For FM or PM, the modulation index has no upper limit, but just like AM, it is advantageous to keep the modulation index as large as possible. The modulation index for FM or PM does not have the constraint of distortion like AM, but does have a constraint of bandwidth. The modulation index for a FM modulator is determined by the expression of deviation over modulation frequency. The deviation of a FM modulator is proportional to the modulation amplitude. The modulation index for a PM modulator is proportional to the modulation amplitude. Conversely, the deviation of a PM modulator is proportional to the modulator amplitude and frequency. It is very important to note that the modulation index and deviation is very different for FM and PM modulators as function of modulation amplitude and modulation frequency. Page 5 of 9
6 Modulation Index vs. Modulation Frequency (Deviation - 5 KHz Max) Modulation Index Radians PM voice - FM flat FM voice PM flat The above plot, of modulation index vs. modulation frequency, was made with the condition that the maximum deviation was 5 KHz. Because the voice amplitude response is a maximum at low frequencies (for this plot, the low frequency is 31 Hz), the modulation index is lower as modulation frequency increases. Note that the overall modulation index for PM voice is higher than FM voice and thus the PM modulator better utilizes the voice response for higher modulation efficiency. Technical Requirements: The generally accepted technical requirement in the amateur radio service for NBFM is a maximum deviation 5 KHz and a maximum bandwidth of 15 or KHz. The amateur radio service Part emissions standards lists only the modulation index as a requirement. Part (f) (1) states: No angle-modulator emissions may have a modulation index greater than 1 at the highest modulation frequency. Page of 9
7 Delta f vs. Modulation Frequency (Deviation - 5 KHz Max) 5 Delta f KHz PM voice - FM flat FM voice PM flat The above plot of delta-f or deviation vs. modulation frequency shows the classical deviation vs. modulation frequency for the FM and PM with a flat modulation response and the voice modulation response. Note now that the voice response greatly changes the deviation vs modulation frequency curves. With the voice response restricted to a max deviation of 5 KHz, the FM voice deviation lowers with increasing frequency, which accounts for the modulation index being lower. The PM voice response deviation curve now has the deviation as a constant over the modulation frequency range, and as was noted in the modulation index curve, has a higher modulation index for higher modulation efficiency. Page 7 of 9
8 Bandwidth vs. Modulation Frequency Calculated - Carson's Rule (Deviation - 5 KHz Max) Bandwidth KHz PM voice - FM flat FM voice PM flat The bandwidth of the transmitted signal is probably one of the most critical of the FCC requirements as well as being a measure of how well a channel is being utilized. A transmitted signal that is narrower than the allowable bandwidth is poor utilization of the modulator and the channel. A signal that is wider than the allowable bandwidth is interference. So the goal is to have maximum bandwidth over the modulation frequencies but not over the required maximum bandwidth. The bandwidth in the above plot was calculated using Carson s Rule of estimated bandwidth. The expression for FM is * (delta-f + fm) and for PM is * fm * (delta-p + 1). The PM voice response curve results in highest bandwidth over the modulation frequency range with the FM voice response curve resulting in a falling off of the bandwidth over the modulation frequency range. In Conclusion: The plots of bandwidth, deviation, and modulation index as a function of modulation frequency show that the PM modulator is the best overall choice for NBFM voice communications systems and has been used for decades and is still in used today. Note that a PM modulator for this discussion can either be a phase modulator or a frequency modulator proceeded with a pre-emphasis circuit making it a phase modulator. Page 8 of 9
9 Appendix A: The bandwidth of an FM and PM signals were measured at 3 dbm below the carrier to show how close it is to calculated bandwidth using Carson s rule. Bandwidth vs. Modulation Frequency Measured (-3dBm) - Spectrum Analyzer (Deviation - 5 KHz Max) Bandwidth KHz PM Voice - FM flat FM voice PM flat My textbooks did not indicate what the level in db down from the carrier is for the bandwidth that is calculated using the Carson Rule. My estimation for the bandwidth was 3 dbm below the carrier, which is what I used for my measurements. END Page 9 of 9
DT3: RF On/Off Remote Control Technology. Rodney Singleton Joe Larsen Luis Garcia Rafael Ocampo Mike Moulton Eric Hatch
DT3: RF On/Off Remote Control Technology Rodney Singleton Joe Larsen Luis Garcia Rafael Ocampo Mike Moulton Eric Hatch Agenda Radio Frequency Overview Frequency Selection Signals Methods Modulation Methods
Chapter 3: Amplitude Modulation
Chapter 3: Amplitude Modulation MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. AM stands for: a. Audio Modulation c. Angle Modulation b. Amplitude Modulation d. Antenna Modulation B 2. The "envelope" of an AM signal is due to: a.
