CHAPTER - IV INDIA S GEMS AND JEWELLERY EXPORT EXPERIENCE WITH ITS TRADE PARTNERS

Transcription

1 66 CHAPTER - IV INDIA S GEMS AND JEWELLERY EXPORT EXPERIENCE WITH ITS TRADE PARTNERS The gems and jewellery industry has a global significance and enjoys a major industry status since the colonial period. India has achieved remarkable progress in the world of gems and jewellery over the last few decades, but it has not been smooth sailing all along. Whatever success India claimed so far, has been achieved by the hard and devoted work of its artisans, expertise of its designers and the business acumen of its entrepreneurs. During the past, the country had to face a lot of difficulties and adverse situations in economic sector but it went to the credit of India s gems and jewellery sector that it never looked back. India exports gems and jewellery to nearly160 countries. Among the first ten buyers of India s gems and jewellery the US mostly remained at the top. Other major buyers are Belgium, Hong Kong, Japan, Switzerland, Netherland, the U.K., France, Singapore and Germany. India has also succeeded in reaching some new markets like Turkey, Trinidad, Korea, Cyprus, Finland, Taiwan, Lebanon, Spain, Israel, Sweden and Denmark etc. The ten main overseas market taken together, account for more than 90 per cent exports of the gems and jewellery by India. Gems and jewellery exports of India contribute nearly 20 per cent to country s total foreign exchange earnings. There is no doubt that during the period from to Indian gems and jewellery exports displayed an appreciable increase. The most noticeable feature is that during the prescribed study period India s gems and jewellery exports increased at a compound rate of per cent while Indian total exports registered a growth rate of per cent over the same period. However, growth itself is not a virtue, for there remains scope for immense improvement. The growth phenomenon has been accompanied by a high degree of instability caused to a great extent by high degree of product and

2 market concentration. In this chapter, the study make an attempt to analyze country-wise as well as product-wise growth trend of gems and jewellery products exports, measurement of associated instability and market concentration. Effects of present reform process on exports of gems and jewellery exports have also been analyzed. In order to measure market concentration, six indices have been used. These are: (i) Index of Maximum Proportion (D 1 ); (ii) Hirschman Herfindhal Index (D 2 ); (iii) Entropy Index (D 3 ); (iv) Concentration Ratio of Four Major Countries CR 4 (D 4 ); (v) Concentration Ratio of Eight Major Countries CR 8 (D 5 ); (vi) Concentration Ratio of Sixteen Major Countries CR 16 (D 6 ). To fulfill the objectives of the study, the relevant data on India s exports of gems and jewellery products have been collected from the authenticated sources (given in the chapter-i) The data have been used to calculate the growth rates of the major importing countries from the year to which depicts the comparative analysis of exports to these countries. Further, the importing countries have been categorized into following three categories: Category-I includes countries having greater than 40 per cent growth rates (High Potential); Category-II includes countries having between 10 per cent and 40 per cent growth rates (Middle Potential) and Category-III includes countries having below 10 per cent growth rates (Low Potential). The use of the ranks has also been made in identifying the status of a country within a category that again clearly states the comparative analysis of India s gems and jewellery exports to these countries. In addition, descriptive statistics of gems and jewellery products exports during the study period have also been discussed. For example, coefficients of variations, which are considered as a relative measure of inequality in the gems and jewellery products exports from India show instability in the exports during the study period. 67

