Cement industry data A B C D E F G H I J K L M N. Cement production & emissions data

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1 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N Cement Production Richard Heede Climate Mitigation Services File started: December 00 Last modified: July 0 Cement production, general data Cement production & emissions data yellow column indicates original reported units Year Cement Prod Energy Use CO emissions Clinker ratio Million tons/yr Annual production Million tonnes/yr Table WBCSD Cement Industry stats for 00 Number of installations Number % Clinker production Mtonne of clinker % Cementitious product productio Mtonne cementitious prod % Gross CO Mtonne CO % Net CO Mtonne CO 0 % Gross CO per tonne of clinker kg CO/tonne of clinker -.0% Net CO per tonne of clinker kg CO/tonne of clinker -.0% Gross CO per tonne cementitio kg CO/tonne cementitio -0.% World Production and Capacity: Net CO per tonne cementitiouskg CO/tonne cementitio -.0% Cement production Clinker substitution Clinker to cement ratio -.0% Thermal energy efficiency MJ/tonne clinker,0 -% USGS United States (includes Puerto Rico),0,00 Electric energy efficiency kwh/tonne cement -.% Brazil,0 0,000 WBCSD, Cement Sustainability Initiative (00) Cement Industry Energy and CO Performance Getting the Numbers Right, pp., wwwchina,00,000,00,000 Egypt,000,000 Process emissions (calcination): kg CO/tonne of clinker 0 Percent process of gross, by year France,000,000 Gross emissions 0 kg CO/tonne of clinker.% Germany,00,000 Gross emissions 000 kg CO/tonne of clinker.% India,000,000 Gross emissions 00 kg CO/tonne of clinker.% Indonesia,000,000,000,000 Gross emissions 00 kg CO/tonne of clinker.% Iran,000,000 Thermal & elec. emissions 00 kg CO/tonne of clinker Gross CO emissions: All direct (excl on-site elec gen & biomass) Italy,00,000 Percent process of gross emissions.% Net CO emissions: Gross minus alt fuel emissions Japan,00,000 Korea, Republic of,000,000 Mexico 0,0,000 Russia,0,000 Saudi Arabia,00,000 Spain e,000,000 Thailand,00 0,000 Turkey,0,000 Vietnam,000,000 Other countries (rounded),000 0,000 World total (rounded),,000,0,000 (Data in thousand metric tons unless otherwise noted) Hendrik G. van Oss, --, hvanoss@usgs.gov U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries January_0.pdf?MOD=AJPERES Cementos Argos (Colombia), Jan0 0. million tonne capacity (Colombia, USA, Panama, Venezuela, Haiti, Dominican Rep); nat gas, coal, hydro World 000 million tonnes/yr 00, 00, 00,00 00,0 00, 00,0 00, Lafarge CSR 00, page., 00,0 00,00 Total

2 O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB AC Table if 00 world production times 0.0 t CO per tonne (WBCSD), then: World cement production & emissions Cement CO & carbon emissions World Prodn CMS method CMS method CDIAC CMS/CDIAC million tonnes Mt CO/yr Mt C/yr Mt C/yr % 0. tco per tonne cementitious % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Global CO emissions from fossil-fuel burning, cement production, and gas flaring for % CDIAC (), charts % % % % % % WBCSD Cement Sustainability Initiative (00) Cement Industry Energy and CO Performance Getting the Numbers Right, % World Business Council for Sustainable Development, pp., wbcsdcement.org; % Page 0: % () about % of gross CO emissions originate fom limestone decomposition % () 0% are fuel emissions where, apart from energy efficiency, the fuel composition plays a role % In Figure.: Gross CO emissions per tonne of clinker, 00: GNR global average kg CO per tonne of clinker % % % % Table WBCSD GNR participants data Estimated % Thermal efficiency Net emission rate Gross emission rate Production Net emissions calcining emissions, % Year MJ/tonne clinker kg CO/tonne kg CO/tonne Mt cementitious Mt CO percent of net, % kg COe per tonne cementitious product 0 kg CO/t, % (column X ) (0/column X ), % (net emission rate), % 0, 00.%, % interpolated.0%, % interpolated.%, % 0 interpolated.%, % interpolated.%, % interpolated.%, % interpolated.%, % interpolated.%, % interpolated.%, % interpolated.%, % 000,.%, % 00 interpolated.%, % 00 interpolated.%,00.0, % 00 interpolated.%,0.0, % 00 0 interpolated.%,.0, % 00,0 0.%,0.0, % 00,0.%,0.0, % 00,0 0.%,.0, % 00,0.%,0.0,... 0% 00,0 0.0%,00.0,... 0% 00,0.% Linked to Cement Process Emissions,0,0,, 0.0%