EE4512 Analog and Digital Communications Chapter 6. Chapter 6 Analog Modulation and Demodulation
Chapter 6 Analog Modulation and Demodulation Chapter 6 Analog Modulation and Demodulation Amplitude Modulation Pages 306-309 309 The analytical signal for double sideband, large carrier amplitude modulation
CTCSS REJECT HIGH PASS FILTERS IN FM RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AN EVALUATION. Virgil Leenerts WØINK 8 June 2008
CTCSS REJECT HIGH PASS FILTERS IN FM RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AN EVALUATION Virgil Leenerts WØINK 8 June 28 The response of the audio voice band high pass filter is evaluated in conjunction with the rejection
Communication Systems
AM/FM Receiver Communication Systems We have studied the basic blocks o any communication system Modulator Demodulator Modulation Schemes: Linear Modulation (DSB, AM, SSB, VSB) Angle Modulation (FM, PM)
ECE-205 ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
ECE-205 ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS Overview Communication systems Analog Modulation AM FM Digital Modulation ASK FSK Modems Communication systems Digital Analog The block diagram on the top shows the blocks
CS263: Wireless Communications and Sensor Networks
CS263: Wireless Communications and Sensor Networks Matt Welsh Lecture 2: RF Basics and Signal Encoding September 22, 2005 2005 Matt Welsh Harvard University 1 Today's Lecture Basics of wireless communications
CRP718 RF and Microwave Measurements Laboratory
CRP718 RF and Microwave Measurements Laboratory Experiment- MW2 Handout. Updated Jan 13, 2011 SPECTRUM ANALYZER BASED MEASUREMENTS (groups of 2 may omit part 2.1, but are advised to study the procedures
Part 2: Receiver and Demodulator
University of Pennsylvania Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering ESE06: Electrical Circuits and Systems II Lab Amplitude Modulated Radio Frequency Transmission System Mini-Project Part : Receiver
Frequency Modulation
10/22/2010 Frequency Modulation.doc 1/11 Frequency Modulation The problem in electrical communication systems is this: 1. The signals that represent useful information are difficult to transmit/propagate.
ANALOG VS DIGITAL. Copyright 1998, Professor John T.Gorgone
ANALOG VS DIGITAL 1 BASICS OF DATA COMMUNICATIONS Data Transport System Analog Data Digital Data The transport of data through a telecommunications network can be classified into two overall transport
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION ).4%2.!4)/.!,!.!,/'5% #!22)%2 3934%-3 '%.%2!, #(!2!#4%2)34)#3 #/--/. 4/!,,!.!,/'5% #!22)%242!.3-)33)/.