3 ANALYTICAL FINDINGS Figure-4.1 represents the country concentration indices of the exports of cut and polished diamonds among the fifty major importing countries during the period to The indicators below the figure denoted by D 1, D 2, D 3, D 4, D 5 and D 6 show Index of Maximum Proportion, Hirschman Herfindhal Index, Entropy Index, the Concentration ratio of four major importing countries, eight major importing countries and sixteen major importing countries, respectively. The figure shows the value of six different measures of concentration of cut and polished diamonds exports. These measures of concentration viz., Index of Maximum Proportion (D 1 ) ranges from to , Hirschman Herfindhal Index (D 2 ) ranges from to , Entropy Index (D 3 ) ranges from to , concentration ratio of four major importing countries CR 4 (D 4 ) ranges from to , concentration ratio of eight major importing countries CR 8 (D 5 ) ranges from to and concentration ratio of sixteen major importing countries CR 16 (D 6 ) ranges from to Here, the Hirschman Herfindhal Index (D 2 ) indicates the presence of diversification (Low Concentration) of cut and polished diamonds among the various importing countries. The Index D 3 depicts the entropy index of cut and polished diamonds exports over the study period. The higher value of the entropy index indicates valuable information about the concentration of importing countries. Concentration index D 6 represents that it has been almost constant for Germany, the UAE, the UK, France, Australia, Canada, Italy, Japan, Israel, the USA, Hong Kong, Belgium, Thailand, Singapore, Switzerland and Malaysia over the study period except in years and In these years it has been showing decreasing trend. Table-4.1 exhibits the country wise growth rate for the exports of Indian cut and polished diamonds to the fifty major importing countries during the period to Further, the importing countries have been categorized into the following three categories: Category-I includes countries 68

4 69 Figure 4.1 Country Concentration Indices of Cut and Polished Diamonds during the Period to Index Values D D D D D D Year Source: Calculated on the basis of data given in Appendix-I

5 having greater than 40 per cent growth rates, Category-II includes countries having between 10 per cent and 40 per cent growth rates and Category-III includes countries having below 10 per cent growth rates. Such type of Table 4.1 Country-wise Growth Rates of Gems and Jewellery Products of Exports (Cut and Polished Diamonds) during the Period from to (Values in Rs. Lacs) Category Country CAGR t-value R 2 F-value Ranks China P RP * Turkey * Honduras ** U A E * South Africa * Chile Poland ** Malaysia * Korea RP * Italy ** Australia * Israel * Singapore * Lebanon * Greece ** Hong Kong * New Zealand * Finland ** Thailand * Belgium * U K * Canada * U S A * High Potential Category Middle Potential Category 70

6 71 Taiwan Ukrain Switzerland France ** Germany * Spain Indonesia Japan Ireland Sri Lanka Bahrain Is Netherland Brazil Russia Kuwait Denmark Austria Mauritius Norway Qatar Bangladesh Portugal Saudi Arab Oman Sweden Cyprus Maxico Source: Calculated on the basis of data collected from Export Import Data Bank, Director General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics, Ministry of Commerce, Government of India, Kolkata, Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council (GJEPC), Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India, New Delhi. Note * The coefficients are significant at α = ** The coefficients are significant at α = Low Potential Category

7 classification may be valuable in identifying the high, middle and low potential countries for the purpose of exports of the gems and jewellery products. On the basis of the ranks given for the growth rates, one can conclude that the first five countries like China P RP (97.80), Turkey (67.86), Honduras (46.77), the UAE (45.74) and South Africa (40.46) come in the high potential category, which shows the appreciable progress of India in the exports of cut and polished diamonds among these countries. In addition, next thirteen countries fall in the middle potential category and rest of the countries are of the low potential category. Obviously, the t-values of growth rates, it is found that some of countries are having its positive values while others having as negative values. The Table clearly displays that the most of growth rates are statistically significant at one per cent (α = 0.01) level of significance. However, the growth rates of Japan, Ireland, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Russia, Kuwait, Denmark and Norway etc. have been negative and statistically insignificant and all these values are confirmed by t-value, coefficient of determination R 2 and ANOVA (F-value). The coefficient of variations for the exports of cut and polished diamonds to various countries during the period from to are displayed in the Table 4.2. The column III of the Table shows the mean values of the total exports for the study period. Similarly, column IV depicts standard deviation of the year-wise exports to various countries, which highlights the dispersion among the importing countries. The last column of the Table provides coefficients of variations, which is considered as relative measures of inequality in cut and polished diamonds exports of India. The mean value of year-wise exports of cut and polished diamonds have increased from 2, to 1,69, which is almost fifty nine times increase from the year to Further, absolute dispersion measured by standard deviation has increased from 89, to 5,46, which is six folds increase in fourteen years ( to ) Likewise, the coefficients of variations during the study period have been of fluctuating nature. However, one may conclude that the stability over the study period in exports of cut and polished diamonds has improved. It is 72

