Maatschappelijke Innovatie

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1 Maatschappelijke Innovatie Lecture: Sociaal Ondernemerschap / Economisch perspectief Niels Bosma

2 Vandaag: accent op sociaal ondernemen Economisch perspectief Begripsbepaling Economische relevantie Positieve externaliteiten Individuele drijfveren en impact Typen sociale ondernmingen Instituties Social Entrepreneur: Paul Vermeer (AutiTalent)

externaliteiten Individuele drijfveren en impact Typen

3 Ondernemerschap & innovatie: entiteit & gedrag Innovation Zelfstandig ondernemerschap intrapreneurship Entrepreneurship 3

4 Sociaal ondernemerschap & sociale innovatie; beiden gericht op oplossen maatschappelijk probleem Social Innovation Zelfstandig ondernemerschap Social intrapreneurship Social Entrepreneurship 4

5 Belang van begripsbepaling voor theoretische ontwikkeling Bron: Christensen, C.M. & Sundahl, D.M. (2001). The process of building theory. Mimeo, Harvard Business School

6 Een definitie Social enterprises are, by definition, social in their ends and means: their primary objective is to achieve social impact rather than generate profits for owners and stakeholders

7 Meer definities Dees (1998) Social entrepreneurs play the role of change agents in the social sector, by: Adopting a mission to create and sustain social value (not just private value), Recognizing and relentlessly pursuing new opportunities to serve that mission, Engaging in a process of continuous innovation, adaptation, and learning, Acting boldly without being limited by resources currently in hand, and Exhibiting heightened accountability to the constituencies served and for the outcomes created. Santos (2012): Social entrepreneurs provide a distributed mechanism for society to identify neglected problems with positive externalities, develop innovative solutions to address them and, often, change institutional arrangements so that the externality becomes visible and is internalized by other social actors Newbert & Hill (2014): Social entrepreneurship is novel activity intended to generate producer surplus via the creation of positive externalities and/or the reduction of negative externalities

in hand, and Exhibiting heightened accountability to the constituencies served and for the outcomes created.

8 Nog meer definities. A social business is a company created with the sole purpose of solving a social problem in a financially self-sustainable way 8

9 En nog meer definities Business for social solutions & the concept of shared value: business as usual? s_can_be_good_at_solving_social_problems.html

10 Risico s van nonconforme begripsbepaling Onduidelijkheid onderwerp gekaapt door anderen zonder dat dit concrete oplossingen biedt Te breed diffuus begrip ( big tent )

11 A big tent?

12 Drie dimensies voor kleinere tenten 1. Social 2. Profit 3. Newness/Innovation Maatschappelijke innovatie Filantropie Cooperatieven Workplace integration Sociaal ondernemerschap?

Social Enterprise Social aims Charity Profit aim Cooperative

13 Social Innovation Innovation Traditional innovative enterprise For-profit Social Enterprise Work integration Social Enterprise Social aims Charity Profit aim Cooperative #1: no social entep Cooperative #2: social entepr 13 Accounting week 44

14 Economische Relevantie Value creation & value capture; positieve externaliteiten (Santos 2012) Creating real value for society in an entrepreneurial manner, economisch surplus (Newbert & Hill 2014) Rol van institutionele omgeving: institutional void & institutional support

entrepreneurial manner, economisch surplus (Newbert & Hill 2014) Rol

15 Value Creation vs. Value Capture Santos (2012): Tradeoff tussen value creation en value capture

16 Economic value Value Creation Positive externality Buyer s willingness to pay Price Social surplus (public benefit) Buyer surplus (private benefit) Value creation Producer s willingness to accept Producer surplus (private benefit) Producer cost (private cost) $0 Social cost (public cost) Value destruction Negative externality Bron: Newbert, S.L. & Hill, R.P. (2014). Setting the stage for paradigm development: a small tent approach to social entrepreneurship. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 5(3),

(private cost) $0 Social cost (public cost) Value destruction Negative externality Bron: Newbert, S.L. & Hill, R.P. (2014).