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION )454 ' TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU ).4%2.!4)/.!,!.!,/'5% #!22)%2 3934%-3 '%.%2!, #(!2!#4%2)34)#3 #/--/. 4/!,,!.!,/'5% #!22)%242!.3-)33)/. 3934%-3!335-04)/.3
Conditioning and Correction of Arbitrary Waveforms Part 2: Other Impairments
From September 2005 High Frequency Electronics Copyright 2005 Summit Technical Media Conditioning and Correction of Arbitrary Waveforms Part 2: Other Impairments By Mike Griffin and John Hansen Agilent
Technician Licensing Class
Technician Licensing Class Tech Frequencies Presented by Ryan Caron NX1U Amateur Radio Technician Class Element 2 Course Presentation ELEMENT 2 SUB-ELEMENTS (Groupings) About Ham Radio Call Signs Control
FSK: Signals and Demodulation
Watkins-Johnson Company Tech-notes Copyright 1980 Watkins-Johnson Company Vol. 7 No. 5 September/October 1980 FSK: Signals and Demodulation Frequency shift keying (FSK) is the most common form of digital
Angle Modulation, II. Lecture topics FM bandwidth and Carson s rule. Spectral analysis of FM. Narrowband FM Modulation. Wideband FM Modulation
Angle Modulation, II EE 179, Lecture 12, Handout #19 Lecture topics FM bandwidth and Carson s rule Spectral analysis of FM Narrowband FM Modulation Wideband FM Modulation EE 179, April 25, 2014 Lecture
Wireless Microphone Technology Guide
Wireless Microphone Technology Guide www.line6.com 2010 Line 6, Inc. Version 1.3 All rights reserved Reproduction in whole or part without written permission is prohibited Electronic version available
VCO Phase noise. Characterizing Phase Noise
VCO Phase noise Characterizing Phase Noise The term phase noise is widely used for describing short term random frequency fluctuations of a signal. Frequency stability is a measure of the degree to which
Introduction to FM-Stereo-RDS Modulation
Introduction to FM-Stereo-RDS Modulation Ge, Liang Tan, EK Kelly, Joe Verigy, China Verigy, Singapore Verigy US 1. Introduction Frequency modulation (FM) has a long history of its application and is widely
Timing Errors and Jitter
Timing Errors and Jitter Background Mike Story In a sampled (digital) system, samples have to be accurate in level and time. The digital system uses the two bits of information the signal was this big
Audio processing and ALC in the FT-897D
Audio processing and ALC in the FT-897D I recently bought an FT-897D, and after a period of operation noticed problems with what I perceived to be a low average level of output power and reports of muffled
VOR software receiver and decoder with dspic
VOR software receiver and decoder with dspic By Josef Stastny 9-15-2004-1 - 1. Introduction VOR (VHF Omni-directional Radio range) is a radio navigation system used for civil and military navigation of
Signals and Systems. Chapter SS-8 Communication Systems. ShoushuiWei. Spring SDU-BME Sep08 Dec08. Introduction
Spring 2012 Signals and Systems Chapter SS-8 Communication Systems ShoushuiWei SDU-BME Sep08 Dec08 Figures and images used in these lecture notes are adopted from Signals & Systems by Alan V. Oppenheim
The front end of the receiver performs the frequency translation, channel selection and amplification of the signal.
Many receivers must be capable of handling a very wide range of signal powers at the input while still producing the correct output. This must be done in the presence of noise and interference which occasionally
Tx/Rx A high-performance FM receiver for audio and digital applicatons
Tx/Rx A high-performance FM receiver for audio and digital applicatons This receiver design offers high sensitivity and low distortion for today s demanding high-signal environments. By Wayne C. Ryder
RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BS.704 *, ** Characteristics of FM sound broadcasting reference receivers for planning purposes
Rec. ITU-R BS.704 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BS.704 *, ** Characteristics of FM sound broadcasting reference receivers for planning purposes (1990) The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that
Amplitude Modulation Transmitter Design
Amplitude Modulation Transmitter Design LAB 5 Introduction The motivation behind this project is to design, implement, and test an Amplitude Modulation (AM) Transmitter. The Transmitter consists of a Balanced
Chapter 3: Amplitude Modulation Reception. EET-223: RF Communication Circuits Walter Lara
Chapter 3: Amplitude Modulation Reception EET-223: RF Communication Circuits Walter Lara Tuned Radio Frequency (TRF) Receivers Simplest/Oldest AM receiver (see Fig 3-1) Consists of: RF Amplifier: Amplifies
RightMark Audio Analyzer
RightMark Audio Analyzer Version 2.5 2001 http://audio.rightmark.org Tests description 1 Contents FREQUENCY RESPONSE TEST... 2 NOISE LEVEL TEST... 3 DYNAMIC RANGE TEST... 5 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION TEST...