3 AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO AP AQ WBCSD Sustainable Cement Initiative, GNR Indicator WBCSD Sustainable Cement Initiative, GNR Indicator WBCSD Sustainable Cement Initiative, GNR Indicator WBCSD Sustainable Cement Initiative, GNR Indicator Note: 00 revised data shown (00 data, used in our analysis, shown underneath) CDIAC () Estimates of Global, Regional, and National Annual CO Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Hydraulic Cement Production, and Gas Flaring: -, by T. A.. Boden, G. Marland, & R. J. Andres. cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp00/ndp00.htm#coman. CO Emissions from Cement Manufacturing Because cement manufacturing uses essentially 00% of the calcium oxide obtained from burning the calcium carbonate during calcination, the amount of calcium oxide content in the finished cement is a good measure of the amount of CO released during production (Griffin ). To determine the amount of CO released from cement manufacturing, one needs to know how much cement was manufactured, the average calcium oxide content per unit of cement, and a factor to convert the calcium oxide content into carbon dioxide equivalents. Cement production data published by the U.S. Bureau of Mines are currently reported in thousand short tons, but before the data were reported in barrels. To ensure consistent units throughout the - record, two equations were used to convert cement production estimates to units of metric tons. Cement production before was calculated by usi cement production (in metric tons) = 0. * quantity of cement produced (in barrels), () where 0. is the metric-ton equivalent for a barrel. After, net cement production was calculated by using cement production (in metric tons) = 0.0 * quantity of cement produced (in short tons), () where 0.0 is the metric-ton equivalent for a short ton. The amount of CO produced from cement production was calculated by using CO production (in metric tons of C) = 0. metric tons of C per metric ton cement? quantity of cement produced (metric tons) () This conversion factor was obtained by dividing the molar mass of carbon by the molar mass of calcium oxide and multiplying this quotient by the average fraction of calcium oxide contained in cement: (.0 g C/mole CaCO.0 g CaO /mole CaCO) * 0. g CaO /g cement = 0. g C /g cement () The consensus that.% of the typical cement in the world is composed of calcium oxide is based on the opinions of experts consulted in the field, as well as inspection of composition data by type and country (Griffin ).

4 AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD BE WBCSD Sustainable Cement Initiative, GNR Indicator WBCSD Sustainable Cement Initiative, GNR Indicator ng WBCSD Sustainable Cement Initiative, GNR Indicator IPCC Second Assessment Report, Industry, chapter 0, quotes Griffin (): calcination releases ~0. t CO per tonne of cement (% of. tco total). WBCSD cement industry CO protocol recommends a default factor of tco per tonne of clinker Note: see Table for calculation of net calcining emissions as a percentage of net emissions per tonne cementitious product

5 BF BG BH BI BJ BK BL BM BN BO BP BQ BR IPCC (Revised IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Reference Manual, Volume, Industrial Processes, Section.: Cement Production, Hanle, Lisa, Kamala R. Jayaraman, & Joshua S. Smith (00) CO Emissions Profile of the U.S. Cement Industry, th International Emission Inventory Conference Working for Clean Air, Clearwater, FL, pp. EPA (0) Draft Inventory, page -.