8 Table 4.2 Descriptive Statistics of Exports of Cut and Polished Diamonds during the Period from to I II III IV (Values in Rs. Lacs) V Sr. No. Year Mean Standard Deviation Coefficient of Variations Source: Ibid., Table-4.1 because in the year , the figure was and in the year the figure increased to Obviously, it signifies the presence of diversification. Figure-4.2 represents the country concentration indices of the exports of gold jewellery among fifty major importing countries during the period to These measure concentration namely, Index of Maximum Proportion (D 1 ), Hirschman Herfindhal Index (D 2 ), Entropy Index (D 3 ), CR 4 (D 4 ), CR 8 (D 5 ) and CR 16 (D 6 ) ranges from value to , to , to , to , 73

9 74 Figure 4.2 Country Concentration Indices of Gold Jewellery during the Period to Index Values D D D D D D Year Source: Calculated on the basis of data given in Appendix-III

10 to and to , respectively. Further, index D 2 that has been almost stable in first four years, starts declining after the year and starts increasing again in , which is also displayed in the figure-4.2. The index D 3 that measures the information about the concentration of the group has been declining in first four years and of fluctuating nature during rest of the years. In addition, the concentration ratio CR 4 (D 4 ), CR 8 (D 5 ) and CR 16 (D 6 ) also indicate almost stable exports of gold jewellery for these countries in the International market. The country-wise growth rates for the exports of gold jewellery among the fifty major importing countries during the period to are shown in Table-4.3. A careful examination of the Table reveals that the first eight countries like China P RP, Poland, Hong Kong, France, Korea RP, Saudi Arab, Australia and South Africa come in the high potential category, which demonstrate an enormous potential market for the India s exports of gold jewellery. Further, twenty seven countries fall in the middle potential category and last fifteen counties come in the low potential category. It is clear from the Table that t-values of growth rates of Ireland, Nepal, Lebanon, Cyprus, Fiji Is, Taiwan and Kenya have been negative and statistically insignificant and all these values are confirmed by t-value and R 2. Table 4.3 Country-wise Growth Rates of Gems and Jewellery Products of Exports (Gold Jewellery) during the Period from to (Values in Rs. Lacs) Category Country CAGR t-value R 2 F-value Ranks High Potential Category China P RP * Poland * Hong Kong * France ** Korea RP Soudi Arab * Australia *

11 76 Middle Potential Category South Africa * Singapore * Spain * U.A.E * Italy * Qatar ** Canada * Indonesia Maxico Greece Bahrain Is Israel ** Austria ** Thailand * Finland Sri Lanka New Zealnd ** Germany ** Portugal Phillipines Belgium ** Norway ** Denmark Brazil Netherland Georgia Oman Kuwait U.K ** Malaysia Turkey

12 Low Potential Category Switzerland Mauritius Sweden Japan U.S.A Ireland Nepal Lebanon Cyprus Fiji Is Taiwan Kenya Source: Ibid., Table-4.1 Note * The coefficients are significant at α = ** The coefficients are significant at α = Table-4.4 demonstrates the descriptive statistics of the gold jewellery exports to various importing countries during the period from to The column III of the Table represents the mean values of exports of the study period. Further, column IV represents standard deviation of the exports to various importing countries for these years, which signifies the dispersion among the importing countries. The last column of the Table displays coefficients of variations, which is considered as relative measures of inequality in the exports of India s gold jewellery. The mean values of year-wise gold jewellery exports have increased from 16, to 55, which is three times increase from the year to Similarly, the absolute dispersion measured by standard deviation has increased from 72, to 2,23, which has almost four times increased over the study period. The coefficients of variations during the study period have been of fluctuating nature. The figure of coefficient of variations was in and in , the figure reduced , which means the reduction in the inequality of the exports of gold jewellery. It may be considered as a good sign for the Indian economy. 77