Signal Encoding. CS 6710 Spring 2010 Rajmohan Rajaraman
Signal Encoding CS 6710 Spring 2010 Rajmohan Rajaraman Reasons for Choosing Encoding Techniques Digital data, digital signal o Equipment less complex and expensive than digital-to-analog modulation equipment
Modulation and Deviation
Modulation and Deviation Dave Platt, AE6EO Foothills Amateur Radio Society October 26, 2007 Modulation What is modulation? Why do we modulate? Spectrum: carrier and sidebands AM FM and PM Data modulations
Topic Comparison of AM and FM. Learning Objectives: At the end of this topic you will be able to; compare the merits of AM and FM;
Learning Objectives: At the end of this topic you will be able to; compare the merits of AM and FM; 1 Module ET4 Communication Systems Comparison of Amplitude Modulation and Frequency Modulation The purpose
Introduction to Receivers
Introduction to Receivers Purpose: translate RF signals to baseband Shift frequency Amplify Filter Demodulate Why is this a challenge? Interference (selectivity, images and distortion) Large dynamic range
Double Sideband (DSB) and Amplitude Modulation (AM)
Double Sideband (DSB) and Amplitude Modulation (AM) Modules: Audio Oscillator, Wideband True RMS Meter, Multiplier, Adder, Utilities, Phase Shifter, Tuneable LPFs (2), Quadrature Utilities, Twin Pulse
HD Radio FM Transmission System Specifications
HD Radio FM Transmission System Specifications Rev. E January 30, 2008 Doc. No. SY_SSS_1026s TRADEMARKS The ibiquity Digital logo and ibiquity Digital are registered trademarks of ibiquity Digital Corporation.
FCC PART 95 SUBPART D AND IC RSS-136 TEST REPORT FOR CB TRANSCEIVERS
849 NW STATE ROAD 45 NEWBERRY, FL 32669 USA PH: 888.472.2424 OR 352.472.5500 FAX: 352.472.2030 EMAIL: INFO@TIMCOENGR.COM HTTP://WWW.TIMCOENGR.COM APPLICANT FCC PART 95 SUBPART D AND IC RSS-136 TEST REPORT
Jeff Thomas Tom Holmes Terri Hightower. Learn RF Spectrum Analysis Basics
Jeff Thomas Tom Holmes Terri Hightower Learn RF Spectrum Analysis Basics Learning Objectives Name the major measurement strengths of a swept-tuned spectrum analyzer Explain the importance of frequency
Signal Encoding. CSG 250 Fall 2007 Rajmohan Rajaraman
Signal Encoding CSG 250 Fall 2007 Rajmohan Rajaraman Reasons for Choosing Encoding Techniques Digital data, digital signal o Equipment less complex and expensive than digital-to-analog modulation equipment
1 Multi-channel frequency division multiplex frequency modulation (FDM-FM) emissions
Rec. ITU-R SM.853-1 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SM.853-1 NECESSARY BANDWIDTH (Question ITU-R 77/1) Rec. ITU-R SM.853-1 (1992-1997) The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that the concept of necessary
Modulation and Demodulation
16 Modulation and Demodulation 16.1 Radio Broadcasting, Transmission and Reception 16. Modulation 16.3 Types of Modulation 16.4 Amplitude Modulation 16.5 Modulation Factor 16.6 Analysis of Amplitude Modulated
DSP in HF Radios. How DSP implements typical transceiver functions. Adam Farson VA7OJ. Copyright 2006 North Shore Amateur Radio Club
DSP in HF Radios How DSP implements typical transceiver functions Adam Farson VA7OJ Copyright 2006 North Shore Amateur Radio Club NSARC HF Operators DSP in HF Radios 1 What is DSP and what does it do?!