6 Cell: I Chiefly World Business Council for Sustainable Development data from WBCSD s Cement Sustainability Initiative (00) Cement Industry Energy and CO Performance: Getting the Numbers Right, wbcsdcement.org, pp. Also CDIAC cement emissions estimation protocol (page ). Cell: K Emissions from cement fabrication are of two main types: Calcining process of calcium carbonate into clinker liberates carbon dioxide, and emissions from the energy used in the manufacturing process. Typically not included in the emissions estimates are transportation energy, the burning of wastes, or plant construction. Cell: E The industry calcination factor ranges from to 00 kg CO per tonne of clinker (net), but of course varies from company to company, and will tend to decrease over time as process efficiencies improve. WBCSD (00) Toward a Sustainable Cement Industry: Key Performance Indicators, by Joseph Fiksel, Battelle, for WBCSD. Each tonne of Ordinary Portland Cement generates ~00 kg of net CO emissions... and consumes roughly,000 MJ of total electrical and thermal energy, p.. Cell: H Most cement companies will aggregate emissions from energy use with emissions from cement fabrication. This column is provided for companies that provide both data. Cell: K Average CO emissions intensity have declined. percent from 0 to from net kg CO per tonne of cementitious product in 0 to kg CO/t in 00, according to WBCSD data.** This project estimates process emissions from calcining limestone and thus excludes emissions from fuel and electricity inputs inputs to cement manufacturing. The emission rates and net total company emissions both include process and energy-related emission; a subsequent worksheet (Sum) estimates process emions of CO. ** World Business Council for Sustainable Development Cement Sustainability Initiative (00) Cement Industry Energy and CO Performance: Getting the Numbers Right, wbcsdcement.org, pp. See GNR Indicator, reproduced at the Cement industry data worksheet in this portfolio. Cell: P USGS Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States By Thomas D. Kelly and Grecia R. Matos Cell: R CMS adopts the IPCC Guideline factor of EF clinker = 0. * 0. = 0. tco per tonne of clinker produced. (Average clinker lime percentage of. percent; molecular weight ratio of CO/CaO =. percent.) Cell: AB This column calculates a time series of calcining emissions as a percent of gross emissions reported by WBCSD Cement Sustainability Initiative members, which are globally reported for 0, 000, and This series is linked to the worksheet summarizing estimated calcining process emissions from data on cement production (fuel emissions + process emissions). Cell: AB Based on WBCSD Cement Sustainability Initiative protocol (0) default factor of tco/tonne clinker (see details below) times an industry average of approximately percent clinker in cementitious product (due to substitute and additional materials such as gypsum, fly ash, etc), CMS estimates 0 tco per tonne of cementitious product is attributable to the calcining process (CaCO ---> CaO + CO) ( * 0. = 0). Cement Sustainability Initiative (0) CO and Energy Accounting and Reporting Standard for the Cement Industry, pp. Page : In the absence of better data, a default of kg CO/t clinker shall be used (Simple output method B). This value is comparable to the IPCC default (0 kg CO/t) corrected for typical MgO contents in clinker. Appendix : Details on Calcination CO Reporting of CO emissions from raw material calcination based on clinker output: Summary of IPCC and CSI Recommendations and Default Emission Factor for Clinker IPCC (00) recommends calculating calcination CO based on the CaO content of the clinker produced (0. t CO/t CaO, multiplied with the CaO content in clinker). A default CaO content in clinker of % is recommended, corresponding to 0 kg CO/t clinker. Cell: M USGS Minerals Yearbook 00, Table : Hydraulic Cement: World Production by Country 00-00, at: Cell: M World cement production in 00 (estimated):,00 thousand tonnes, Hendrik van Oss, USGS. Cell: AT CO is emitted during cement production in two ways. Approximately 0. t of CO is produced per ton of cement from combustion of fossil fuels to operate the rotary kiln. The second source is calcination, in which calcium carbonate (CaCO) from limestone, chalk, or other calcium-rich materi- als is heated in kilns to form lime (CaO) by driving off CO. This process produces about 0. t of CO per ton of cement. Thus, combining these two sources, for every ton of cement produced,. t of CO is released into the atmosphere of which % comes from energy inputs and 0% from calcination (Griffin, ). Worldwide, cement production accounted for approximately Mt of C emissions in, or about.% of total global carbon from oxidation of fossil fuels. The United States annually produces about. Mt C from cement production, or % of global cement-production carbon (CDIAC, ). Griffin, R.C., : CO release from cement production, -. In: Estimates of CO Emissions from Fossil Fuel Burning and Cement Manufacturing, Based on the United Nations Energy Statistics and the U.S. Bureau of Mines Cement Manufacturing Data [Marland, G., T.A. Boden, R.C. Griffin, S.F. Huang, P. Karciruk, and T.R. Nelson (eds.)]. Report No. ORNŁCDIAC-, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, pp. -0. CDIAC elaborates: (.0 g C/mole CaCO.0 g CaØmole CaCO) * 0. g CaØg cement = 0. g C/g cement. CMS: 0. gc per g cement *. = 0. gco per g. Cell: AT Cement Sustainability Initiative (0) CO and Energy Accounting and Reporting Standard for the Cement Industry, pp. Page : In the absence of better data, a default of kg CO/t clinker shall be used. This value is comparable to the IPCC default (0 kg CO/t) corrected for typical MgO contents in clinker. In Appendix, Details on Calcination CO: Reporting of CO emissions from raw material calcination based on clinker output: Summary of IPCC & CSI Recommendations and Default Emission Factor for Clinker IPCC (00) recommends calculating calcination CO based on the CaO content of the clinker produced (0. t CO/t CaO, multiplied with the CaO content in clinker). A default CaO content in clinker of % is recommended, corresponding to 0 kg CO/t clinker.