13 Table 4.4 Descriptive Statistics of Exports of Gold Jewellery during the Period from to I II III IV (Values in Rs. Lacs) V Sr No. Year Mean Standard Deviation Coefficients of Variation Source: Ibid., Table-4.1 Figure-4.3 exhibits the country concentration indices of the exports of coloured gemstones among the fifty major countries again during the period to In the figure, the different measures of concentration namely, Index of Maximum Proportion (D 1 ) Hirschman Herfindhal Index (D 2 ), Entropy Index (D 3 ), concentration ratio of four major importing countries CR 4 (D 4 ), concentration ratio of eight major importing countries CR 8 (D 5 ) and concentration ratio of sixteen major importing countries CR 16 (D 6 ) ranges from to , to , to , to , to and to , respectively. After analyzing the figure-4.3, it has been observed that the index D 2 displays the presence of diversification (Low Concentration) of coloured gemstones exports among the various importing countries. Further, index D 3 measures the information about the concentration of the group has been of fluctuating nature over the study period. The concentration ratio CR 4 (D 4 ) in the figure illustrates low concentration in the first four major importing countries of coloured gemstones. These countries are the USA, Hong Kong, Thailand and Japan. 78

14 79 Figure 4.3 Country Concentration Indices of Coloured Gemstones during the Period to Index Values D D D D D D Year Source: Calculated on the basis of data given in Appendix-V

15 Furthermore, the concentration ratio CR 8 (D 5 ) and CR 16 (D 6 ) Indicate high concentration for the exports of coloured gemstones in the first eight and then sixteen countries of the world. On the pattern of earlier Tables, Table-4.5 illustrates the country-wise growth rates of the exports of coloured gemstones to fifty major importing countries during the period to The Table represents that the Turkey (68.75), China P RP (45.40), Indonesia (42.77), and Lebanon (40.25) are falling in the first high potential category. Therefore, growth rate of the above countries signifies a lucrative market for the Indian coloured gemstones. Further, the next twenty-one countries come in the second potential category, which indicates the increasing exports trend of coloured gemstones in this group. The category of low potential countries consists of Qatar, the UK, Hong Kong, Japan, Netherland, Germany, Australia, Oman, Canada, Spain, the USA, Finland, Greece, New Zealand, Egypt, Mauritius, Belgium, Switzerland, France, Norway, Cyprus, Sweden, Kenya, Phillipines and Austria. After examining the t-values, most of the growth rates are statistically significant at one per cent (α = 0.01) level of significance. However, the growth rates of Egypt, Mauritius, Belgium, France, Norway, Cyprus, Sweden, Kenya and Austria are negative and statistically insignificant. All these values are confirmed by the t-values and R 2. Table 4.5 Country-wise Growth Rates of Gems and Jewellery Products of Exports (Coloured Gemstones) during the Period from to (Values in Rs. Lacs) Category Country CAGR t-value R 2 F-value Ranks High Potential Category Turkey * China P RP * Indonesia * Lebanon * Czech Republic * Nepal *

16 81 Middle Potential Category Poland * Maxico * Ireland ** South Africa * U.A.E * Korea RP * Kuwait ** Denmark * Taiwan * Portugal ** Singapore * Sri Lanka * Malaysia Israel * Saudi Arab Thailand * Brazil Bahrain Is ** Italy * Qatar U. K * Hong Kong * Japan ** Netherland Germany * Australia ** Oman Canada Spain U.S. A ** Finland

17 Greece New Zealand Egypt Mauritius Belgium Switzerland France Norway Cyprus Sweden Kenya Phillipines Austria Source: Ibid., Table-4.1 Note * The coefficients are significant at α = ** The coefficients are significant at α = The coefficient of variations for the exports of coloured gemstones to various countries during the period from to are displayed in the Table 4.6. The column III of the table demonstrates the mean values of exports for respective years. Similarly, column IV illustrates standard deviations of the exports of coloured gemstones to various importing countries for respective years, which shows the dispersion among the importing countries. The last column of the table shows coefficients of variations that are reflected as relative measures of inequality in the exports of India s coloured gemstones. The mean value of year-wise coloured gemstones exports has increased from 1, to 3, which is almost four times increase from the year to Further, the absolute dispersion measured by standard deviation has increased from to which is almost three times increase over the study period. The coefficients of variations in these years have been of fluctuating nature. However, one may conclude that the stability over the study period in the exports of coloured gemstones has to some degree, improved. It is because in the year the figure of coefficient of variations was and in 82