Application Note: Spread Spectrum Oscillators Reduce EMI for High Speed Digital Systems
Application Note: Spread Spectrum Oscillators Reduce EMI for High Speed Digital Systems Introduction to Electro-magnetic Interference Design engineers seek to minimize harmful interference between components,
TC-3000C Bluetooth Tester
TC-3000C Bluetooth Tester Product Overview TC-3000C Bluetooth Tester Data Sheet TC-3000C Bluetooth Tester is able to analyze the data of each packet that is transmitted to the upper application protocol
TC-3000C Bluetooth Tester
TC-3000C Bluetooth Tester Product Instructions TC-3000C Bluetooth Tester is able to analyze the data of every packet that is transmitted to the upper application protocol layer using the protocol stack,
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION. SERIES O: SPECIFICATIONS FOR MEASURING EQUIPMENT Equipment for the measurement of analogue parameters
INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION CCITT O.41 THE INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CONSULTATIVE COMMITTEE (11/1988) SERIES O: SPECIFICATIONS FOR MEASURING EQUIPMENT Equipment for the measurement
Chapter 6. Single Sideband Transmitter Tests and Measurements
Chapter 6 Single Sideband Transmitter Tests and Measurements This chapter deals with the basic tests and measurements that can be used to evaluate the performance of single sideband suppressed carrier
Implementing Digital Wireless Systems. And an FCC update
Implementing Digital Wireless Systems And an FCC update Spectrum Repacking Here We Go Again: The FCC is reallocating 600 MHz Frequencies for Wireless Mics 30-45 MHz (8-m HF) 174-250 MHz (VHF) 450-960 MHz
5 Amplitude Modulation
5 Amplitude Modulation 5.1 Summary This laboratory exercise has two objectives. The first is to gain experience in actually programming the USRP to act as a transmitter or a receiver. The second is to
MOTOROLA R The R-2600: The optimum test for two-way radios, cellular phones and pagers.
MOTOROLA R-2600 The R-2600: The optimum test for two-way radios, cellular phones and pagers. Motorola Communications Test Equipment is pleased to present the R-2600. If you need to calibrate, maintain,
PIEZO FILTERS INTRODUCTION
For more than two decades, ceramic filter technology has been instrumental in the proliferation of solid state electronics. A view of the future reveals that even greater expectations will be placed on
AM Receiver. Prelab. baseband
AM Receiver Prelab In this experiment you will use what you learned in your previous lab sessions to make an AM receiver circuit. You will construct an envelope detector AM receiver. P1) Introduction One
Using GNU Radio Companion: Tutorial 4. Using Complex Signals and Receiving SSB
Using GNU Radio Companion: Tutorial 4. Using Complex Signals and Receiving SSB This tutorial is a guide to receiving SSB signals. It will also illustrate some of the properties of complex (analytic) signals
Outlines. LECTURE 3: Wireless Transmission Technologies. Wireless Transmission on Unguided Media
LECTURE 3: Wireless Transmission Technologies CIS 472 Wireless Communications and Networks Winter 2016 Instructor: Dr. Song Xing Outlines Wireless Data Transmission Modulation Spread Spectrum Department
MATRIX TECHNICAL NOTES
200 WOOD AVENUE, MIDDLESEX, NJ 08846 PHONE (732) 469-9510 FAX (732) 469-0418 MATRIX TECHNICAL NOTES MTN-107 TEST SETUP FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF X-MOD, CTB, AND CSO USING A MEAN SQUARE CIRCUIT AS A DETECTOR
Normalizing The IBOC And FM/AM-Analog Audio Signal Paths. Frank Foti, Omnia Audio Glynn Walden, ibiquity Corp.
Normalizing The IBOC And FM/AM-Analog Audio Signal Paths Frank Foti, Omnia Audio Glynn Walden, ibiquity Corp. A critical component to the IBOC transmission system is the relative audio levels of the IBOC
INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TRANSMISSION MEDIA
COMM.ENG INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS AND TRANSMISSION MEDIA 9/6/2014 LECTURES 1 Objectives To give a background on Communication system components and channels (media) A distinction between analogue
Agilent AN 1315 Optimizing RF and Microwave Spectrum Analyzer Dynamic Range. Application Note
Agilent AN 1315 Optimizing RF and Microwave Spectrum Analyzer Dynamic Range Application Note Table of Contents 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 7 7 7 7 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 1. Introduction What is dynamic range?
