MICROBIOLOGY AND MEDICINE

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1 Institute for Microbiology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and St. Anna Faculty Hospital in Brno Miroslav Votava MICROBIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Lecture for 2nd-year students February 19th, 2007

2 What is the Medical Microbiology? Medical microbiology = complex of sciences about microorganisms (microbes( microbes) that are of significance in medicine Therefore, medical microbiology deals with: a) microbes called pathogenic which cause diseases of man or animals b) microbes which form so called normal microflora of human beings and animals c) mutual relationships between microbes and their host d) relations between the microbes and the environment

3 Different kinds of microbiology Actually, there are two kinds of medical microbiology: human and veterinary one But most often medical microbiology is considered as a science about microbes important for human medicine only A part of medical microbiology which deals with the etiology, pathogenesis and diagnostics of diseases caused by microbes is called clinical microbiology Besides medical microbiology, there are: Sanitary microbiology Environmental microbiology (of soil, water, plants etc.) Food microbiology Other kinds of industrial microbiology

4 Division of microbiology bacteria bacteriology micromycetes (moulds & yeasts) mycology (algae) parasites protozoa helminths arthropods viruses (algology) parasitology protozoology helminthology entomology virology general microbiology special microbiology

5 What should we know about the microbe X? I 1. Classification, morphology, structure Is it a bacterium, a yeast, or a protozoon? Bacterium: is it G+, G-, G, or does it stain differently? Is it a coccus, rod, filament, spiral? How are they arranged? In pairs, chains, clumps, palisades? Do they produce spores, capsules, granules? 2. Physiology, biochemistry, genetics, tenacity Is it an anaerobe? Has it got any important biochemical property? Is it interesting from the point of genetics? Is it tenacious, or delicate?

6 What should we know about the microbe X? II 3. Antigenic structure Does the microbe exist in one or several antigenic types? 4. Pathogenicity Which disease or syndromes does it cause? What are their Latin names? 5. Pathogenesis What is the port of entry, dissemination through the body, excretion from it? How do the symptoms develop? What are the main factors of pathogenicity? 6. Immunity Does it form at all? Transient, or lifelong? Humoral, or cellular one?

7 What should we know about the microbe X? III 7. Epidemiology Source of infection: man, animal, environment? Way of transmission? 8. Prevention or prophylaxis Do we vaccinate, or do we immunize passively? Type of vaccine: attenuated, inactivated, toxoid? 9. Therapy What is the drug of choice? If an antibiotic, which one?

8 What should we know about the microbe X? IV 10. Laboratory diagnostics Detection of the microbe direct or indirect one? If the direct one, what sample is taken from the patient? How is it examined? If by culture, is a special medium needed? How is the isolated strain identified? If the indirect one, is a special serologic reaction needed? What is considered to be the positive result?

9 Anniversaries 2007 I * Louis Pasteur Semmelweis: : prevention of puerperal sepsis Pasteur: microbes cause fermentation Pasteur: theory that microbes originate from inanimate matter refuted Lister: antisepsis in surgery introduced Koch: : discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Weichselbaum: Neisseria meningitidis Bruce: Brucella melitensis

10 Anniversaries 2007 II Ivanovskij: : viral origin of tobacco mosaic Duclaux: : term microbiology Löffler & Frosch: 1 st animal virus (FMDV) van Ermengen: Clostridium botulinum Ross: Anopheles mosquito and malaria Ogata: Xenopsylla cheopis flea & plague Ross: Nobel Prize for work on malaria Pirquet: tuberculine reaction Prowazek: viruses of insects Laveran: Nobel Prize for work on protozoa

11 Anniversaries 2007 III d Hérelle: bacteriophages Fleming: lysozyme in tears von Jauregg: Nobel Prize for the therapy of progressive paralysis by malaria Domagk: 1 st sulphonamide drug Waksman: Nobel Prize for streptomycin Liu: Mycoplasma pneumoniae Isaacks: interferon Prusiner: Nobel Prize for prions

12 Anniversaries 2008 I Venice, 1 st hospital for infectious diseases Antony van Leeuwenhoek (microscope) * Robert Koch (agents of TBC and cholera) * Hans Christian Gram (Gram stain) * Émile Roux (diphtheria antitoxin) Fehleisen: streptococci Shiga: shigellae Beijerinck: : term virus Metchnikoff & Roux: syphilis monkey Negri: Negri bodies in brain of rabid dogs Wright: opsonin (vital for phagocytosis) Mantoux: : skin (tuberculine( tuberculine) tests for TBC Ehrlich & Metchnikoff: Nobel Prize for works on immunity

13 Anniversaries 2008 II Prowazek & Rocha da Lima: rickettsiae Ramon: diphtheria anatoxin (toxoid) Fleming: penicillin Nicolle: Nobel Prize for typhus fever Smith, Andrewes & Laidlow: influenza virus isolated on ferrets Müller: Nobel Prize for discovery of DDT 1 st antibiotic synthesized (chloramphenicol( chloramphenicol) Rowe et al.: adenoviruses isolated Salk: inactivated poliovaccine Beadle et al.: Nobel Prize for bacterial genetics Blumberg: AuAg discovered (now HBsAg)

14 Recommended reading material Paul de Kruif: : Microbe Hunters