18 the year the figure reduced to It means the reduction in the inequality at the exports of coloured gemstones improved the stability of the gems and jewellery exports of the country. Table 4.6 Descriptive Statistics of Exports of Coloured Gemstones during the Period from to I II III IV (Values in Rs. Lacs) V Sr. No. Year Mean Standard Coefficient of Deviation Variations Source: Ibid., Table-4.1 Figure-4.4 represents the country concentration indices of the exports of non-gold jewellery among the fifty importing countries during the period to The figure shows the values of six different measures of concentration viz., Index of Maximum Proportion (D 1 ) ranges from to , Hirschman Herfindhal Index (D 2 ) ranges from to , Entropy Index (D 3 ) concentration ratio of four major importing 83

19 84 Figure 4.4 Country Concentration Indices of Non-Gold Jewellery during the Period to Index Values D D D D D D Year Source: Calculated on the basis of data given in Appendix-VII

20 countries CR 4 (D 4 ) ranges from to , concentration ratio of eight major importing countries CR 5 (D 5 ) ranges from to and concentration ratio of sixteen major importing countries CR 16 (D 6 ) ranges from to Subsequently, index D 2 shows the low concentration of non-gold jewellery among the various importing countries of the world. Further, index D 3 depicts the higher values of the entropy index that indicates high concentration of India s non-gold jewellery exports in the year Apparently, It is clear from the figure that the concentration measure CR 16 (D 6 ) shows high concentration figures in comparison to CR 4 (D 4 ) and CR 8 (D 5 ) index. Table-4.7 explores the growth rates of the exports of Indian non-gold jewellery to the fifty major importing countries for the period to A close study leads us to believe that the growth rates of China P RP (65.61), Poland (53.32), Thailand (45.79), Bahrain Is (43.64), Mauritius (43.23), Finland (42.45), Lebanon (40.33) are falling in the high potential category. Thus, it shows the high demand for India s gold jewellery exports to above these countries. Further, next thirty three importing countries come in the middle potential category. In addition, growth rates of Argentina, Oman, Indonesia, Cyprus, Greece, Taiwan, Trinidad, Czech Republic, Austria and Kuwait come in the low potential category. From the Table it is clear that some of countries are having their positive values while others having as negative t-values. After examining the t-values, most of the growth rates are statistically significant at one per cent (α = 0.01) level of significance. Similarly, the growth rates for Japan, Croatia, Chile, Saudi Arab, Slovenia, Italy and Oman have been positive and significant at ten per cent (α = 0.10) level of significance. However, the growth rates of some countries have been negative and statistically insignificant and all these values are confirmed by t-value, ANOVA (F-value) and R 2. Subsequently, such kind of analytical study for an exporting product is very valuable for knowing the potential of commodity and for taking appropriate decisions. 85

21 Table 4.7 Country-wise Growth Rates of Gems and Jewellery Products of Exports (Non-Gold Jewellery) during the Period from to (Values in Rs. Lacs) Category Country CAGR t-value R 2 F-value Ranks High Potential Category Middle Potential Category China P RP * Poland * Thailand * Bahrain Is * Mauritius * Finland * Lebanon * South Africa * Portugal * Turkey * Australia * Hong Kong * Croatia ** Sweden * Japan ** Israel * U.A.E * Germany * Ireland * Canada * Netherland * U.S.A * Malaysia * Chile ** U.K * Saudi Arab ** Switzerland *

22 Low Potential category Belgium * New Zealand * Slovenia ** Singapore * Fiji Is France * Korea RP Brazil Denmark * Hungary Spain * Norway Italy ** Argentina Oman ** Indonesia Cyprus Greece Taiwan Trinyded Czech Republic Austria Kuwait Source: Ibid., Table-4.1 Note * The coefficients are significant at α = ** The coefficients are significant at α = Table 4.8 demonstrates the descriptive statistics of non-gold jewellery exports to importing countries during the period to The mean values of exports for the study period have been displayed in column III. Likewise, standard deviations of the exports to various countries for the period have been depicted in the column IV. The last column of the Table provides coefficients of variations. Year-wise mean values of non-gold 87