HD Radio FM Transmission System Specifications Rev. F August 24, 2011
HD Radio FM Transmission System Specifications Rev. F August 24, 2011 SY_SSS_1026s TRADEMARKS HD Radio and the HD, HD Radio, and Arc logos are proprietary trademarks of ibiquity Digital Corporation. ibiquity,
Lecture 1: Overview. NorCal 40A. Direct Conversion vs. Superhet Receivers.
Whites, EE 322 Lecture 1 Page 1 of 11 Lecture 1: Overview. NorCal 40A. Direct Conversion vs. Superhet Receivers. The overall objective of this course is to learn and understand practical aspects of analog
AM Modulator. Experiment theory: Experiment # (3) Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Engineering Electrical Department
Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Engineering Electrical Department Experiment # (3) AM Modulator Communications Engineering I (Lab.) Prepared by: Eng. Omar A. Qarmout Eng. Mohammed K. Abu Foul Experiment
信 號 與 系 統 Signals and Systems
Spring 2011 信 號 與 系 統 Signals and Systems Chapter SS-8 Communication Systems Feng-Li Lian NTU-EE Feb11 Jun11 Figures and images used in these lecture notes are adopted from Signals & Systems by Alan V.
AM/FM/ϕM Measurement Demodulator FS-K7
Data sheet Version 02.00 AM/FM/ϕM Measurement Demodulator FS-K7 July 2005 for the Analyzers FSQ/FSU/FSP and the Test Receivers ESCI/ESPI AM/FM/ϕM demodulator for measuring analog modulation parameters
RF Communication System. EE 172 Systems Group Presentation
RF Communication System EE 172 Systems Group Presentation RF System Outline Transmitter Components Receiver Components Noise Figure Link Budget Test Equipment System Success Design Remedy Transmitter Components
Understanding Phase Noise in RF and Microwave Calibration Applications.
Understanding Phase Noise in RF and Microwave Calibration Applications. Speaker/Author: Paul C. A. Roberts Fluke Precision Measurement Ltd. Hurricane Way Norwich, NR6 6JB, United Kingdom. Tel: +44 (0)1603
Signals, Digitisation and DSP
C H A P T E R 1 Signals, Digitisation and DSP 1.1. INTRODUCTION Signals are generated in the real world as information relating to events of various causes whether signals are generated by us for a purpose,
Measurements on FM Transmitters for Acceptance, Commissioning and
on FM Transmitters for Acceptance, Commissioning and Maintenance Klaus,Christiane Sep-13 7BM105_0E Measurements on FM Transmitters for Acceptance, Commissioning and Maintenance Application Note Product:
SIGNAL PROCESSING & SIMULATION NEWSLETTER
1 of 18 1/25/2008 3:42 AM DC Spectrum Information Signal term 2w on c signal the positive negative x-axis Half is up shifted. This half is down shifted. Charan Langton, The Carrier Editor -9, fc -9, -8,
3172V21 - Synthesised WBFM Transmitter
1 General This project is a complete crystal-controlled Wide Band Frequency Modulated (WBFM) transmitter delivering a power output in the order of 10 milli-watts (+10dBm) using simple components. The transmitter
Agilent Technologies, Inc
Agilent Technologies, Inc 2012 1 Agilent Technologies, Inc 2012 2 A number of years ago when we at Agilent were Hewlett-Packard one of our engineers represented phase noise measurements as a puzzle with
信號與系統 Signals and Systems
Spring 3 Flowchart Introduction (Chap ) LTI & Convolution (Chap ) NTUEE-SS8-Comm 信號與系統 Signals and Systems Chapter SS-8 Communication Systems FS (Chap 3) Periodic Bounded/Convergent CT DT FT Aperiodic
Pre-Load and Loading procedure for the Kenwood TS-820S. NR6C credit to K4EAA
Pre-Load and Loading procedure for the Kenwood TS-820S NR6C credit to K4EAA Here are some instructions for how to properly tune your Kenwood hybrid transmitter. It takes longer to describe than it does
Observations on Sound Card Audio Levels and MFSK16 Spurious Emissions. Jack R. Smith K8ZOA 1
Observations on Sound Card Audio Levels and MFSK16 Spurious Emissions Jack R. Smith K8ZOA 1 A recent message from Tom, W8JI, on the MFSK e-mail reflector noted that some MFSK operators he observed on 160
ENGR 210 Lab 11 Frequency Response of Passive RC Filters
ENGR 210 Lab 11 Response of Passive RC Filters The objective of this lab is to introduce you to the frequency-dependent nature of the impedance of a capacitor and the impact of that frequency dependence