17 Terug naar Adam Smith!

18 Santos proposities 1. The distinctive domain of action of social entrepreneurship is addressing neglected problems in society involving positive externalities. Jullie voorbeelden?

19 Santos proposities 1. The distinctive domain of action of social entrepreneurship is addressing neglected problems in society involving positive externalities. 2. Social entrepreneurs are more likely to operate in areas with localized positive externalities that benefit a powerless segment of the population 3. Social entrepreneurs are more likely to seek sustainable solutions than to seek sustainable advantages. 4. Social entrepreneurs are more likely to develop a solution built on the logic of empowerment than on the logic of control.

20 Categorieën van sociale ondernemingen (in Nederland) 20

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24 24 Accounting week 44

25 Belang van meten van impact 1. Voor de onderneming zelf: zijn we op koers 2. Voor de stakeholders

26 Instituties en sociaal ondernemerschap 26

27 Instituties en (sociaal ) ondernemerschap Institutions Welfare Rule of law, taxes, anti-trust, labour market regulation, environmental regulation Entrepreneurial Talents Entrepreneurial Behaviour -self-employment / employee -self-employed / employer -independent entrepreneurship / intrapreneurship -traditional/ sustainable/social entrepreneurship

28 Meten van (Sociaal) Ondernemerschap: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM)

30 Institutions and Social Entrepreneurship Two (seemingly?) contrasting perspectives Institutional void perspective: lack of strong (formal) institutions social entrepreneurship (Kerlin, 2009; Mair and Martí, 2009; Dacin et al., 2010; Dorado and Ventresca, 2012). Institutional support perspective: social entrepreneurs prosper by the presence of strong and predictable (formal) institutions (Kerlin 2009; Estrin et al. 2011; Nissan et al. 2012). What societal mechanisms are at play? Recent empirical contributions support this latter perspective (Estrin et al., 2013; Nissan et al., 2012).

31 Multi-level analysis Institutions Government activism (-/+) Post-materialism (+) Socially supportive culture (+) Interaction effects: Additional effects for the combination of Single predictors? Welfare Controls: GDP (growth), rule of law Entrepreneurial Talents Age, gender, education Entrepreneurial Behaviour -self-employment / employee -self-employed / employer -independent entrepreneurship / intrapreneurship -traditional/ sustainable/social entrepreneurship Source: Stephan, U., Uhlaner, L.M.., Stride, C.B. (2014), Institutions and social entrepreneurship : the role of institutional voids, institutional support, and institutional configurations. Journal of International Business Studies, forthcoming.

32 Resumerend Sociaal ondernemerschap als een belangrijk mechanisme om tot maatschapelijke innovatie te komen Kan bijna niet zonder te innoveren Verschillende typen Sociale ondernemers identificeren genegeerde problemen met positieve externaliteiten (Santos, 2012) Specifieke kenmerken: domein en gedrag van sociale ondernemers Belang van institutionele context Zie ook het zeer recente SER advies

33 Additional Resources Platforms for social entrepreneurship o Ashoka: Worldwide platform, see e.g. video with founder Bill Drayton on Stanford Ecorner Skoll Foundation: o Harvard Social Enterprise: o Dan Palotta on entrepreneurial charity: hink_about_charity_is_dead_wrong 33 Spreker

34 Additional Literature See additional references in this lecture Martin, R. L., & Osberg, S. (2007). Social entrepreneurship: The case for definition. Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring, Zahra, S. A., Gedajlovic, E., Neubaum, D. O., & Shulman, J. M. (2009). A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), Dacin, P. A., Dacin, M. T., & Matear, M. (2010). Social entrepreneurship: Why we don t need a new theory and how we move forward from here. Academy of Management Perspectives, 24(3), Spreker

35 Maatschappelijke Innovatie Lecture: Sociaal Ondernemerschap / Economisch perspectief Niels Bosma

36 The real-world perspective Visit online at

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