23 jewellery has increased from to 2, which is twenty four times increase from the year to Similarly, the absolute dispersion measured by standard deviation has increased from to 6, , which is twenty one times increase from the year to Table 4.8 Descriptive Statistics of Exports of Non- Gold Jewellery during the Period from to (Values in Rs. Lacs) I II III IV V Sr. No. Year Mean Standard Deviation Coefficient of Variations Source: Ibid., Table-4.1 The coefficients of variations in these years have been of the fluctuating nature. The figure of coefficient of variations in the year was and in the year , the figure was , which means the reduction in inequality of the exports of non-gold jewellery. Obviously, it highlights that the stability over the study period in the exports of non-gold 88

24 89 Figure 4.5 Country Concentration Indices of Costume/Fashion Jewellery during the Period to Index Values D D D D D D Year Source: Calculated on the basis of data given in Appendix-IX

25 jewellery has improved. Figure-4.5 shows the value of six different measures of concentration of costume/fashion jewellery exports among the fifty major importing countries during the period to These measures of concentration viz., Index of Maximum Proportion (D 1 ) Herfindhal Index (D 2 ), Entropy Index (D 3 ), concentration ratio of four major importing countries CR 4 (D 4 ), concentration ratio of eight importing courtiers CR 8 (D 5 ), and concentration ratio of sixteen major imparting countries CR 16 (D 6 ) ranges from value to , to , to , to , to and to , respectively. Further, in the figure-4.4 index D 2 has been displaying fluctuating nature regarding concentration of the group except the year which is showing the highest value of index D 2. Index D 3 depicts also the fluctuating information about the concentration except the year which is revealing the lowest value of index D 3. From the figure, it is clear that the concentration measures CR 16 (D 6 ) gives high concentration figures in comparison to CR 4 (D 4 ) and CR 8 (D 5 ) index. Table-4.9 represents the country-wise growth rates of the exports of Indian costume/fashion jewellery to the fifty major importing countries during the period to It is clear from the Table that the growth rates of Turkey (82.35), Fiji Is (69.49), Portugal (50.77) and Thailand (41.08) are falling in the high potential category which indicates an increasing trend of the exports of costume/fashion jewellery in the above importing centuries. Undoubtedly, there is an great potential for exports of costume/fashion jewellery in the markets of the above mentioned countries Further, thirty five countries come in the middle potential category and the last eleven countries are falling in the low potential category. It is clear from the Table that the most of the growth rates are statistically significant at one per cent (α = 0.01) level of significance. Similarly, the growth rates for the UAE, Sweden and Kuwait have been positive and significant at ten per cent (α = 0.10) level of significance. However, the t-values of growth rates of 90

26 Table 4.9 Country-wise Growth Rates of Gems and Jewellery Products of Exports (Costume/Fashion Jewellery) during the Period from to (Values in Rs. Lacs) Category Country CAGR t-value R 2 F-value Ranks High Potential Category Middle Potential Category Turkey * Fiji Is * Portugal * Thailand * Spain * UAE ** Greece * Egypt * Sri Lanka * UK * Denmark * Australia * Finland * Senegal * Poland * France * Ghana * South Africa * Austria * Germany Netherland * Nigeria * Sudan * Israel * Canada * Italy *

27 Afghanistan * New Zeland * Switzerland * Malaysia * Norway * Mauritius * USA * Balgium * Swedan ** Ymen Republic * Japan * Qatar ** Tanzania * Kuwait ** Baharain Is Oman Kenya * Singapore Saudi Arab * Hong Kong Jordan Ethiopia Bangladesh Russia Source: Ibid., Table-4.1 Note * The coefficients are significant at α = ** The coefficients are significant at α = Low Potential Category Ethiopia, Bangladesh and Russia have been negative and statistically insignificant and all these values are confirmed by t-value and R 2. Table-4.10 represents descriptive statistics of the costume/fashion jewellery exports to various importing countries during the period from to The column III of the table displays the mean values of 92

28 costume/fashion jewellery exports for the study period. Similarly, column IV depicts standard deviations of the year-wise exports to various importing countries. The last column of the Table provides coefficient of variations which is considered as relative measures of inequality in gems and jewellery Table 4.10 Descriptive Statistics of Exports of Costume/Fashion Jewellery during the Period from to (Values in Rs. Lacs) I II III IV V Sr. No. Year Mean Standard Deviation Coefficient of Variations Source: Ibid., Table-4.1 exports of India. The mean value of year-wise exports of costume/fashion jewellery has increased from to 1, which is twelve times increased from the year to Further, absolute dispersion measured by standard deviation has increased from to 3, which is almost thirteen times increased in fourteen years ( to