The Merits of Modulation Systems & Modes of Transmission
1 of 8 The Merits of Modulation Systems & Modes of Transmission Here is some useful information for those being introduced to the principles of Modulation and the various Modes of Transmission used in
RF Wireless Spectrum Update
RF Wireless Spectrum Update Spectrum Repacking Here We Go Again: The FCC is reallocating 600 MHz Frequencies for Wireless Mics 30-45 MHz (8-m HF) 174-250 MHz (VHF) 450-960 MHz (UHF) 2400-2485 MHz (ISM)
Agilent AN 1316 Optimizing Spectrum Analyzer Amplitude Accuracy
Agilent AN 1316 Optimizing Spectrum Analyzer Amplitude Accuracy Application Note RF & Microwave Spectrum Analyzers Table of Contents 3 3 4 4 5 7 8 8 13 13 14 16 16 Introduction Absolute versus relative
Experiment # 3 Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation
ECE 316 c 2005 Bruno Korst-Fagundes Fall 2005 Experiment # 3 Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation Message Signal + X AM DSB DC Carrier 1 Purpose Amplitude modulation (AM), still widely used in commercial
Technician Licensing Class. Lesson 1. presented by the Arlington Radio Public Service Club Arlington County, Virginia
Technician Licensing Class Lesson 1 presented by the Arlington Radio Public Service Club Arlington County, Virginia 1 FCC Rules Sub element T1 2 Why Amateur Radio? The basis & purpose of the amateur service
T = 1 f. Phase. Measure of relative position in time within a single period of a signal For a periodic signal f(t), phase is fractional part t p
Data Transmission Concepts and terminology Transmission terminology Transmission from transmitter to receiver goes over some transmission medium using electromagnetic waves Guided media. Waves are guided
Filters & Wave Shaping
Module 8 AC Theory Filters & Wave Shaping Passive Filters & Wave Shaping What you'll learn in Module 8. Module 8 Introduction Recognise passive filters with reference to their response curves. High pass,
Contents. Preface. xiii. Part I 1
Contents Preface xiii Part I 1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave 3 Radar 1.1 Brief History 3 1.2 Examples of Use of FMCW Radar 5 1.2.1 Radio Altimeters 5 1.2.2 Level-Measuring
Chapter 13. RLC Circuits and Resonance
Chapter 13 RLC Circuits and Resonance Impedance of Series RLC Circuits A series RLC circuit contains both inductance and capacitance Since X L and X C have opposite effects on the circuit phase angle,
K6RIA, Extra Licensing Class. Receivers with Great Filters
K6RIA, Extra Licensing Class Receivers with Great Filters Amateur Radio Extra Class Element 4 Course Presentation ELEMENT 4 Groupings Rules & Regs Skywaves & Contesting Outer Space Comms Visuals & Video
RF Network Analyzer Basics
RF Network Analyzer Basics A tutorial, information and overview about the basics of the RF Network Analyzer. What is a Network Analyzer and how to use them, to include the Scalar Network Analyzer (SNA),
A.M. RADIO DESIGN LAB
1 of 12 BEFORE YOU BEGIN PREREQUISITE LABS Passive and Active Filters Lab Fourier Transforms Lab Introduction to Oscilloscope Introduction to Arbitrary/Function Generator EXPECTED KNOWLEDGE Laplace transform
AM TRANSMITTERS & RECEIVERS
Reading 30 Ron Bertrand VK2DQ http://www.radioelectronicschool.com AM TRANSMITTERS & RECEIVERS Revision: our definition of amplitude modulation. Amplitude modulation is when the modulating audio is combined
Amplitude Modulation
1 Amplitude Modulation AM modulation is a technique that is used for broadcast transmission in the 150 KHz to 20 MHz range. This covers the broadcast in long wave (range: 150 300 KHz), medium wave (MW,
Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation
Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation By: Prof.G.Kumar, B.E,M.S Sona College of Technology, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sona Nagar, Thiagarajar Polytechnic Road, Salem-636005, Tamilnadu,
DSBSC GENERATION. PREPARATION... 2 definition of a DSBSC viewing envelopes... 4 multi-tone message... 5
DSBSC GENERATION PREPARATION... 2 definition of a DSBSC... 2 block diagram... 4 viewing envelopes... 4 multi-tone message... 5 linear modulation... 6 spectrum analysis... 6 EXPERIMENT... 6 the MULTIPLIER...
TRAINING COURSE FOR TELEVISION BROADCASTING
THE INTERNATIONAL TV STANDARDS Ten international TV standard exist at present, all based on the same principles: - Physiology of vision. - Line scanning. - Field repetition. - Colour transmission as separate
Monolithic Crystal Filters 2 Quartz resonator internally coupled utilizing piezoelectric effect.
The following describes filter types, what they do and how they perform. Along with definitions and detailed graphs, we are hopeful this information is both useful and informative. Filter Types Monolithic
Interference to radio astronomy from unwanted (spurious and out-of-band) emissions
Rec. ITU-R RA.1237 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R RA.1237 PROTECTION OF THE RADIO ASTRONOMY SERVICE FROM UNWANTED EMISSIONS RESULTING FROM APPLICATIONS OF WIDEBAND DIGITAL MODULATION (Question ITU-R 145/7) Rec.
MHz Scanner Users By Bill Kelsey, W6QC
470-471 MHz Scanner Users By Bill Kelsey, W6QC www.scrrba.org Do you utilize a scanner to listen to frequencies or channels in the 470-471 Megahertz (MHz) band? Do you now hear amateur radio conversations
RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.524-5. (Questions ITU-R 48/4 and ITU-R 70/4)
Rec. ITU-R S.524-5 1 RECOMMENDATION ITU-R S.524-5 MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE LEVELS OF OFF-AXIS e.i.r.p. DENSITY FROM EARTH STATIONS IN THE FIXED-SATELLITE SERVICE TRANSMITTING IN THE 6 AND 14 GHz FREQUENCY BANDS
wavelength 2 cycles wavelength 4 cycles
Waves Frequency: Cycles per second But that is too simple so instead we call one cycle per second a Hertz (Hz) 1000 cycles/second = 1000 Hz = 1 kilohertz = 1 khz 1,000,000 Hz = 1 megahertz = 1 MHz 1,000,000,000
AM VERSUS FM TELEVISION SIGNALS
AM VERSUS FM TELEVISION SIGNALS FREQUENCY MODULATION FOR AMATEUR TELEVISION Many amateur television enthusiasts are experiencing new and satisfying results using frequency modulated television systems.
Digital vs. Analog Transmission
Digital vs. Analog Transmission Two forms of transmission: digital transmission: data transmission using square waves analog transmission: data transmission using all other waves Four possibilities to
Whitepaper 4 Level FSK/FDMA 6.25 khz Technology
Whitepaper 4 Level FSK/FDMA 6.25 khz Technology DISCLAIMER This document has been prepared by the dpmr MoU Association as a reference document about dpmr. The information in this document has been carefully
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF NGINRING SCINC SIMON FRASR UNIVRSITY NSC 37 Communiation Systems Lab # Amplitude Modulation Report Due Date: Wed., Ot 19, 011, 4:00pm Please submit to the drop box outside the NSC Offie 1. OBJCTIVS
ADC Familiarization. Dmitry Teytelman and Dan Van Winkle. Student name:
Dmitry Teytelman and Dan Van Winkle Student name: RF and Digital Signal Processing US Particle Accelerator School 15 19 June, 2009 June 16, 2009 Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Exercises 2 2.1 Measuring 48