29 10). Likewise, the coefficients of variations during the study period have been of fluctuating nature. However, one may conclude that the stability during to in the exports of costume/fashion jewellery improved. It is because in the year , the figure was and in the year the figure increased to Obviously, it indicates the presence of diversification of the costume/fashion jewellery exports to various countries of the world. Figure-4.6 exhibits the country concentration indices of the exports of other gems and jewellery products among the fifty major importing countries for the period to The measures of concentration specifically Index of Maximum Proportion (D 1 ) ), Hirschman Herfindhal Index (D 2 ), Entropy Index (D 3 ), CR 4 (D 4 ), CR 8 (D 5 ) and CR 16 (D 6 ) ranges from to , to , to , to , to and to , respectively. Index D 2 has been showing mixed nature regarding the concentration of the other gems and jewellery products. Similarly, index D 3 displays the fluctuating information about the concentration over the study period. Further, the concentration index D 4 of this group reveals that it has been almost of constant nature for the countries South Africa, the UAE, the USA and Hong Kong. Likewise, D 5 has been displaying the stable nature except the year In addition, D 6 has also been showing the stable nature for the countries like the USA, Japan, the UAE, Hong Kong, Switzerland, Finland, Thailand, Germany, Bahrain Is, the UK, France, Singapore, Taiwan, Saudi Arab, Italy and Belgium. On the pattern of earlier Tables, Table-4.11 shows the country-wise growth rates of other gems and jewellery products to fifty major importing countries during the period to The Table displays that the first two countries are falling in the high potential category. Similarly, the next eighteen countries namely, China P RP, Israel, South Africa, Austria, Italy, Armenia, Canada, Indonesia, Belgium, Korea RP, Sweden, Bhamas, Norway, Finland, Hong Kong, Korea DP RP, Greece and Qatar fall in the middle potential category, which indicates the increasing trend of exports of 94

30 Figure 4.6 Country Concentration Indices of Other Gems and Jewellery Products during the Period to Index Values D D D D D D Year Source: Calculated on the basis of data given in Appendix-XI

31 Table 4.11 Country-wise Growth Rates of Gems and Jewellery Products of Exports (Other Gems and Jewellery Products) during the Period from to (Values in Rs. Lacs) Category Country CAGR t-value R 2 F-value Ranks High Potential Category Middle Potential Category Lebanon * Brazil * China P RP * Israel * South Africa Austria Italy ** Armenia Canada ** Indonesia ** Belgium Korea RP ** Sweden ** Bhamas Norway Finland Hong Kong ** Korea DP RP Greece Qatar U A E Sri Lanka Spain Singapore Switzerland Chile Cyprus

32 97 Russia Oman Mauritius New Zealand U S A U K Portugal France Australia Germany Thailand Ireland Japan Denmark Nigeria Malaysia Kenya Soudi Arab Bahrain Is Netherland Czech Republic Taiwan Kuwait Source: Ibid., Table-4.1 Note * The coefficients are significant at α = ** The coefficients are significant at α = Low Potential Category other gems and jewellery products for these countries. However, the rest of the countries are falling in the third low potential category. After examining t-values, the growth rates values for Lebanon, Brazil, China P RP and Israel are positive and statistically significant at one per cent (α =0.01) level of significance. However, Germany, Thailand, Ireland, Japan, Denmark, Saudi

33 Arab, Nigeria, Malaysia, Kenya, Taiwan and Kuwait are negative and statistically insignificant. All these results are based on t-test. Table-4.12 demonstrates the descriptive statistics of the other gems and jewellery products exports to various importing countries for the period to The column III of the Table shows the mean values of exports for the period. Likewise, column IV depicts standard deviations of the exports to various importing countries for the study period. The last column of the Table gives coefficients of variations. The mean value of exports of other gems and jewellery products has increased from to , which is four folds increase from the year to Table 4.12 Descriptive Statistics of Exports of Other Gems and Jewellery Products during the Period from to (Values in Rs. Lacs) I II III IV V Sr. No. Year Mean Standard Deviation Coefficient of Variations Source: Ibid., Table